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<mods:title id="54D8B142915474AC39E1E9DC8A66783A">An Appraisal of the Higher Classification of Cicadas (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea) with Special Reference to the Australian Fauna</mods:title>
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Tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBECE5FF7EFAAB6282" ID-CoL="8K52G" ID-ENA="1658115" authority="Distant, 1904" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1904" box="[1006,1280,153,177]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thophini">
Thophini
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484DFFCBEB68FF7EFAAB6282" author="Distant, W. L." box="[1123,1280,153,177]" firstAuthor="Distant" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" pagination="293 - 303" part="7" refId="ref53066" refString="Distant, W. L., 1904 a. Rhynchotal notes. - XXVI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 14: 293 - 303." title="Rhynchotal notes. - XXVI" type="journal article" year="1904">Distant, 1904</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEC11FF2AFBE262D1" ID-CoL="a353e7c1-6217-450c-b098-b35b1289179b" authority="Distant, 1904" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1904" box="[794,1097,205,226]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Thopharia">
Thopharia
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484DFFCBEC8EFF2AFBE262D1" author="Distant, W. L." box="[901,1097,205,226]" firstAuthor="Distant" journalOrPublisher="Annals and Magazine of Natural History" page="301" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" pagination="293 - 303" part="7" refId="ref53066" refString="Distant, W. L., 1904 a. Rhynchotal notes. - XXVI. Annals and Magazine of Natural History (7) 14: 293 - 303." title="Rhynchotal notes. - XXVI" type="journal article" year="1904" yearSuffix="a">Distant, 1904a: 301</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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Thophini
<treatmentCitation id="0AFF823E484DFFCBEC71FF0FFBB662CE" author="Kato, M" box="[890,1053,232,253]" page="144" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" year="1932">
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484DFFCBEC11FEF6FBA16375" blockId="59.[794,1421,273,326]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FEF6FC0E631A" bold="true" box="[794,933,273,297]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Type genus</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBECB3FEF5FB41631A" ID-CoL="8HS4L" authority="Amyot &amp; Serville" authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville" box="[952,1258,274,297]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Thopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBECB3FEF5FBA6631A" box="[952,1037,274,297]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Thopha</emphasis>
Amyot &amp; Serville
</taxonomicName>
(type species
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEC11FEC8FC746375" authorityName="Fabricius" authorityYear="1803" box="[794,991,303,326]" class="Insecta" family="Tettigoniidae" genus="Tettigonia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Orthoptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="saccata">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FEC8FC746375" box="[794,991,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Tettigonia saccata</emphasis>
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F.).
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484DFFCBEC11FEBCFA256341" blockId="59.[794,1422,347,371]" box="[794,1422,347,371]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FEBCFC676340" bold="true" box="[794,972,347,371]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Included genera</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBECD3FEBBFBD96341" authority="Distant" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1904" box="[984,1138,347,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arunta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBECD3FEBBFB8B6340" box="[984,1056,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Arunta</emphasis>
Distant
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEB70FEBBFA256341" authority="Amyot &amp; Serville." authorityName="Amyot &amp; Serville." box="[1147,1422,347,371]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Thopha" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEB70FEBBFB616340" box="[1147,1226,348,371]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Thopha</emphasis>
Amyot &amp; Serville.
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484DFFCBEC11FE60FBB167FD" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484DFFCBEC11FE60FB42673C" blockId="59.[794,1422,391,1295]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FE60FC2263AC" bold="true" box="[794,905,391,415]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Head with vertex laterally elongate so that eyes widely separated from supra-antennal plate. Postclypeus shape in transverse cross-section rounded; postclypeal ridges lacking transverse grooves towards distal ends. Pronotal collar with lateral margin strongly ampliate (except in
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEC31FDFCFC2D6001" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1904" box="[826,902,539,562]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Arunta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC31FDFCFC2D6001" box="[826,902,539,562]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Arunta</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); lateral tooth absent. Fore wing pterostigma present; veins C and R+Sc close together; vein RA
<subScript id="17DAA66A484DFFCBEA3AFDA3FA926060" attach="left" box="[1329,1337,580,595]" fontSize="6" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">1</subScript>
aligned closely with subcosta (Sc) for its length. Hind wing with anal lobe broad and vein 3A usually curved at distal end, long, separated from wing margin. Fore leg femoral primary spine erect. Meracanthus gradually tapering to a point, triangular or nearly so. Male opercula completely encapsulating meracanthus and completely covering tympanal cavity. Male abdominal tergites with sides straight or convex in cross-section; tergites 2 and 3 a little larger than tergites 4–7; epipleurites reflexed to ventral surface, without an inward V-shaped kink. Timbals extend below wing bases. Timbal covers swollen and sac-like; fully rounded dorsally, extending to metathorax, tightly closing the timbal cavity or nearly so; lower margin extending anteriorly from or very near auditory capsule. Pygofer with upper lobe absent; basal lobe moderately to well developed; distal shoulder rounded; dorsal beak a part of chitinized pygofer. Uncus digitate or basically tubular, large, dominant. Claspers absent.Aedeagus with basal portion of basal plate directed forwards away from thecal shaft; ventral rib completely fused with basal plate; theca straight or curved in a gentle arc; pseudoparameres absent; subapical cerci absent. Male reproductive system with length of accessory glands long. Female reproductive system with length of accessory glands of common oviduct long.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484DFFCBEC11FAC3FBB167FD" blockId="59.[794,1422,1316,1486]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FAC3FB91670F" bold="true" box="[794,1082,1316,1340]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Distinguishing characters</emphasis>
. Males are readily distinguished by their greatly swollen and sac-like timbal covers. Females differ from those of the allied
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEB58FAB8FB756745" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1918" box="[1107,1246,1375,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platypleurini">Platypleurini</taxonomicName>
in having a head that is wider than the pronotum; the head of
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEBE0FA9BFADC67A0" authorityName="Schmidt" authorityYear="1918" box="[1259,1399,1404,1427]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="433" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Platypleurini">Platypleurini</taxonomicName>
is narrower, usually much narrower. Females are similar to some
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEC51FA50FBBD67FD" authorityName="Handlirsch" authorityYear="1925" box="[858,1046,1463,1486]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="431" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Cryptotympanini">Cryptotympanini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C344F7A4484DFFCBEC11FA04FA256499" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BE1A42F484DFFCBEC11FA04FA256499" blockId="59.[794,1422,1507,1706]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEC11FA04FC3867C8" bold="true" box="[794,915,1507,1531]" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Discussion</emphasis>
. The Cuban genus
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEB50FA04FB7A67C9" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1912" box="[1115,1233,1507,1530]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Uhleroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEB50FA04FB7A67C9" box="[1115,1233,1507,1530]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Uhleroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has recently been transferred to the South American tribe
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEBB8F9E7FCF76406" authority="(Moulds, 2001)" baseAuthorityName="Moulds" baseAuthorityYear="2001" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Zammarini">
Zammarini (
<bibRefCitation id="EFCFD9DE484DFFCBEA3FF9E7FCFF6406" author="Moulds, M. S." firstAuthor="Moulds" journalOrPublisher="Insect Systematics and Evolution" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" pagination="195 - 203" part="31" refId="ref56765" refString="Moulds, M. S., 2001. A review of the tribe Thophini Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species of Thopha Amyot &amp; Serville. Insect Systematics and Evolution 31: 195 - 203." title="A review of the tribe Thophini Distant (Hemiptera: Cicadoidea: Cicadidae) with the description of a new species of Thopha Amyot &amp; Serville" type="journal article" year="2001">Moulds, 2001</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. Although males of some species show some saclike development of the timbal covers, the covers are much reduced dorsally. Further, the male aedeagus of
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEA1CF9BEFA256443" authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1912" box="[1303,1422,1625,1648]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Uhleroides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B92A783D484DFFCBEA1CF9BEFA256443" box="[1303,1422,1625,1648]" italics="true" pageId="59" pageNumber="434">Uhleroides</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is markedly different and the postclypeal ridges have transverse grooves. These are all features of the
<taxonomicName id="4C5EDFAC484DFFCBEA04F974FA226499" baseAuthorityName="Moulds" baseAuthorityYear="2001" box="[1295,1417,1683,1706]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="59" pageNumber="434" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Zammarini">Zammarini</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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