219 lines
20 KiB
XML
219 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" ID-GBIF-Dataset="4882baaf-3747-4865-87e1-49e725955118" ID-PMC="PMC3361087" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-195-1" ID-PubMed="22679386" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2012" ModsDocID="1313-2970-195-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 195" ModsDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" checkinTime="1451249010182" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Miller, Jeremy A., Griswold, Charles E., Scharff, Nikolaj, Řezac, Milan, Szűts, Tamas & Marhabaie, Mohammad" docDate="2012" docId="83FD0207BAD97F5003883630B082C06F" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 195: 1-144" docOrigin="ZooKeys 195" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342" docTitle="Dorceus C. L. Koch" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="30" masterDocId="FFABFFD09B65FF5EFFA6FFE4FFE1FFC2" masterDocTitle="The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)" masterLastPageNumber="144" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="25" updateTime="1668153919305" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
||
<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>The velvet spiders: an atlas of the Eresidae (Arachnida, Araneae)</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Miller, Jeremy A.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Griswold, Charles E.</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Scharff, Nikolaj</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Řezac, Milan</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Szűts, Tamas</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Marhabaie, Mohammad</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2012</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>195</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>144</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:location>
|
||
<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:url>
|
||
</mods:location>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.195.2342</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-195-1</mods:identifier>
|
||
</mods:mods>
|
||
<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152035668" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:83FD0207BAD97F5003883630B082C06F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/83FD0207BAD97F5003883630B082C06F" lastPageId="29" lastPageNumber="30" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName LSID="http://species-id.net/wiki/Dorceus" authority="C. L. Koch" class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="24" pageNumber="25" start="start">Dorceus</pageBreakToken>
|
||
C. L. Koch
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. L. Koch, 1846: 15. C. L.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Koch 1850</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 70.
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Simon 1864</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 300;
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="24" pageNumber="25">1892</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 254;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Simon, E" journalOrPublisher="Annales de la Societe Entomologique de France Paris" pageId="96" pageNumber="97" pagination="265 - 332" title="Catalogue raisonne des arachnides du nord de l'Afrique (1 re partie)." volume="79" year="1910">1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 290.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 231.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="El-Hennawy, HK" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="57 - 72" title="Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneida: Eresidae)." volume="8" year="2002">El-Hennawy 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: 58. Type species
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus fastuosus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fastuosus">Dorceus fastuosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. L. Koch, 1846.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="note">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Note.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
contains five recognized species previously recorded only from North Africa. The genus was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="El-Hennawy, HK" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="57 - 72" title="Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneida: Eresidae)." volume="8" year="2002">El-Hennawy (2002)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. We examined specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus fastuosus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fastuosus">Dorceus fastuosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
C. L. Koch, 1846 from Israel and Senegal and the Tunisian holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus viberti" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="viberti">Dorceus viberti</taxonomicName>
|
||
Simon, 1910, which is a junior synonym of this species. The holotype of
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus fastuosus" order="Araneae" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fastuosus">Dorceus fastuosus</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a dry pinned specimen and was not examined. But we examined material
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="25" pageNumber="26" start="start">that</pageBreakToken>
|
||
El-Hennawy examined for his 2002 revision (9126, AR5404, NMHN and 1237, AR 5405, NMNH) and compared to the holotype.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="27" lastPageNumber="28" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
|
||
Distinguished from other eresid genera except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the small median eyes subequal in size (Fig. 26C, G; AME/PME> 0.7), and the long, extensible ALS contrasting with reduced PLS (Fig. 32A; although ALS may be retracted and therefore not look so long); distinguished from other eresid genera except
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. n., some
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea splendens" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">Paradonea splendens</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the cephalic region, which is wider than long. Male distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the subequal legs I and II (Fig. 26A; leg I enlarged in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Figs 72A, 74A) and by the form of the conductor, which is a simple spiral or L-shaped hook shorter than the tegulum (Fig.
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="26" pageNumber="27" start="start">27</pageBreakToken>
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="El-Hennawy, HK" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="57 - 72" title="Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneida: Eresidae)." volume="8" year="2002">El-Hennawy 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; highly variable and elaborate in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
, usually longer than the tegulum; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS" journalOrPublisher="Cimbebasia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="135 - 160" title="A revision of the African spider genus Seothyra Purcell (Araneae: Eresidae)." volume="12" year="1990">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. n. by the unbranched conductor (Fig. 27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–C">A-C</normalizedToken>
|
||
; bifid in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. n., Fig. 63D, E); distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the lack of prominent tubercles bearing the ALE and the palpal conformation, which has a proximal-ventral axis with the helical embolus encircling the distal part (Figs 26I, J, 27
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–E">A-E</normalizedToken>
|
||
; obliquely ventral-do
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="27" pageNumber="28" start="start">rsal</pageBreakToken>
|
||
in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dresserus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dresserus" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dresserus</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the embolus encircling the ventral part, Figs 33
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="I–K">I-K</normalizedToken>
|
||
, 34
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="A–D">A-D</normalizedToken>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea splendens" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">Paradonea splendens</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the subrectangular shape of the cephalic region, which does not overhang the thoracic region posteriorly and the mesally contiguous chelicerae (Figs 8F, 26A, C; subtrapezoidal, slightly overhanging the thoracic region, chelicerae mesally excavated in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Paradonea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradonea splendens" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="splendens">Paradonea splendens</taxonomicName>
|
||
, Fig. 68D, F). Female distinguished from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the median lobe of the epigynum, which is as wide as long or wider with more or less straight, converging lateral margins (Figs 16B, 29C; clearly longer than wide with a central constriction in
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dippenaar-Schoeman, AS" journalOrPublisher="Cimbebasia" pageId="93" pageNumber="94" pagination="135 - 160" title="A revision of the African spider genus Seothyra Purcell (Araneae: Eresidae)." volume="12" year="1990">Dippenaar-Schoeman 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); from
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Loureedia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Loureedia" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Loureedia</taxonomicName>
|
||
gen. n. by the small eyes subequal in size (Fig. 26C, G) and details of the female genitalia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="distinguishing species">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Distinguishing species.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
was revised by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="El-Hennawy, HK" journalOrPublisher="Serket" pageId="94" pageNumber="95" pagination="57 - 72" title="Revision of the North African spider genus Dorceus C. L. Koch, 1846 (Araneida: Eresidae)." volume="8" year="2002">El-Hennawy in 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. However, the quantity and quality of specimens available to him for several species was limited.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="phylogenetic affinities">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Phylogenetic affinities.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph lastPageId="28" lastPageNumber="29" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
|
||
Past morphological studies have placed
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
as close relatives (Fig. 8A;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lehtinen, PT" journalOrPublisher="Annales Zoologici Fennici" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="199 - 468" title="Classification of the cribellate spiders and some allied families." volume="4" year="1967">Lehtinen 1967</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A recent molecular study contradicted this hypothesis (Fig. 7B;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Miller, JA" journalOrPublisher="Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="786 - 804" title="Phylogeny of entelegyne spiders: Affinities of the family Penestomidae (NEW RANK), generic phylogeny of Eresidae, and asymmetric rates of change in spinning organ evolution (Araneae, Araneoidea, Entelegynae)." url="10.1016/j.ympev.2010.02.021" volume="55" year="2010 a">Miller et al. 2010a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Although some of us were involved in that molecular study, we do not consider the question resolved. Morphological similarities, including features of the eyes and spinnerets, remain compelling. On the other hand,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peters, HM" journalOrPublisher="Verhandlungen naturwissenschaften vereins Hamburg (NF)" pageId="95" pageNumber="96" pagination="191 - 211" title="On the burrowing behaviour and the production and use of silk in Seothyra, a sand-inhabiting spider from the Namib Desert (Arachnida, Araneae, Eresidae)." volume="33" year="1992 a">Peters (1992a)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
pointed out morphological characteristics shared (through parallel evolution) by
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Seothyra" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Seothyra" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Seothyra</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the distantly related sparasid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Sparassidae" genus="Leucorchestris" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Leucorchestris arenicola" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="arenicola">Leucorchestris arenicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
exclusive of the eresid
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Stegodyphus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Stegodyphus" order="Araneae" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stegodyphus</taxonomicName>
|
||
, particularly the large
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="28" pageNumber="29" start="start">ALS</pageBreakToken>
|
||
, which are extensible and retractable. This morphology is apparently linked to burrowing in loose sand, which
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Arachnida" family="Eresidae" genus="Dorceus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Dorceus" order="Araneae" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Dorceus</taxonomicName>
|
||
does as well. Whether these attributes ultimately prove to be the result of shared ancestry or convergence in
|
||
<taxonomicName family="Eresidae" lsidName="" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" rank="family">Eresidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
remains fertile ground for future study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="29" pageNumber="30" type="natural history">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
<pageBreakToken pageId="29" pageNumber="30" start="start">Natural</pageBreakToken>
|
||
history.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
|
||
Known from sand dunes in deserts with very sparse shrub, grass, and annual herb patches. Juveniles feed on their
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="mother’s">mother's</normalizedToken>
|
||
corpse before dispersing (
|
||
<bibRefCitation pageId="29" pageNumber="30">El-Hennawy 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; cf. Fig. 3D). Males take approximately 3 years to mature, females one year longer (Martin Forman, personal observation).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |