264 lines
28 KiB
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264 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081" ID-GBIF-Dataset="158ca173-3de9-44e6-85e7-a3ea32eca394" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7573837" checkinTime="1674751350539" checkinUser="juliana" docAuthor="Marcaigh, Fionn Ó, Kelly, David J., O’Connell, Darren P., Analuddin, Kangkuso, Karya, Adi, Mccloughan, Jennifer, Tolan, Ellen, Lawless, Naomi, Marples, Nicola M., O, Darren P. & Connell" docDate="2022" docId="03A18781FFF54015FEDC1EA113C8F9FA" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolJLinnSoc.CLXVI.CLXVI.1-21.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society CLXVI (CLXVI)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac081/6759114" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cinnyris Cuvier 1816" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="13" masterDocId="FF98FFF9FFF94019FF901C671723FF86" masterDocTitle="Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)" masterLastPageNumber="21" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="13" updateTime="1674751959855" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Small islands and large biogeographic barriers have driven contrasting speciation patterns in Indo-Pacific sunbirds (Aves: Nectariniidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Marcaigh, Fionn Ó</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Kelly, David J.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>O’Connell, Darren P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Analuddin, Kangkuso</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Karya, Adi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mccloughan, Jennifer</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Tolan, Ellen</mods:namePart>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Lawless, Naomi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Marples, Nicola M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>O, Darren P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Connell</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-10-25</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>CLXVI</mods:number>
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<mods:number>CLXVI</mods:number>
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<paragraph blockId="12.[332,574,710,734]" box="[332,574,710,734]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<heading box="[332,574,710,734]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName ID-CoL="62LBV" ID-ENA="570433" authorityName="Cuvier" authorityYear="1816" box="[332,443,710,734]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[332,350,710,733]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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<emphasis box="[351,443,714,734]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">CINNYRIS</emphasis>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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TAXONOMY
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="description">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[145,762,750,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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Our results indicate that the olive-backed sunbird represents a superspecies and should be split into at least four species (Supporting Information, Table
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10). We have found support for the three-way split suggested by Eaton
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<emphasis box="[365,415,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">etal.</emphasis>
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(2021) while also providing the first genetic, acoustic and morphological evidence that the ‘Wakatobi sunbird’ warrants recognition as a full species. The Wakatobi population exhibits a strikingly non-linear arrangement of population structure, with a range enveloped within that of the more widespread species, and had previously been suggested as a ‘limbo split’ (
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<bibRefCitation author="Rheindt FE" bookContentInfo="Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." box="[221,389,1088,1110]" editor="Eaton JA & Van Balen B & Brickle NW & Rheindt FE" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref16555" refString="Rheindt FE. 2021. Taxonomy and systematics. In: Eaton JA, Van Balen B, Brickle NW, Rheindt FE, eds. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea - 2 nd ed. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." title="Taxonomy and systematics" type="book chapter" volumeTitle="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea - 2 nd" year="2021">Rheindt, 2021</bibRefCitation>
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) based on plumage differences alone (
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<bibRefCitation author="Eaton JA & van Balen B & Brickle NW & Rheindt FE" bookContentInfo="Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." box="[226,438,1118,1140]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13738" refString="Eaton JA, van Balen B, Brickle NW, Rheindt FE. 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." title="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2021">
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Eaton
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<emphasis box="[306,366,1118,1140]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2021
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Our study has supported these differences with matching patterns in mtDNA and integrative species delimitation or ‘Tobias scoring’ (
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<bibRefCitation author="Tobias JA & Seddon N & Spottiswoode CN & Pilgrim JD & Fishpool LDC & Collar NJ" box="[246,450,1210,1232]" journalOrPublisher="Ibis" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="724 - 746" part="152" refId="ref17166" refString="Tobias JA, Seddon N, Spottiswoode CN, Pilgrim JD, Fishpool LDC, Collar NJ. 2010. Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis 152: 724 - 746." title="Quantitative criteria for species delimitation" type="journal article" year="2010">
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Tobias
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<emphasis box="[327,383,1210,1232]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2010
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Due to the lower effective population size of mtDNA, along with other factors, differences in mtDNA should be integrated with other forms of evidence in this way (
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<bibRefCitation author="Rubinoff D & Holland BS" journalOrPublisher="Systematic Biology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="952 - 961" part="54" refId="ref16726" refString="Rubinoff D, Holland BS. 2005. Between two extremes: mitochondrial DNA is neither the panacea nor the nemesis of phylogenetic and taxonomic inference. Systematic Biology 54: 952 - 961." title="Between two extremes: mitochondrial DNA is neither the panacea nor the nemesis of phylogenetic and taxonomic inference" type="journal article" year="2005">Rubinoff & Holland, 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). In the light of this new integrative evidence, we recommend that the ‘Wakatobi sunbird
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<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="infrenatus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cinnyris infrenatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’, originally named by
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<bibRefCitation author="Hartert E" box="[542,718,1395,1417]" journalOrPublisher="Novitates Zoologicae" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="18 - 38" part="10" refId="ref14009" refString="Hartert E. 1903. On the birds collected on the Tukang-Besi islands and Buton, south-east of Celebes, by Mr Heinrich Kuhn. Novitates Zoologicae 10: 18 - 38." title="On the birds collected on the Tukang-Besi islands and Buton, south-east of Celebes, by Mr Heinrich Kuhn" type="journal article" year="1903">Hartert (1903)</bibRefCitation>
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, be reinstated as a separate species. In addition to its genetic divergence (
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<figureCitation box="[371,435,1456,1478]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="9.[163,242,1548,1570]" captionTargetBox="[203,1443,195,1507]" captionTargetId="figure-1266@9.[773,1023,692,973]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 3. A, geographic distribution of Cinnyris jugularis (sensu Gill et al., 2022) haplotypes in Wallacea and the Sahul Shelf. Each circle represents an island and the fractions within the circle the haplotypes found on that island, proportioned to represent the frequency of each haplotype.The haplotypes are named according to the species-level divisions suggested by ABGD and coloured to represent the clades supported by our phylogenetic analyses. B, TCS haplotype network of Cinnyris haplotypes. Each circle represents a unique ND2–ND3 haplotype, sized to represent how many birds carried that haplotype. The hatch marks represent mutations between haplotypes, also given as numbers in brackets for the wider divergences.The unfilled, white nodes represent hypothetical ancestral states. C, Bayesian consensus tree of Cinnyris haplotypes. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probabilities." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573847" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573847/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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), the ‘Wakatobi sunbird’ has shorter wings, a shorter bill and longer tarsi than the ‘Sahul sunbird’ (Supporting Information, Fig.
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||
<collectionCode box="[683,698,1517,1538]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</collectionCode>
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||
9), as well as exhibiting slower and higher pitched calls over a smaller bandwidth (Supporting Information, Fig.
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||
<collectionCode box="[704,720,1579,1600]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</collectionCode>
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||
11). This study is one of several to have remarked upon the distinctness of the Wakatobi avifauna (
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<bibRefCitation author="Kelly SBA & Kelly DJ & Cooper N & Bahrun A & Analuddin K & Marples NM" journalOrPublisher="PLoS One" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="98694" part="9" refId="ref14387" refString="Kelly SBA, Kelly DJ, Cooper N, Bahrun A, Analuddin K, Marples NM. 2014. Molecular and phenotypic data support the recognition of the Wakatobi flowerpecker (Dicaeum kuehni) from the unique and understudied Sulawesi region. PLoS One 9: e 98694." title="Molecular and phenotypic data support the recognition of the Wakatobi flowerpecker (Dicaeum kuehni) from the unique and understudied Sulawesi region" type="journal article" year="2014">
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Kelly
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<emphasis box="[699,755,1640,1662]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2014
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</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Connell DP & Kelly DJ & Kelly SBA & Sealy S & Karya A & Analuddin K & Marples NM" box="[216,483,1670,1692]" journalOrPublisher="Emu - Austral Ornithology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="296 - 307" part="119" refId="ref15927" refString="O'Connell DP, Kelly DJ, Kelly SBA, Sealy S, Karya A, Analuddin K, Marples NM. 2019 a. Increased sexual dimorphism in dense populations of olive-backed sunbirds on small islands: morphological niche contraction in females but not males. Emu - Austral Ornithology 119: 296 - 307." title="Increased sexual dimorphism in dense populations of olive-backed sunbirds on small islands: morphological niche contraction in females but not males" type="journal article" year="2019">
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O’Connell
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<emphasis box="[340,399,1670,1692]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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||
, 2019a
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</bibRefCitation>
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, c), and so we reiterate the recommendation of
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<bibRefCitation author="O'Connell DP & Kelly DJ & Kelly SBA & Analuddin K & Karya A & Marples NM & Rheindt FE & Martin TE" box="[412,663,1701,1723]" journalOrPublisher="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="574 - 587" part="68" refId="ref15870" refString="O'Connell DP, Kelly DJ, Kelly SBA, Analuddin K, Karya A, Marples NM, Rheindt FE, Martin TE. 2020. An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 68: 574 - 587." title="An assessment of the avifauna of the Wakatobi Islands, southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia: species recorded and taxonomic considerations" type="journal article" year="2020">
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O’Connell
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<emphasis box="[530,585,1701,1723]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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(2020)
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</bibRefCitation>
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that the Wakatobi Islands should be protected as an Endemic Bird Area (
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<bibRefCitation author="Stattersfield AJ & Crosby MJ & Long AJ & Wege DC" bookContentInfo="Cambridge: BirdLife International" box="[271,545,1762,1784]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref17000" refString="Stattersfield AJ, Crosby MJ, Long AJ, Wege DC. 1998. Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation. Cambridge: BirdLife International." title="Endemic bird areas of the world: priorities for biodiversity conservation" type="book" year="1998">
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Stattersfield
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<emphasis box="[421,477,1762,1784]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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, 1998
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</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
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<paragraph blockId="12.[145,762,750,1907]" lastBlockId="12.[809,1426,197,1660]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
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In addition to the distinctive nature of the Wakatobi lineage, our work supports the splits suggested by
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<bibRefCitation author="Eaton JA & van Balen B & Brickle NW & Rheindt FE" bookContentInfo="Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." box="[145,365,1854,1877]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13738" refString="Eaton JA, van Balen B, Brickle NW, Rheindt FE. 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." title="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2021">
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Eaton
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||
<emphasis box="[224,284,1854,1876]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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(2021)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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and one possible additional split in the Philippines (
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<figureCitation box="[386,455,1885,1907]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[163,241,858,880]" captionTargetBox="[164,1441,196,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-716@11.[164,1441,196,817]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. A, map of the Indo-Pacific with the range of the olive-backed sunbird shaded, as currently recognized by BirdLife International. Sampling sites of the birds included in our 697 bp partial ND2 analysis are marked with different triangles, according to the species they were assigned to by ABGD. Currently recognized subspecies are labelled (Gill et al., 2022). B, mean genetic distance (uncorrected p-distance) between each of the species recognized by ABGD, based on a 697 bp partial ND2 alignment. C, simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 697 bp of olive-backed sunbird ND2. In this figure the outgroup is omitted and each of the ABGD species is collapsed into a single branch. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
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||
). Under the
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Eaton JA & van Balen B & Brickle NW & Rheindt FE" bookContentInfo="Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." box="[617,883,197,1907]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13738" refString="Eaton JA, van Balen B, Brickle NW, Rheindt FE. 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." title="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2021">
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||
Eaton
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||
<emphasis box="[699,761,1885,1907]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
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||
(2021)
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
treatment, populations from Sulawesi to the Sahul Shelf and the Solomon Islands were recognized as a species-level taxon, the ‘Sahul sunbird
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||
<taxonomicName class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="clementiae">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cinnyris clementiae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’, the Sunda Shelf populations become ‘ornate sunbird
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<taxonomicName authorityName="' (Lesson" authorityYear="1827" box="[996,1193,320,341]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ornatus">
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<emphasis box="[996,1193,320,341]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cinnyris ornatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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’ and the Philippine birds retain the
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[1010,1234,350,372]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugularis">
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<emphasis box="[1010,1234,350,372]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cinnyris jugularis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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name and take ‘garden sunbird’ as a common name. This is supported by deep genetic divergences (all greater than 5%) between these three putative species, with the Sahul Shelf represented by our new Sulawesi, Australian and PNG sequences along with Solomon Islands birds from
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<bibRefCitation author="Smith CE & Filardi CE" box="[942,1217,534,557]" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="479 - 493" part="124" refId="ref16971" refString="Smith CE, Filardi CE. 2007. Patterns of molecular and morphological variation in some Solomon Island land birds. The Auk 124: 479 - 493." title="Patterns of molecular and morphological variation in some Solomon Island land birds" type="journal article" year="2007">Smith & Filardi (2007)</bibRefCitation>
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||
, the Sunda Shelf by a sequence from Borneo (
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<bibRefCitation author="Boyce AJ & Shakya S & Sheldon FH & Moyle RG & Martin TE" box="[1152,1363,565,587]" journalOrPublisher="The Auk" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" part="136" refId="ref13171" refString="Boyce AJ, Shakya S, Sheldon FH, Moyle RG, Martin TE. 2019. Biotic interactions are the dominant drivers of phylogenetic and functional structure in bird communities along a tropical elevational gradient. The Auk 136: ukz 054." title="Biotic interactions are the dominant drivers of phylogenetic and functional structure in bird communities along a tropical elevational gradient" type="journal volume" year="2019">
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||
Boyce
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||
<emphasis box="[1230,1291,565,587]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2019
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||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the Philippines by a number of previously published partial sequences (Supporting Information, Table
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1381,1397,627,648]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">S</collectionCode>
|
||
3). Although this split has been suggested previously based on limited sampling and incomplete sequences, our more comprehensive sampling of full sequences, taken from both ends of the new ‘Sahul sunbird’ species range, offers stronger support for the division. Our study has also suggested another potential split in this species complex (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1084,1147,841,863]" captionStart="Figure 5" captionStartId="11.[163,241,858,880]" captionTargetBox="[164,1441,196,817]" captionTargetId="graphics-716@11.[164,1441,196,817]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Figure 5. A, map of the Indo-Pacific with the range of the olive-backed sunbird shaded, as currently recognized by BirdLife International. Sampling sites of the birds included in our 697 bp partial ND2 analysis are marked with different triangles, according to the species they were assigned to by ABGD. Currently recognized subspecies are labelled (Gill et al., 2022). B, mean genetic distance (uncorrected p-distance) between each of the species recognized by ABGD, based on a 697 bp partial ND2 alignment. C, simplified version of a combined maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian phylogenetic tree of 697 bp of olive-backed sunbird ND2. In this figure the outgroup is omitted and each of the ABGD species is collapsed into a single branch. Nodes are labelled with Bayesian probability/ ML bootstraps." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7573851" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7573851/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
|
||
), outside the geographic range covered in detail by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Eaton JA & van Balen B & Brickle NW & Rheindt FE" bookContentInfo="Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." box="[1120,1337,872,894]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13738" refString="Eaton JA, van Balen B, Brickle NW, Rheindt FE. 2021. Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions." title="Birds of the Indonesian Archipelago: Greater Sundas and Wallacea, 2 nd ed" type="book" year="2021">
|
||
Eaton
|
||
<emphasis box="[1198,1257,872,894]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(2021)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. ABGD considered the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1003,1087,903,924]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">aurora</emphasis>
|
||
sequences from Busuanga in the western Philippines to represent a distinct species, with a mean genetic distance of 4.5%, from the greater Philippine archipelago (subspecies
|
||
<emphasis box="[1316,1424,994,1015]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">obscurior</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1766" box="[859,963,1025,1046]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jugularis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[859,963,1025,1046]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">jugularis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Ornithologists (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rand AL" box="[1166,1295,1025,1047]" journalOrPublisher="Fieldiana Zoology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="597 - 607" part="31" refId="ref16480" refString="Rand AL. 1951. Review of the subspecies of the sunbird Nectarinia jugularis. Fieldiana Zoology 31: 597 - 607." title="Review of the subspecies of the sunbird Nectarinia jugularis" type="journal article" year="1951">Rand, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Billerman SM & Keeney BK & Rodewald PG & Schulenberg TS" bookContentInfo="Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13015" refString="Billerman SM, Keeney BK, Rodewald PG, Schulenberg TS. 2022. Birds of the world. Ithaca: Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology." title="Birds of the world" type="book" year="2022">
|
||
Billerman
|
||
<emphasis box="[809,872,1056,1078]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2022
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) have grouped the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1199,1282,1057,1078]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">aurora</emphasis>
|
||
subspecies separately from these other Philippine subspecies due to its orange breast plumage. The western chain of islands on which the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1096,1177,1148,1169]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">aurora</emphasis>
|
||
subspecies occurs is geologically and biogeographically distinct from the greater Philippine archipelago (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Diamond JM & Gilpin ME" journalOrPublisher="Oikos" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="307 - 321" part="41" refId="ref13596" refString="Diamond JM, Gilpin ME. 1983. Biogeographic umbilici and the origin of the Philippine avifauna. Oikos 41: 307 - 321." title="Biogeographic umbilici and the origin of the Philippine avifauna" type="journal article" year="1983">Diamond & Gilpin, 1983</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The
|
||
<emphasis box="[935,1013,1240,1261]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">aurora</emphasis>
|
||
subspecies displayed a similar level of genetic divergence to that of the more thoroughly sampled ‘Wakatobi sunbird’, but was represented in our analysis by two partial
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1128,1332,1353]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ND2</emphasis>
|
||
sequences from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Campbell KK" bookContentInfo="Unpublished Master of Science Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref13242" refString="Campbell KK. 2013. Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparisons within and among 50 species of Philippine birds. Unpublished Master of Science Thesis, University of Alaska Fairbanks." title="Evolution in a tropical archipelago: comparisons within and among 50 species of Philippine birds" type="book" year="2013">Campbell (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and so we recommend further sampling of this population.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="12.[809,1426,197,1660]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The lack of divergence between the Menui population and the wider south-east Sulawesi population in the ‘Sahul sunbird’ confirms that the Menui population belongs to the
|
||
<emphasis box="[978,1059,1516,1537]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">plateni</emphasis>
|
||
subspecies. On the Sahul Shelf itself, our ‘Sahul sunbirds’ exhibit a uniform population across PNG and Australia. This is in keeping with the current assignment of these populations to one subspecies,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="S. Muller" baseAuthorityYear="1843" box="[941,1251,1638,1660]" class="Aves" family="Nectariniidae" genus="Cinnyris" kingdom="Animalia" order="Passeriformes" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="jugularis" subSpecies="frenatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[941,1251,1638,1660]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Cinnyris jugularis frenatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |