209 lines
26 KiB
XML
209 lines
26 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="CD633C87C9DB8E188EEBA00C7365C9D0">Cricetidae</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="204093032BD46525CAF73BCC4E52B404">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="178958189466016384B980E3031BF9A0">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="AAC294C8672AE82042DA4BE9C05C8D88">Thomas E. Lacher, Jr</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="B71A902743B6D57C3025B15771DB8332">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 7 Rodents II</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03F06D13FF92205A084F1F300D7EF785" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6707077" ID-GBIF-Taxon="196220898" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6707077" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F06D13FF92205A084F1F300D7EF785" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F06D13FF92205A084F1F300D7EF785" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B084F1F300DFFF441" blockId="60.[1395,2297,2924,3014]" box="[1400,1480,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF92205B084F1F300DFFF441" box="[1400,1480,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<figureCitation id="1362C080FF92205B084F1F300DFFF441" box="[1400,1480,2924,2970]" captionStart="On" captionStartId="50.[118,148,3222,3247]" captionTargetBox="[11,2748,13,3647]" captionTargetPageId="49" captionText="On following pages: 115. Reed Vole (Alexandromys fortis); 116. Sakhalin Vole (Alexandromys sachalinensis); 117. Mongolian Vole (Alexandromys mongolicus); 118. Middendorff's Vole (Alexandromys middendorffii; 119. Gromov's Vole (Alexandromys gromovi); 120. Lacustrine Vole (Alexandromys limnophilus); 121. Root Vole (Alexandromys oeconomus); 122. Taiwan Vole (Alexandromys kikuchii); 123. Japanese Grass Vole (Alexandromys montebell); 124. Afghan Vole (Microtus afghanus); 125. Bucharian Vole (Microtus bucharensis); 126. Juniper Vole (Microtus juldaschi); 127. Short-tailed Field Vole (Microtus agrestis); 128. Mediterranean Field Vole (Microtus lavernedii): 129. Portuguese Field Vole (Microtus rozianus); 130. Insular Vole (Microtus abbreviatus); 131. Singing Vole (Microtus miurus); 132. Rock Vole (Microtus chrotorrhinus); 133. Zempoaltepec Vole (Microtus umbrosus); 134. Tarabundi Vole (Microtus oaxacensis); 135. Guatemalan Vole (Microtus guatemalensis); 136. Woodland Vole (Microtus pinetorum); 137. Jalapan Vole (Microtus quasiater); 138. California Vole (Microtus californicus): 139. Beach Vole (Microtus brewer); 140. Mexican Vole (Microtus mexicanus); 141. Mogollon Vole (Microtus mogollonensis); 142. Prairie Vole (Microtus ochrogasten; 143. Taiga Vole (Microtus xanthognathus); 144. Cabrera'’s Vole (Microtus cabrerae); 145. North American Water Vole (Microtus richardson); 146. Gray-tailed Vole (Microtus canicaudus)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6708411" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6708411/files/figure.png" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">142.</figureCitation>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF92205B08EE1F300EFDF441" box="[1497,1738,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B08EE1F300EFDF441" blockId="60.[1395,2297,2924,3014]" box="[1497,1738,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF92205B08EE1F300EFDF441" box="[1497,1738,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF92205B08EE1F300EFDF441" ID-CoL="7VV8C" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1497,1738,2924,2970]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="eng" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">Prairie Vole</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF92205B0A261F3000B6F441" box="[1809,2177,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B0A261F3000B6F441" blockId="60.[1395,2297,2924,3014]" box="[1809,2177,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF92205B0A261F3000B6F441" box="[1809,2177,2924,2970]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF92205B0A261F3000B6F441" ID-CoL="7VV8C" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1809,2177,2924,2970]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B0A261F3000B6F441" box="[1809,2177,2924,2970]" italics="true" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Microtus ochrogaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF92205B08421FF000CFF41A" box="[1397,2296,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B08421FF000CFF41A" blockId="60.[1395,2297,2924,3014]" box="[1397,2296,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<heading id="D0AE6B69FF92205B08421FF000CFF41A" box="[1397,2296,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B08421FF00DF7F41A" bold="true" box="[1397,1472,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">French:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF92205B08FE1FF00E83F41A" ID-CoL="7VV8C" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1481,1716,2988,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="fra" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">Campagnol des Prairies</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B0BFE1FF00F13F41A" bold="true" box="[1737,1828,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">German:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF92205B0A1A1FF00FE6F41A" ID-CoL="7VV8C" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[1837,2001,2988,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="deu" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">Prairiewihimaus</vernacularName>
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/
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B0AD01FF00074F41A" bold="true" box="[2023,2115,2988,3009]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Spanish:</emphasis>
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<vernacularName id="055AAC2BFF92205B057F1FF000CFF41A" ID-CoL="7VV8C" baseAuthorityName="Wagner" baseAuthorityYear="1842" box="[2120,2296,2988,3009]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" language="esp" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">Topillo de pradera</vernacularName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF92205B0AEF1FAC0192F375" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B0AEF1FAC0193F35D" blockId="60.[2006,2600,3056,3483]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B0AEF1FAC0044F3D6" bold="true" box="[2008,2163,3056,3085]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF92205B05491FAD002CF3E3" authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Hypudadeus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ochrogaster">Hypudadeus ochrogaster Wagner, 1843</taxonomicName>
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,
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<materialsCitation id="3B31D658FF92205B051B184B0193F35D" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3818814447" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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America. Fixed by B. P. Bole, Jr. and P. N. Moulthrop in 1942 at “New Harmony, Posey County,
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<collectingRegion id="499D12E7FF92205B05E418350174F35D" box="[2259,2371,3177,3206]" country="United States of America" name="Indiana" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Indiana</collectingRegion>
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,”
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<collectingCountry id="F34E9C95FF92205B046818350197F35D" box="[2399,2464,3177,3206]" name="United States of America" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">USA</collectingCountry>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B0AE018D10192F375" blockId="60.[2006,2600,3056,3483]" box="[2007,2469,3213,3246]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Seven subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF92205A0AE018E80D7AFD08" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" type="synonymic_list">
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<caption id="DF268C8DFF92205A0AE018E80D7AFD08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6760583" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6760583" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6760583/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="61" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" startId="60.[2007,2161,3252,3285]" targetBox="[1393,1983,3064,3477]" targetPageId="60">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B0AE018E80150F30E" blockId="60.[2006,2600,3056,3483]" box="[2007,2407,3252,3285]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF92205B0AE018E80150F30E" bold="true" box="[2007,2407,3252,3285]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF92205B0AEF188001E0F240" blockId="60.[2006,2600,3056,3483]" pageId="60" pageNumber="337">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF92205B0AEF188001B5F326" authority="Wagner, 1843" authorityName="Wagner" authorityYear="1843" box="[2008,2434,3292,3325]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="60" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="ochrogaster">M. o. ochrogaster Wagner, 1843</taxonomicName>
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— from extreme SE South Dakota, E Nebraska, E Kansas, and extreme NE Oklahoma E to SW Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, and extreme NE Alabama, USA.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8615740BA7FEAA" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D8615740BA7FEAA" authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="haydenii">M.o.haydeniiBaird,1858—fromNEM.o.attheCanadianborderandNWNorthDakotaStoNENewMexicoandCOklahoma,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D86152B09ABFE1B" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D86152B09ABFE1B" authority="Bailey, 1900" authorityName="Bailey" authorityYear="1900" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="ludovicianus">M.o.ludovicianusBailey,1900—disjunctlimitedrangeontheSETexasandSWLouisianacoast,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8615920BB5FDD4" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D8615920BB5FDD4" authority="Merriam, 1888" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1888" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="minor">M.o.minorMerriam,1888—fromCAlbertaandCSaskatchewan,Canada,SEtoSESouthDakota,SMinnesota,andCWisconsin,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D86164008C2FD85" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D86164008C2FD85" authority="Bole & M. o., 1942" authorityName="Bole & Moulthrop" authorityYear="1942" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="ohionensis">M.o.ohionensisBole&M.o.,1942—WOhio,EKentucky,andWWestVirginia,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D86163F09F0FD76" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D86163F09F0FD76" authority="Severinghaus, 1977" authorityName="Severinghaus" authorityYear="1977" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="similis">M.o.similisSeveringhaus,1977—fromCM.o.StoCWyomingandextremeSWSouthDakota,USA.</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8516EE0D7AFD08" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" box="[178,1357,690,723]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0D8516EE0A91FD08" authority="Hibbard & Rinker, 1943" authorityName="Hibbard & Rinker" authorityYear="1943" box="[178,678,690,723]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="ochrogaster" subSpecies="taylori">M. o. taylori Hibbard & Rinker, 1943</taxonomicName>
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— SW Kansas and extreme NW Oklahoma, USA.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8716820D54FBD4" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8716820D54FBD4" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
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<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D8716820995FD20" bold="true" box="[176,418,734,763]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
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Head-body 106-131 mm, tail 24-41 mm, ear 11-15 mm, hindfoot 17-22 mm; weight 37-48 g. Sexual dimorphism is minimal. Dorsal fur of Prairie Voles has coarse, relatively long hairs that are grayish brown to dark bister (brownish yellow) and grizzled. Venter is neutral gray or washed with white or pale cinnamon. Wild and captive color variants include blonde, silver, smoky, melanistic, albinistic, and white-spotted. Females have three pairs of mammae, and flank glands are poorly developed. M, has three transverse loops and no closed triangles; M” has two closed triangles. Dental formula is I 1/1,C0/0,P0/0,M 3/3 (x2) = 16. Chromosomal complementis 2n = 52 or 54, FN = 64.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8610490C3DFBED" box="[177,1034,1045,1078]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8610490C3DFBED" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" box="[177,1034,1045,1078]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D8610490917FBED" bold="true" box="[177,288,1045,1078]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Habitat.</emphasis>
|
||
Grassland habitats and frequently agriculturalfields.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8610610C4FFB20" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="food_feeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8610610C4FFB20" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D861061098EFB85" bold="true" box="[177,441,1085,1118]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Prairie Voles eat grasses, forbs, and occasionally shrubs and trees. Common plants consumed include a variety of herbs and grasses (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A095710380CC9FB5E" box="[1120,1278,1124,1157]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Andropogon" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Andropogon</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0827103808D5FB77" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bouteloua" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bouteloua</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0DC310D30962FB77" box="[244,341,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Bromus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Bromus</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0C5310D309FFFB77" box="[356,456,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Dactylis" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Dactylis</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0CEF10D30A01FB77" box="[472,566,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Festuca" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Festuca</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0F7010D30A4FFB77" authorityName="K.Koch" authorityYear="1896" box="[583,632,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Poa" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Poa</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0FFF10D30B79FB77" box="[712,846,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" genus="Sporobolus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">Sporobolus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, all
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0EBF10D30C36FB77" box="[904,1025,1167,1196]" class="Liliopsida" family="Poaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Poales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Poaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). When found in agricultural or suburban settings, they can cause
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0E3710EF0B64FB0F" authorityName="Shaw" authorityYear="1800" box="[768,851,1203,1236]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Microtus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="major">major</taxonomicName>
|
||
harm to young, planted trees, including pines (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0C7F108609E1FB20" box="[328,470,1242,1275]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" genus="Pinus" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="undetermined">Pinus spp.</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0CD010860A5DFB20" box="[487,618,1242,1275]" class="Pinopsida" family="Pinaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Pinales" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Pinaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Plants can be cached underground.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D86115D0BECFAAA" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="breeding">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D86115D0BECFAAA" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D86115D090FFAF9" bold="true" box="[177,312,1281,1314]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Breeding.</emphasis>
|
||
Prairie Voles breed year-round, but activity is greatest in May—October and lowest in December—January. Prairie Voles are considered monogamous; male-female pairs
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A0DC9110C0992FAAA" box="[254,421,1360,1393]" form="strong" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" rank="form">form strong</taxonomicName>
|
||
bonds and provide equal care of young.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8711240A47F9D4" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="activity">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8711240A47F9D4" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D87112409ADFA42" bold="true" box="[176,410,1400,1433]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
|
||
Prairie Voles are active throughout the year and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C59A786FF93205A097E11240C4FFA42" box="[1097,1144,1400,1433]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Ondatra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="day">day</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Activity patterns are influenced by weather conditions. On hot days, they tend to be more active in evening and at night; during cold periods, they are more active diurnally. In captivity, peak activity is before midnight.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8512490C8EF833" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8512490C8EF833" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D8512490B4AF9ED" bold="true" box="[178,893,1557,1590]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
|
||
Prairie Voles build extensive runways systems, and suitable cover for runaways is a critical habitat requirement. Each runway has a long, meandering main branch, with numerousside branches. Subterranean nests and food caches—some more than 2 m deep—are associated with these runways. Nests can also be found under boards or logs. Availability of food and abiotic factors are thought to be key drivers of recorded population cycles. Although long thought to be distinct cycles, long-term population studies suggest a lack of regularity. Density of runwaysis correlated with density of Prairie Voles and might be important in individual spacing and avoidance. Lowest survivorship of males occurs during increasing and peak phases of population change. Young Prairie Voles exclusively use ultrasonic vocalizations, but adult males also use them to possibly communicate reproductive availability. Prairie Voles are important prey for various predators.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D8313B20CF9F7D4" box="[180,1230,2030,2063]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="conservation">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D8313B20CF9F7D4" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" box="[180,1230,2030,2063]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D8313B20A27F7D4" bold="true" box="[180,528,2030,2063]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
|
||
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Lust.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3438F8EFF93205A0D831C420D7EF785" pageId="61" pageNumber="338" type="bibRefCitation_list">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BE6DC05FF93205A0D831C420D7EF785" blockId="61.[175,1384,296,2144]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">
|
||
<emphasis id="B92D0017FF93205A0D831C42097AF7EC" bold="true" box="[180,333,2078,2103]" pageId="61" pageNumber="338">Bibliography.</emphasis>
|
||
Batzli et al. (1977), Bole & Moulthrop (1942), Caire et al. (1989), Getz et al. (1987), Hall (1981), Krebs et al. (1969), McGuire et al. (1993), Musser & Carleton (2005), Reed & Choate (1988), Stalling (1990).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |