174 lines
18 KiB
XML
174 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1080/00222933.2022.2123286" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0cf375df-f872-41b7-a236-7cd0d6200b4c" ID-ISSN="1464-5262" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7380608" checkinTime="1669804777384" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Veenakumari, Kamalanathan, Sreedevi, Kolla & Mohanraj, Prashanth" docDate="2022" docId="03F787CEFFDDDF135BA7FA76FDB31218" docLanguage="en" docName="JNATHIST.56.41-44.1657-1707.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Natural History 56 (41 - 44)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2123286" docStyle="DocumentStyle:3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62.3:JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleId="3C762F9783B768A90048B82ACD135A62" docStyleName="JNatHist.2017-.journal_article.0cover" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chakra Rajmohana and Veenakumari 2014" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="1659" masterDocId="FFCEFFB6FFDCDF115A36FFA2FFC1145A" masterDocTitle="Additions to the genus Chakra Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014 (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Scelionidae) from India" masterLastPageNumber="1707" masterPageNumber="1657" pageNumber="1658" updateTime="1669829613718" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Additions to the genus Chakra Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014 (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea: Scelionidae) from India</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Veenakumari, Kamalanathan</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Sreedevi, Kolla</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mohanraj, Prashanth</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Natural History</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-11-23</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>56</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>41 - 44</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1657</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1707</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00222933.2022.2123286</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/00222933.2022.2123286</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">0cf375df-f872-41b7-a236-7cd0d6200b4c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1464-5262</mods:identifier>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F787CEFFDDDF135BA7FA76FDB31218" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F787CEFFDDDF135BA7FA76FDB31218" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1659" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">
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<subSubSection box="[401,914,1492,1518]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[401,914,1492,1518]" box="[401,914,1492,1518]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">
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<heading box="[401,914,1492,1518]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014" authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[401,914,1492,1518]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[401,489,1492,1518]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Chakra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Rajmohana K & Veenakumari K" box="[497,914,1492,1518]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" pagination="285 - 290" refId="ref19472" refString="Rajmohana K, Veenakumari K. 2014. Chakra, a new genus of Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from India, along with description of a new species. Zootaxa. 3821 (2): 285 - 290. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.9." type="journal article" year="2014">Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[345,969,1531,1596]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">
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<heading bold="true" box="[581,734,1531,1557]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" reason="3">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[581,734,1531,1557]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">
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<typeStatus box="[581,639,1531,1557]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Type</typeStatus>
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species
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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<heading box="[345,969,1570,1596]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName authority="Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014" authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[345,969,1570,1596]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sarvatra">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[345,544,1570,1596]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Chakra sarvatra</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Rajmohana K & Veenakumari K" box="[552,969,1570,1596]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" pagination="285 - 290" refId="ref19472" refString="Rajmohana K, Veenakumari K. 2014. Chakra, a new genus of Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from India, along with description of a new species. Zootaxa. 3821 (2): 285 - 290. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.9." type="journal article" year="2014">Rajmohana and Veenakumari, 2014</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1659" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="1.[160,1156,1623,1717]" lastBlockId="2.[160,1155,193,253]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="1659" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[160,238,1623,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[160,238,1623,1648]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Chakra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was proposed as a new genus by
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<bibRefCitation author="Rajmohana K & Veenakumari K" box="[629,1038,1623,1648]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" pagination="285 - 290" refId="ref19472" refString="Rajmohana K, Veenakumari K. 2014. Chakra, a new genus of Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae) from India, along with description of a new species. Zootaxa. 3821 (2): 285 - 290. doi: 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3821.2.9." type="journal article" year="2014">Rajmohana and Veenakumari (2014)</bibRefCitation>
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. Although specimens of
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[312,390,1657,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[312,390,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Chakra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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keyed out to
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead sensu Masner" authorityYear="1976" box="[542,702,1657,1682]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Opisthacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[542,702,1657,1682]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658">Opisthacantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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at couplet 59 of
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<bibRefCitation author="Masner L" box="[888,1046,1657,1682]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref19200" refString="Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomoll Soc of Can. 108 (S 97): 1 - 87. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10897 fv." type="journal article" year="1976">Masner (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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and 50 of
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<bibRefCitation author="Galloway ID & Austin AD" box="[160,498,1692,1717]" pageId="1" pageNumber="1658" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref19127" refString="Galloway ID, Austin AD. 1984. Revision of the Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Australia. Aust J Zool, Suppl Ser. 99 (99): 1 - 138. doi: 10.1071 / AJZS 099." type="journal article" year="1984">Galloway and Austin (1984)</bibRefCitation>
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, they did not conform to the concept of the genus
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<taxonomicName authority="Ashmead sensu Masner (1976)" authorityName="Ashmead sensu Masner" authorityYear="1976" box="[160,679,193,218]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Opisthacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[160,320,193,218]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Opisthacantha</emphasis>
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Ashmead
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<emphasis box="[446,506,193,218]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Masner L" box="[516,679,193,218]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref19200" refString="Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomoll Soc of Can. 108 (S 97): 1 - 87. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10897 fv." type="journal article" year="1976">Masner (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, a very large genus in which some diagnostic characters are highly variable:
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[192,1124,282,509]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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eyes densely setose, or partially setose or glabrous; skaphion well developed in most species (with posterior rim well developed or absent), or absent as in many Oriental species; notauli either percurrent, or short or absent; metanotal spine present as a short strong tooth, at times broadly subtridentate, or the lateral spines short or the spine represented as a foliaceous triangle or medially excavate; fore wing with submarginalis often ‘broken’ at junction with spurious basalis, or not ‘broken’ with submarginalis straight. T
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<quantity box="[305,342,458,480]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.54" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" unit="in" value="1.0">1 in</quantity>
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females generally without horn or with horn as in some cases.
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<bibRefCitation author="Masner L" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref19200" refString="Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomoll Soc of Can. 108 (S 97): 1 - 87. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10897 fv." type="journal article" year="1976">Masner (1976</bibRefCitation>
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, 45–46)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[160,1156,537,944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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The significant characters that distinguish
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[674,752,537,562]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[674,752,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Chakra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead sensu Masner" authorityYear="1976" box="[822,982,537,562]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Opisthacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[822,982,537,562]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Opisthacantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are detailed in the diagnosis.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[160,1156,537,944]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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With this high degree of variability characterising the genus,
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<bibRefCitation author="Masner L" box="[914,1078,607,632]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref19200" refString="Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomoll Soc of Can. 108 (S 97): 1 - 87. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10897 fv." type="journal article" year="1976">Masner (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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found many genera formerly thought to be distinct from
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Ashmead sensu Masner" authorityYear="1976" box="[751,911,641,666]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Opisthacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[751,911,641,666]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Opisthacantha</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to in fact be species groups within this genus as each of them fitted somewhere along the continuum of each of the character states defining this genus. Interestingly character states normally of value in distinguishing between genera are here found to be of significance at the specific level (
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<bibRefCitation author="Galloway ID & Austin AD" box="[166,468,780,805]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="1 - 138" refId="ref19127" refString="Galloway ID, Austin AD. 1984. Revision of the Scelioninae (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) in Australia. Aust J Zool, Suppl Ser. 99 (99): 1 - 138. doi: 10.1071 / AJZS 099." type="journal article" year="1984">Galloway and Austin 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). However,
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<taxonomicName authority="Ashmead sensu Masner (1976)" authorityName="Ashmead sensu Masner" authorityYear="1976" box="[606,1123,780,805]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Opisthacantha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[606,766,780,805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Opisthacantha</emphasis>
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Ashmead
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<emphasis box="[891,951,780,805]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">sensu</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Masner L" box="[961,1123,780,805]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="1 - 87" refId="ref19200" refString="Masner L. 1976. Revisionary notes and keys to world genera of Scelionidae (Hymenoptera: Proctotrupoidea). Mem Entomoll Soc of Can. 108 (S 97): 1 - 87. doi: 10.4039 / entm 10897 fv." type="journal article" year="1976">Masner (1976)</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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as currently delineated (and as also pointed out by one of the reviewers) is in need of revision. We are of the opinion that this large genus with highly variable characters may have to be divided into several genera or species groups, each characterised by stable character states.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="2.[160,1157,987,1602]" box="[160,276,987,1013]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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<emphasis bold="true" box="[160,276,987,1013]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[160,1157,987,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[160,240,1023,1048]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[160,240,1023,1048]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Chakra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is characterised by the presence of round setigerous tubercles on head, mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and ventral mesopleuron; lateral ocelli far from orbits and closer to median ocellus; a raised interantennal prominence and a
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Latreille" authorityYear="1805" box="[1031,1096,1092,1117]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Scelio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[1031,1096,1092,1117]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Scelio</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-
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<typeStatus box="[1102,1155,1092,1117]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">type</typeStatus>
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ovipositor; skaphion and notaulus absent. Talamas et al. (2017) when expanding the concept of this genus included additional characters: presence of metapleural and paracoxal sulci separately in dorsal half of metapleuron; presence of an epomial carina; coarsely rugose propodeum; presence of facial and malar striae; occipital carina complete; area surrounding interantennal process with lines of sculpture; clypeus dorsoventrally divided by a transverse furrow; palpal formula 4:2 (
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<bibRefCitation author="Popovici OA & Vilhelmsen L & Masner L & Miko I & Johnson NF" box="[212,450,1335,1360]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" pagination="314 - 439" refId="ref19419" refString="Popovici OA, Vilhelmsen L, Masner L, Miko I, Johnson NF. 2017. Maxillolabial complex in scelionids (Hymenoptera: Platygastroidea): morphology and phylogenetic implications. Insect Syst Evol. 48 (4): 314 - 439. doi: 10.1163 / 1876312 X- 48022156." type="journal article" year="2017">Popovici et al. 2017</bibRefCitation>
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); metascutellum with 1–3 spines of varying lengths.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="2.[160,1157,987,1602]" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">
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It was also evident during the course of this study that
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Rajmohana and Veenakumari" authorityYear="2014" box="[806,884,1369,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Scelionidae" genus="Chakra" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[806,884,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="1659">Chakra</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a polymorphic genus, exhibiting variability in some of its character states: eyes (small or large); length of ocular ocellar line and interorbital space; number of metascutellar spines (varying from 1–3 and of variable length); density of round setose protuberances on head, mesoscutum and mesoscutellum (dense to sparse); wings (well developed or brachypterous); horn on female T1 (present or absent); shape of metasoma; shape of the interantennal process; shape and length of male antennomeres.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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||
</document> |