279 lines
33 KiB
XML
279 lines
33 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="E53B5FD2E0297B6A1380DDEA66EB587D">Amphicticeps and Amphicynodon (Arctoidea, Carnivora) from Hsanda Gol Formation, Central Mongolia and Phylogeny of Basal Arctoids with Comments on Zoogeography</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E08935054001B845BBB7350749B659B9">WANG, XIAOMING</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="07345F1F78C96BFF9E80179A4BD66075">McKENNA, MALCOLM C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="137EBF159B878C9EA4BFAA99DDA79BD4">DASHZEVEG, DEMBERELYIN</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="104E08EFCE0D0EACC770F5A38B1952F6">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="AA6C1484EA140C7456E0EE5D7A8297B0">2005</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03F85E56FFF7E843FD71F98E40446E52" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5637255" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190002707" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5637255" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03F85E56FFF7E843FD71F98E40446E52" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03F85E56FFF7E843FD71F98E40446E52" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF7E840FD71F98E40916D69" box="[713,1212,1559,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF7E840FD71F98E40916D69" blockId="5.[713,1212,1559,1582]" box="[713,1212,1559,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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<heading id="D0A6582CFFF7E840FD71F98E40916D69" box="[713,1212,1559,1582]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="2" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" reason="8">
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF7E840FD71F98E40916D69" authority="Matthew and Granger, 1924" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[713,1212,1559,1582]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF7E840FD71F98E474B6D69" box="[713,870,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF7E840FCD7F98E40916D69" author="Matthew, W. D. & W. Granger" box="[879,1212,1559,1582]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF7E840FD60F9D840016D8A" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF7E840FD60F9D840226D32" blockId="5.[699,1228,1601,1742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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TYPE SPECIES:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF7E840FC28F9D840266D32" authority="Matthew and Granger, 1924" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF7E840FC28F9D840E16D1F" box="[912,1228,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF7E840FD03F9C740266D32" author="Matthew, W. D. & W. Granger" box="[699,1035,1630,1653]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF7E840FD60F9E540016D8A" blockId="5.[699,1228,1601,1742]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
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INCLUDED SPECIES:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF7E840FC79F9E540616DF7" authority="Matthew and Granger 1924" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF7E840FC79F9E546D96DF7" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF7E840FD46F90040616DF7" author="Matthew, W. D. & W. Granger" box="[766,1100,1689,1712]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger 1924</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF7E840FBE2F90040EE6DF7" authority="WANG & McKENNA & DASHZEVEG, 2005" authorityName="WANG & McKENNA & DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[1114,1219,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="dorog" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF7E840FBE2F90040EE6DF7" box="[1114,1219,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. dorog</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2168E29FFF7E840FD03F92F46DE6D8A" box="[699,755,1718,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF7E840FC8FF92E47C86D89" authority="WANG & McKENNA & DASHZEVEG, 2005" authorityName="WANG & McKENNA & DASHZEVEG" authorityYear="2005" box="[823,997,1719,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="makhchinus" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF7E840FC8FF92E47C86D89" box="[823,997,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">A. makhchinus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2168E29FFF7E840FC4EF92F40016D8A" box="[1014,1068,1718,1741]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="species">n.sp.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E843FF21FF58460C69AF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FF21FF58460C69AF" blockId="6.[124,654,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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EMENDED DIAGNOSIS:
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE14FF5846646B9F" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[428,585,193,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE14FF5846646B9F" box="[428,585,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possesses the following derived characters that distinguish it from basal ursoids and musteloids such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FEA5FE8045E66A77" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[285,459,281,304]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FEA5FE8045E66A77" box="[285,459,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE62FE8046A86A77" box="[474,645,281,304]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Pachycynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE62FE8046A86A77" box="[474,645,281,304]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pachycynodon</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FFC4FEAE453C6A09" authorityName="Jourdan" authorityYear="1862" box="[124,273,311,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Cephalogale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FFC4FEAE453C6A09" box="[124,273,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cephalogale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE9AFEAE458B6A09" box="[290,422,311,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Mustelavus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE9AFEAE458B6A09" box="[290,422,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mustelavus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE0FFEAE46066A09" box="[439,555,311,334]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Amphictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE0FFEAE46066A09" box="[439,555,311,334]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphictis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FD84FEAE44816A2C" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Bavarictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FD84FEAE44816A2C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Bavarictis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FF79FECD46216A2C" authority=", Mustelictis" authorityName="Mustelictis" box="[193,524,340,363]" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Pseudobassaris" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FF79FECD455A6A2C" box="[193,375,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Pseudobassaris</emphasis>
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,
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE35FECD46216A2C" box="[397,524,340,363]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Mustelictis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FDEFFECD44ED6ACF" baseAuthorityName="Wolsan" baseAuthorityYear="1993" class="Mammalia" family="Procyonidae" genus="Broiliana" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FDEFFECD44ED6ACF" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Broiliana</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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: broad and short rostrum, short infraorbital canal, enlarged M1 parastyle, small angle between labial borders of P4 and M1, reduced and lingually positioned M2, reduced m2, and extremely reduced or lost m3. It is primitive compared to
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE49FD9D46AB695C" box="[497,646,516,539]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Kinometaxia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE49FD9D46AB695C" box="[497,646,516,539]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kinometaxia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FFC4FDB844C5697F" box="[124,232,545,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Paragale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FFC4FDB844C5697F" box="[124,232,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Paragale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FF41FDB84559697F" box="[249,372,545,568]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Plesiogale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FF41FDB84559697F" box="[249,372,545,568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Plesiogale</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and other mustelids in its possession of a carnassial notch on P4 and a shallow suprameatal fossa. In contrast to the North American oligobunines,
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FD92FDE044ED69E9" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FD92FDE044ED69E9" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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possesses a postprotocrista on the M1, lacks of a lingual notch on the m1 entoconid crest, and has reduced M2 and m2.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E843FF21FD7744EB68DF" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FF21FD7744EB68DF" blockId="6.[124,654,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
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DISTRIBUTION AND AGE: Hsanda Gol Formation, Tsagan Nor Basin, eastern Valley of Lakes, central Mongolian People’s Republic. Early Oligocene (see more comments in Geology and Age under
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<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE3DFCFD449868DF" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
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<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE3DFCFD449868DF" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C34BBCCBFFF4E843FF21FC0740446E52" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FF21FC0745A56D32" blockId="6.[124,654,193,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
COMMENTS: Ever since its original description,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FF00FC2545C16894" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[184,492,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="shackelfordi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FF00FC2545C16894" box="[184,492,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps shackelfordi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has remained something of an enigma in its phylogenetic relationships. Offering no formal classification,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FF00FB8D46016F6C" author="Matthew, W. D. & W. Granger" box="[184,556,1044,1067]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger (1924: 4)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
initially remarked that ‘‘it has the sharply reduced postcarnassial dentition of [stenoplesictoids] with the short, heavy precarnassial dentition of [cynodontoids]. It is not close to any one genus with which I [
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FECBFB3E45BE6FF9" box="[371,403,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">sic</emphasis>
|
||
] have made comparisons and might be regarded as a highly progressive miacid rather than as a member of any of the existing families of fissiped
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FDE2FB6744FD6E74" authorityName="BOWDICH" authorityYear="1821" class="Mammalia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Carnivora</taxonomicName>
|
||
.’’ Subsequent classifications also reflect this ambiguity;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FED6FAA046766E17" author="Simpson, G. G." box="[366,603,1337,1360]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 350" refId="ref34879" refString="Simpson, G. G. 1945. The principles of classification and a classification of mammals. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 8: 1 - 350." type="journal article" year="1945">Simpson (1945: 110</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and 115) listed it under both ‘‘?
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE7DFACF44986ECC" baseAuthorityName="Simpson" baseAuthorityYear="1945" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Amphicynodontinae">Amphicynodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FF07FAED454F6ECC" box="[191,354,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
’’ and ‘‘?Stenoplesictinae
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FFC4FA0845076EEF" box="[124,298,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
’’, whereas
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FE71FA08449C6E82" author="Piveteau, J." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" refId="ref34404" refString="Piveteau, J. 1961. Traite de paleontologie, Tome VI, Vol. I, L'origine des mammiferes et les aspects fondamentaux de leur evolution. Paris: Brodard-Taupin Imprimeur-Relieur, 1138 pp." type="book" year="1961">Piveteau (1961: 721)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
considered it as
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FEC2FA3646366E81" box="[378,539,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">incertae sedis</emphasis>
|
||
but compared it to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FEA6FA5545AA6EA4" box="[286,391,1484,1507]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Cynodontidae" genus="Cynodon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Characiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FEA6FA5545AA6EA4" box="[286,391,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Cynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(5
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE75FA5546566EA4" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[461,635,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE75FA5546566EA4" box="[461,635,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Without suggesting a taxonomic position for the genus,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FEBEF99F45886D5A" author="Bonis, L." box="[262,421,1542,1565]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="117 - 127" refId="ref31018" refString="Bonis, L. d. 1971. Deux nouveaux carnassiers des Phosphorites du Quercy. Annales de Paleontologie 57: 117 - 127." type="journal article" year="1971">Bonis (1971)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
commented on its ‘‘parallel’’ resemblance to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FE0CF9BD465C6D7C" authorityName="de Bonis" authorityYear="1971" box="[436,625,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Amphicyonidae" genus="Harpagophagus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FE0CF9BD465C6D7C" box="[436,625,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Harpagophagus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a genus based on a single left M1 and thought to be an amphicyonid.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FF21F9E54779681A" blockId="6.[124,654,193,1741]" lastBlockId="6.[700,1229,193,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
In the first substantial discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FDE4F9E544D16DF7" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FDE4F9E544D16DF7" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
since its original description,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FFC4F92F45A06D8A" author="Schmidt-Kittler, N." box="[124,397,1718,1741]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="753 - 801" refId="ref34711" refString="Schmidt-Kittler, N. 1981. Zur Stammesgeschichte der marderverwandten Raubtiergruppen (Musteloidea, Carnivora). Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae 74: 753 - 801." type="journal article" year="1981">SchmidtKittler (1981)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out the fundamentally arctoid basicranium of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FBD2FF58472D6BB1" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FBD2FF58472D6BB1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and its musteloidlike molar reduction (transversely elongated M1) and short rostrum. However, he did not consider it a musteloid because of its shallow suprameatal fossa, a character especially emphasized in his analysis of musteloid phylogeny. The form of its M1 seemed to him to be another obstacle to recognizing it as a musteloid. Specifically, he regarded the somewhat swollen buccal border and a ‘‘knoblike’’ (
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FBE2FE7E46C5695C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">höckerartige</emphasis>
|
||
) lingual cingulum of the M1 as atypical of a musteloid. He therefore regarded
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FB24FDB8471F6911" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FB24FDB8471F6911" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as a ‘‘basal arctoid’’ prior to the emergence of the musteloid clade.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FBCEFDC5472769D7" author="Wolsan, M." pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="345 - 384" refId="ref36180" refString="Wolsan, M. 1993. Phylogeny and classification of early European Mustelida (Mammalia: Carnivora). Acta Theriologica 38: 345 - 384." type="journal article" year="1993">Wolsan (1993)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
compared its lingually located M2 with those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FCCBFD0E400569E9" box="[883,1064,663,686]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Potamotherium" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FCCBFD0E400569E9" box="[883,1064,663,686]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Potamotherium</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but did not draw definite conclusions.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FB99FD2D40EA698C" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[1057,1223,692,715]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="485 - 541" refId="ref33023" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1996 b. Biogeography of the Order Carnivora. In J. L. Gittleman (editor), Carnivore behavior, ecology, & evolution 2: 485 - 541. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press." type="journal article" year="1996">Hunt (1996b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FD04FD48472869AF" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[700,773,721,744]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="174 - 195" refId="ref33184" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1998 c Ursidae. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (editors), Evolution of Tertiary mammals of North America, Volume 1: Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulatelike mammals: 174 - 195. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press." type="book chapter" year="1998">1998c</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggested that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FC75FD48404769AF" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" box="[973,1130,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FC75FD48404769AF" box="[973,1130,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be an amphicynodontid possibly ancestral to the North American
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FC32FC9547DC6864" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1930" box="[906,1009,780,803]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Allocyon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FC32FC9547DC6864" box="[906,1009,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Allocyon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FB8AFC9540E86864" authorityName="Stirton" authorityYear="1960" box="[1074,1221,780,803]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Kolponomos" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FB8AFC9540E86864" box="[1074,1221,780,803]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Kolponomos</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a suggestion that was followed by Wang and Qiu (2003a).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BEEEF40FFF4E843FD61FCFD40446E52" blockId="6.[700,1229,193,1301]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Among the small carnivorans from the Hsanda Gol Formation,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FC5CFC18404C68F2" authority="(Matthew and Granger, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Matthew and Granger" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="teilhardi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FC5CFC1846D668F1" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicynodon teilhardi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FCB3FC07407568F2" author="Matthew, W. D. & W. Granger" box="[779,1112,926,949]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 9" refId="ref33863" refString="Matthew, W. D., and W. Granger. 1924. New Carnivora from the Tertiary of Mongolia. American Museum Novitates 104: 1 - 9." type="journal article" year="1924">Matthew and Granger, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, founded on a few jaw fragments (see description below), is the only similarsized arctoid that may potentially be confused with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FBE2FC6E46DD6F6C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FBE2FC6E46DD6F6C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(other Hsanda Gol carnivorans, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FD04FBA847716F0F" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1880" box="[700,860,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Stenoplesictis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FD04FBA847716F0F" box="[700,860,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Stenoplesictis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FCCBFBA847DA6F0F" authorityName="von Meyer" authorityYear="1846" box="[883,1015,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Odobenidae" genus="Palaeogale" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FCCBFBA847DA6F0F" box="[883,1015,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Palaeogale</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FBFEFBA840EB6F0F" authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1872" box="[1094,1222,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverravidae" genus="Viverravus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FBFEFBA840EB6F0F" box="[1094,1222,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Viverravus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, are easily distinguished on the basis of their far more trenchant carnassials that are typical of feliforms;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFC092B1FFF4E843FCE4FB1047DB6FE7" author="Hunt, R. M., Jr." box="[860,1014,1161,1184]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 65" refId="ref33139" refString="Hunt, R. M., Jr. 1998 b. Evolution of the aeluroid Carnivora: diversity of the earlier aeluroids from Eurasia (Quercy, Hsanda-Gol) and the origin of felids. American Museum Novitates 3252: 1 - 65." type="journal article" year="1998">Hunt, 1998b</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). With the benefit of the more complete materials for both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FB24FB3E471F6F9C" authorityName="Matthew and Granger" authorityYear="1924" class="Mammalia" family="Mustelidae" genus="Amphicticeps" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FB24FB3E471F6F9C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicticeps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C5194C3FFF4E843FC3EFB5D40196F9C" baseAuthorityName="Janovskaja" baseAuthorityYear="1970" box="[902,1076,1220,1243]" class="Mammalia" family="Ursidae" genus="Amphicynodon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9253352FFF4E843FC3EFB5D40196F9C" box="[902,1076,1220,1243]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Amphicynodon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, these two primitive Shand Gol arctoids are contrasted in table 1 to facilitate identification.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |