308 lines
36 KiB
XML
308 lines
36 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="F62D6FE1C341F6D1EECEB8EBAEB2A78C">Additions to the description of Paroplocephalus atriceps (Serpentes: Elapidae) with a discussion on pupil shape in it and other Australian snakes</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="53C2774AEBDA048C39E5C4B280BCA203">2017</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6007308" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6007308" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF254D38FDB9FCFA" blockId="2.[151,636,824,851]" box="[151,636,824,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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<heading id="D0805617FFE9FF8EFF254D38FDB9FCFA" bold="true" box="[151,636,824,851]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFF254D38FDB9FCFA" bold="true" box="[151,636,824,851]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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Comments on
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFEFE4D39FDB9FCFA" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[332,636,824,850]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFEFE4D39FDB9FCFA" bold="true" box="[332,636,824,850]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF254D7EFC8AFBE4" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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MOrphOlOgically,
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFEED4D7EFDBBFC30" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[351,638,895,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFEED4D7EFDBBFC30" box="[351,638,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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iS mOSt like
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFCBE4D7EFB1BFC30" authority="Jan in Sharing" authorityName="Jan in Sharing" box="[780,1246,895,920]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitorquatus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFCBE4D7EFBF9FC30" box="[780,1084,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus bitorquatus</emphasis>
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Jan in Sharing
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</taxonomicName>
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a lOw number Of midbOdy Scale rOwS, lOw number Of ventralS, mOnOtOnal bOdy cOlOur and head Of different cOlOur tO bOdy. EcOlOgically, they bOth Occur in dry eucalypt fOreStS, with
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFC864DC8FC6FFC48" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[820,938,969,992]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFC864DC8FC6FFC48" box="[820,938,969,992]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">P. atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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being SOlely fOund in thiS habitat, while
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFA334DC8FED2FBAD" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitorquatus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFA334DC8FED2FBAD" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">H. bitorquatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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alSO OccurS in wet SclerOphyll fOreStS. The Other twO
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFC1F4DEDFB93FBAD" box="[941,1110,1004,1029]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFC1F4DEDFB93FBAD" box="[941,1110,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFBDF4DEDFB28FBAD" box="[1133,1261,1004,1029]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">bungaroide</emphasis>
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S Schlegel and
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFF254A0EFEC2FB80" box="[151,263,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">stephensii</emphasis>
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Krefft) are generally Only fOund in wet SclerOphyll fOreStS. AlthOugh all three
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFB224A0EFAB4FB80" authority="Spp." authorityName="Spp." box="[1168,1393,1039,1064]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFB224A0EFAFFFB80" box="[1168,1338,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
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Spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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are arbOreal,
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFEB24A34FE67FBE5" box="[256,418,1076,1101]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bitorquatus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFEB24A34FE67FBE5" box="[256,418,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">H. bitorquatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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iS mOSt SO cOmpared tO the Other twO.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF754A56FADAFB10" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFF754A56FE2AFBD8" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[199,495,1111,1136]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFF754A56FE2AFBD8" box="[199,495,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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repreSentS a primitive, arid-adapted
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<collectingRegion id="49B32F99FFE9FF8EFC044A59FBC8FBD8" box="[950,1037,1112,1136]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">weStern</collectingRegion>
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFBAF4A56FB03FBD8" box="[1053,1222,1111,1136]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFBAF4A56FB03FBD8" box="[1053,1222,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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-like SpecieS that, althOugh diSplaying SOme Similar ecOlOgical attributeS tO itS
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<collectingRegion id="49B32F99FFE9FF8EFC8A4A7DFC42FB3C" box="[824,903,1148,1172]" country="American Samoa" name="Eastern" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">eaStern</collectingRegion>
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relativeS, haS nOt develOped tO the Same degree the Specialized climbing adaptatiOn (diStinctly keeled and nOtched ventralS) Seen in
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFBF24A9EFADAFB10" authority="Spp." authorityName="Spp." box="[1088,1311,1183,1208]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFBF24A9EFB2FFB10" box="[1088,1258,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
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Spp.
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</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36DB2F0FFE9FF89FF754AC5FE8AFE20" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="338" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF754AC5FEF4FA70" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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AlthOugh
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFE8A4AC4FE68FB74" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[312,429,1221,1244]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFE8A4AC4FE68FB74" box="[312,429,1221,1244]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">P. atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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lackS the diStinctly keeled and nOtched ventralS in
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFC5E4AC5FB53FB75" box="[1004,1174,1220,1245]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFC5E4AC5FB53FB75" box="[1004,1174,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, recent ObServatiOnS Of captive SpecimenS SuggeSt they are adept climberS, mOving up and perching On vertically arranged bark and retaining purchaSe with variOuSly Spaced lOngitudinal lateral fOldS Of Skin alOng lOwer flankS where dOrSal ScaleS meet ventral ScaleS (Figure 3). In additiOn, in
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<date id="FFC9C7BBFFE9FF8EFD144B2EFC99FAE0" box="[678,860,1327,1352]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" value="2014-12">December 2014</date>
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, J. VOS and S. Patrick ObServed an adult male five metreS abOve the grOund active On the trunk Of a SmOOth-barked eucalypt tree. In
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<date id="FFC9C7BBFFE9FF8EFB824B55FB20FAC5" box="[1072,1253,1364,1389]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" value="2016-12">December 2016</date>
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, D. BrOmley, R. McGibbOn and S. Tuckey Saw a StatiOnary individual elevated On the SwOllen baSe Of a large eucalypt trunk in what they deScribe aS an ambuSh pOSitiOn. BOth theSe ObServatiOnS were near COSmic BOy Mine, FOrreStania in
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFE9FF8EFAF84B9DFF6DFA70" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" precision="925" value="-32.583332">32º 35’ S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFE9FF8EFF064BC1FEE8FA70" box="[180,301,1472,1496]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" precision="925" value="119.73333">119º 44’ E</geoCoordinate>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF754BE5FC53F9ED" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE69C8AFFE9FF8EFF754BE5FEB3FA54" author="Ehmann" box="[199,374,1508,1533]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" refString="Ehmann, H. (1993) A fIeld observatIon on the Lake CronIn Snake (Denisonia atriceps) and mIneral eXploratIon wIthIn Its range. In: Lunney, D. & Ayres, D. (Ed.), Herpetology in Australia - A Diverse Discipline. TransactIons of the Royal ZoologIcal SocIety, NSW, pp. 346 - 348." type="book chapter" year="1993">Ehmann (1993)</bibRefCitation>
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waS the firSt tO SuggeSt
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<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE9FF8EFD394BE4FCC4FA54" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[651,769,1509,1532]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
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<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE9FF8EFD394BE4FCC4FA54" box="[651,769,1509,1532]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">P. atriceps</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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waS arbOreal after finding a piece Of SlOughed Skin On tree trunk
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<quantity id="4C8F4C9EFFE9FF8EFF6E4806FEE5F988" box="[220,288,1543,1568]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" unit="m" value="1.5">1.5 m</quantity>
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abOve grOund. After cOmparing a SlOughed Skin frOm a captive individual with the field-cOllected piece, he detected a weak nOtch at the Outer Surface Of the Shed Skin.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF75484EFD37F8B5" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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ThiS Snake’S diStributiOn iS centred On the Greater
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<collectingRegion id="49B32F99FFE9FF8EFCB14851FC9BF9C0" box="[771,862,1616,1640]" country="American Samoa" name="Western" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">WeStern</collectingRegion>
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WOOdlandS and it OccurS Only
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<quantity id="4C8F4C9EFFE9FF8EFB0C484EFAD1F9C0" box="[1214,1300,1615,1640]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" unit="km" value="350.0">350 km</quantity>
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frOm Perth, but we currently knOw little Of itS geOgraphical range and ecOlOgy. ItS abundance iS difficult tO aSSeSS On the numberS knOwn and the time taken during thiS Study tO cOllect the Study animalS. Nearly all the individualS fOund tO date were primarily diScOvered OppOrtuniStically at night On the grOund, SO the difficulty in finding it cOuld be mOre a reSult Of itS arbOreality—it may Only infrequently fOray On the grOund mOving between treeS in the undiSturbed denSely vegetated wOOdlandS it OccupieS.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE9FF8EFF754926FEDBF85D" blockId="2.[151,1437,895,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">
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<materialsCitation id="3B1FEB26FFE9FF8EFF754926FEDBF85D" collectingDate="2017-06-13" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" location="Of Lake CrOnin Nature ReServe" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" specimenCount="1">
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Of thOSe fOund On the grOund during the day, twO were diScOvered beneath rOckS. The third, an adult Snake waS ObServed by R. BrOwne-COOper (perS. cOmm.) baSking On a cOOl winter’S day at an air temperature Of 20º Centigrade, at 13.55 hrS On
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<collectingDate id="EF8D3E53FFE9FF8EFE604971FDAFF820" box="[466,618,1904,1928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" value="2017-06-13">
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<date id="FFC9C7BBFFE9FF8EFE604971FDAFF820" box="[466,618,1904,1928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" value="2017-06-13">13 June 2017</date>
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</collectingDate>
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abOut
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F4C9EFFE9FF8EFD0A496EFD37F820" box="[696,754,1903,1928]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" unit="km" value="5.0">5 km</quantity>
|
||
nOrthweSt
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFCC3496EFB11F820" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFCC3496EFB11F820" box="[881,1236,1903,1928]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="Of Lake CrOnin Nature ReServe" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Of Lake CrOnin Nature ReServe</location>
|
||
in
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFE9FF8EFB484971FA9BF820" box="[1274,1374,1904,1928]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" precision="925" value="-32.383335">32º 23’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFE9FF8EFAD94971FF18F804" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="2" pageNumber="335" precision="925" value="119.75">119º 45’ E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
.
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFF5F4994FF3BF804" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFF5F4994FF3BF804" box="[237,254,1941,1964]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="It" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">It</location>
|
||
waS
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFEF14995FE6DF805" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFEF14995FE6DF805" box="[323,424,1940,1965]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="ObServed" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">ObServed</location>
|
||
in the
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFDB74995FDA2F805" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFDB74995FDA2F805" box="[517,615,1940,1965]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="SunShine" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">SunShine</location>
|
||
within a nOrth facing hOrizOntal crevice between twO large bOulderS apprOximately
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFEF249B9FEADF878" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFEF249B9FEADF878" box="[320,360,1976,2000]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="One" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">One</location>
|
||
metre abOve grOund.
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFDEC49B9FD64F879" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFE9FF8EFDEC49B9FD64F879" box="[606,673,1976,2001]" county="Out Of Sight." latitude="-32.383335" longLatPrecision="1211" longitude="119.75" municipality="Snake" name="When" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">When</location>
|
||
BrOwne-COOper attempted tO get clOSer, the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAC7B01FFE9FF8EFB2A49B9FB1DF879" box="[1176,1240,1976,2001]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Snake</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
quickly retreated
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A999F7FFE9FF8EFF2549DDFEDBF85D" box="[151,286,2012,2037]" pageId="2" pageNumber="335">Out Of Sight.</collectingCounty>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF08B1F3FFE8FF8FFF254841FF2AF821" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1043128/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" targetBox="[151,1436,215,1549]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFE8FF8FFF254841FF2AF821" blockId="3.[151,1436,1600,1929]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFF254841FED6F9FD" bold="true" box="[151,275,1600,1622]" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
A, eye of preserved
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE8FF8FFE574841FD2CF9FE" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[485,745,1600,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFE574841FD2CF9FE" box="[485,745,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(R151290) showIng the effect of ethanol on IrIs and pupIl colour. In lIfe, the IrIs has a large upper flare of golden-yellow that has gone altogether and the pupIl has been changed from black to whIte. In some preserved IndIvIduals, the pupIl Is IndIscernIble from the IrIs altogether. B, eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE8FF8FFB27487CFA59F93C" authorityName=", StOrr" authorityYear="1980" box="[1173,1436,1661,1684]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFB27487CFA59F93C" box="[1173,1436,1661,1684]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showIng round pupIl wIth slIght apIcal bulge. DurIng dIlatIon and constrIctIon pupIl eXpands or reduces equIdIstantly from Its centre maIntaInIng a round shape. C, eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE8FF8FFDEE48BAFD25F979" box="[604,736,1723,1745]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Suta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFDEE48BAFD25F979" box="[604,736,1723,1745]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Suta fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showIng a rough-edged round pupIl, whIle the IndIvIdual In D has a smooth-edged round pupIl although In some lIterature It Is descrIbed as vertIcally ellIptIc. DurIng dIlatIon and constrIctIon pupIl eXpands or reduces equIdIstantly from Its centre maIntaInIng a round shape and any blemIshes around Its cIrcumference. E, eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE8FF8FFF064916FE90F885" box="[180,341,1815,1837]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Echiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFF064916FE90F885" box="[180,341,1815,1837]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Echiopsis curta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showIng round pupIl, although In some lIterature It Is descrIbed as vertIcally ellIptIc. DurIng dIlatIon and constrIctIon pupIl eXpands or reduces equIdIstantly from Its centre maIntaInIng a round shape. (Photo by B. Maryan). F, eye of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFE8FF8FFF254955FEABF8C2" box="[151,366,1876,1898]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Acanthophis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="336" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pyrrhus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFE8FF8FFF254955FEABF8C2" box="[151,366,1876,1898]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="336">Acanthophis pyrrhus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
showIng narrow vertIcally ellIptIc pupIl. DurIng dIlatIon and constrIctIon pupIl eXpands or narrows laterally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF08B1F3FFEFFF88FF254A81FDEBFB1D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1043130/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" targetBox="[290,1297,182,1118]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFEFFF88FF254A81FDEBFB1D" blockId="4.[151,1436,1152,1205]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FF254A81FED6FB3D" bold="true" box="[151,275,1152,1174]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Map of AustralIa showIng the known dIstrIbutIon of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FC874A81FB90FB3E" authority="In" authorityName="In" box="[821,1109,1152,1174]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FC874A81FBFFFB3E" box="[821,1082,1152,1174]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Paroplocephalus atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
In
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Western AustralIa. The easterly dot represents the Fraser Range records.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFEFFF88FF754AE0FB4CF9B2" blockId="4.[151,1437,1249,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B1FEB26FFEFFF88FF754AE0FB4CF9B2" county="eaSt Of" latitude="-31.833334" location="While" longLatPrecision="1214" longitude="123.2" municipality="FraSer Range" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFEFFF88FF754AE0FEC9FB52" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFEFFF88FF754AE0FEC9FB52" box="[199,268,1249,1274]" county="eaSt Of" latitude="-31.833334" longLatPrecision="1214" longitude="123.2" municipality="FraSer Range" name="While" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">While</location>
|
||
preparing thiS paper, twO individualS were fOund by mine
|
||
<location id="8EA8B7A0FFEFFF88FC144AE0FBC0FB52" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DE506DFFE9FF89FF254D38FE8AFE20:8EA8B7A0FFEFFF88FC144AE0FBC0FB52" box="[934,1029,1249,1274]" county="eaSt Of" latitude="-31.833334" longLatPrecision="1214" longitude="123.2" municipality="FraSer Range" name="Site Staff" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Site Staff</location>
|
||
in the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6BAC7B01FFEFFF88FBE44AE3FB29FB52" box="[1110,1260,1250,1274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">FraSer Range</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F4C9EFFEFFF88FB414AE3FA8CFB52" box="[1267,1353,1249,1274]" metricMagnitude="5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" unit="km" value="120.0">120 km</quantity>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="62A999F7FFEFFF88FAE34AE3FA59FB52" box="[1361,1436,1249,1274]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">eaSt Of</collectingCounty>
|
||
all previOuS recOrdS in
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFEFFF88FE074B07FDE7FAB6" box="[437,546,1285,1310]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" precision="925" value="-31.833334">31° 50’S</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE4387BCFFEFFF88FD874B07FD76FAB6" box="[565,691,1286,1310]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" precision="925" value="123.2">123° 12’E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
. ThiS diStributiOn extenSiOn SuppOrtS the current WA wildlife authOrity’S cOnServatiOn liSting. It iS a PriOrity 3 SpecieS (2015 a & b), a categOry fOr “
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FBEE4B28FB74FA5D" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Poorly-known species (some on conservation lands) that are known from several locations and the species does not appear to be under imminent threat, or from few but widespread locations with either large population size or significant remaining areas of apparently suitable habitat, much of it not under imminent threat. Species may be included if they are comparatively well known from several locations but do not meet adequacy of survey requirements and known threatening processes exist that could affect them. Such species are in need of further survey</emphasis>
|
||
.” With thiS in mind, the current wOrk iS a prelude tO an OngOing cOmprehenSive ecOlOgical Study Of
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FBBE4802FB4CF9B2" box="[1036,1161,1539,1562]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FBBE4802FB40F9B2" box="[1036,1157,1539,1562]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">P. atriceps</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFEFFF88FF754827FBADF8BE" blockId="4.[151,1437,1249,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
StOrr’S
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC5FD9FFEFFF88FEAB4824FEBEF996" box="[281,379,1573,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="holotype">hOlOtype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus id="54CC5FD9FFEFFF88FE014827FDD6F996" box="[435,531,1574,1598]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="paratype">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
are bOth adult maleS, with thiS cOllecting biaS tOwardS adult maleS cOntinuing in the additiOnal 15 individualS examined during thiS Study (adult male 10, adult female 2 and Subadult female 3). ThiS biaS may be due tO Sexually mature, reprOductively ready maleS being far mOre active (On the grOund) and eaSier tO Sample than cOnSpecific femaleS. In a Study Of SOuthweStern AuStralian
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FB934890FB04F902" box="[1057,1217,1681,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FB934890FB60F902" box="[1057,1189,1681,1706]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Pseudonaja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Pseudonaja</taxonomicName>
|
||
a.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FB7A4893FEE0F966" authority="Maryan and BuSh (1986)" authorityName="Maryan and BuSh" authorityYear="1986" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Pseudonaja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="affinis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FB7A4893FACBF902" box="[1224,1294,1682,1706]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">affinis</emphasis>
|
||
Maryan and BuSh (1986)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fOund a Similar Skewed Sex ratiO tOwardS maleS (
|
||
<date id="FFC9C7BBFFEFFF88FCD948B7FC0CF966" box="[875,969,1718,1742]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" value="2013-05-22">22 v 13</date>
|
||
), hOwever in the Similar-Sized, althOugh terreStrial
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FEB848DAFDC5F95A" authority="Shine (1982)" authorityName="Shine" authorityYear="1982" box="[266,512,1753,1778]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Echiopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="curta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FEB848DAFEA0F95A" box="[266,357,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">E. curta</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE69C8AFFEFFF88FEDF48D8FDC5F95A" author="Shine" box="[365,512,1753,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" refString="ShIne, R. (1982) Ecology of the AustralIan elapId snake Echiopsis curta. Journal of Herpetology, 16 (4), 388 - 193. https: // doI. org / 10.2307 / 1563569" type="journal article" year="1982">Shine (1982)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
fOund the reverSe waS the caSe (
|
||
<date id="FFC9C7BBFFEFFF88FCC148DBFC63F959" box="[883,934,1754,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" value="1938-05">38 v</date>
|
||
60). HOwever, with juSt
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D712AF2FFEFFF88FB7348DBFAD8F95A" box="[1217,1309,1753,1778]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" type="adult">14 adult</specimenCount>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FA9748DAFA59F95A" box="[1317,1436,1755,1778]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FA9748DAFA59F95A" box="[1317,1436,1755,1778]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">P. atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
available fOr Sexing tO date, thiS diScuSSiOn will be reviSited when Sample Size iS larger.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFEFFF88FF754923FAA1F846" blockId="4.[151,1437,1249,2030]" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">
|
||
VenOm—A preliminary inveStigatiOn Of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FD234922FCC2F892" box="[657,775,1827,1850]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FD234922FCC2F892" box="[657,775,1827,1850]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">P. atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
venOm waS carried Out in early 2016. It iS brOadly Similar tO
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FF014944FE98F8F6" box="[179,349,1861,1886]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FF014944FE98F8F6" box="[179,349,1861,1886]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the mOlecular weight Of itS cOmpOnentS, which SuggeSted it tO be a member Of the Tiger Snake grOup Of venOmS (T. JackSOn perS. cOmm.). ThiS waS cOnfirmed in a recent Study by LiSter
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FB3C496AFB7AF82A" box="[1166,1215,1897,1922]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (2017).
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F360A1EBFFEFFF88FA97496BFA81F82A" box="[1317,1348,1898,1922]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">AS</collectingCountry>
|
||
Such, it iS a medically Significant SpecieS with One caSe hiStOry Of an envenOmatiOn in an adult male repOrted by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE69C8AFFEFFF88FA92498CFF21F862" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" refString="Allen, G. E., WIlson, S. K. & IsbIster, G. K. (2013) Paroplocephalus envenomIng: a prevIously unrecognIsed hIghly venomous snake In AustralIa. Medical Journal of Australia, 199 (11), 792 - 793. https: // doI. org / 10.5694 / mja 13.10985" type="journal article">
|
||
Allen
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FAD6498EFA59F80E" box="[1380,1436,1933,1958]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2013)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The victim experienced venOm-induced cOnSumptiOn cOagulOpathy Similar tO the clinical featureS Of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEFFF88FF2549D4FE84F846" box="[151,321,2005,2030]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Hoplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="4" pageNumber="337" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEFFF88FF2549D4FE84F846" box="[151,321,2005,2030]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="337">Hoplocephalus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
envenOming. CSL pOlyvalent Snake antivenOm waS adminiStered and he made a full recOvery.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC8E17BFFEEFF89FF754E96FE8AFE20" blockId="5.[151,1437,151,392]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">
|
||
Diet—There are nO identifiable StOmach cOntentS in the twelve preServed SpecimenS held at the WA MuSeum. The Only cOnfirmed natural prey recOrded during thiS Study iS a large female
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEEFF89FBE44EBDFA59FF7C" authority="Gray" authorityName="Gray" box="[1110,1436,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Ctenophorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cristatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEEFF89FBE44EBDFA93FF7C" box="[1110,1366,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">Ctenophorus cristatus</emphasis>
|
||
Gray
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
regurgitated ShOrtly after capture by a
|
||
<quantity id="4C8F4C9EFFEEFF89FDFC4EDEFD68FF5F" box="[590,685,223,248]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.14" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" unit="mm" value="614.0">614 mm</quantity>
|
||
male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C779AF8FFEEFF89FD464EE0FCAEFF50" box="[756,875,225,248]" class="Reptilia" family="Elapidae" genus="Paroplocephalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="atriceps">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9033D69FFEEFF89FD464EE0FCAEFF50" box="[756,875,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="338">P. atriceps</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<date id="FFC9C7BBFFEEFF89FC204EDEFB8FFF50" box="[914,1098,223,248]" pageId="5" pageNumber="338" value="2016-12">December 2016</date>
|
||
. ThiS dragOn lizard iS uSually diurnally active and terreStrial, inferring the Snake either actively hunted it during the day, Or lOcated it when it waS at reSt in itS burrOw Or under cOver and eaten it On the grOund, rather than in a tree. Many typeS Of diurnal and nOcturnal lizard Suitable aS prey fOr thiS Snake Occur in the Same area Of the Greater WeStern WOOdlandS, including arbOreal geckOS.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |