treatments-xml/data/FC/35/B6/FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.22914" ID-GBIF-Dataset="73815ebc-be78-4ffb-9677-4b4632ae0ead" ID-PMC="PMC5904562" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-748-1" ID-PubMed="29674909" ID-ZBK="5331FFFBFB7E4BB6851110A8E8EB5E41" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2018" ModsDocID="1313-2970-748-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 748" ModsDocTitle="A new species of Arachnanthus from the Red Sea (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia)" checkinTime="1522910688108" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Stampar, Sergio N., Didi, Suraia O. El, Paulay, Gustav &amp; Berumen, Michael L." docDate="2018" docId="FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 748: 1-10" docOrigin="ZooKeys 748" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.22914" docTitle="Arachnanthus lilith Stampar &amp; El Didi, sp. n." docType="treatment" docUuid="FC381C67-9DB8-4280-9C9C-00DBD04F7D56" docUuidSource="ZooBank" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="0549FD72DE63FFCFFFFF7A0C3B0CBE78" masterDocTitle="A new species of Arachnanthus from the Red Sea (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia)" masterLastPageNumber="10" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1668165651599" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title>A new species of Arachnanthus from the Red Sea (Cnidaria, Ceriantharia)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Stampar, Sergio N.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
<mods:role>
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Didi, Suraia O. El</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Paulay, Gustav</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Berumen, Michael L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number>748</mods:number>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.748.22914</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="143472681" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:FC381C67-9DB8-4280-9C9C-00DBD04F7D56" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC35B6106DCF8C6419C7918CD3EDADD2" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
<taxonomicName LSID="http://zoobank.org/FC381C67-9DB8-4280-9C9C-00DBD04F7D56" authority="Stampar &amp; El Didi" class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">
<pageBreakToken pageId="3" pageNumber="4" start="start">Arachnanthus</pageBreakToken>
lilith Stampar &amp; El Didi
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="3" pageNumber="4">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
Figs 1, 2, 3, 4, Tables 1, 2
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Material examined (six specimens).</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
Holotype: UF Cnidaria 9168, adult individual (35 mm long), Saudi Arabia, island near 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Jaz’air">Jaz'air</normalizedToken>
Sila, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="55" value="27.651">27.651°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="35.2832">35.2832°E</geoCoordinate>
) (Fig. 1A), 10-30 m depth, fore reef, under rocks, G. Paulay, Seabird McKeon, Daisuke Uyeno coll. (27/ix/2013). Paratypes: UF Cnidaria 9167, adult (31 mm long), same data as holotype. UF Cnidaria 9227, adult (35 mm long), UF Cnidaria 9229, adult (42 mm long), UF Cnidaria 9230, adult (26 mm long) all three from Saudi Arabia, Gulf of Aqaba, 
<normalizedToken originalValue="Joey’s">Joey's</normalizedToken>
Shipwreck Bay, (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="28.1846">28.1846°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="34.6381">34.6381°E</geoCoordinate>
) (Fig. 1B), 7-13 m depth, in sand and seagrass bed, collected at night, G. Paulay, Daisuke Uyeno, Casey Zakroff coll. (01/x/2013). UF Cnidaria 9076 (Fig. 2D), adult, Saudi Arabia, Farasan Banks, Atlantis Shoal (
<geoCoordinate direction="north" orientation="latitude" precision="5" value="18.1917">18.1917°N</geoCoordinate>
, 
<geoCoordinate direction="east" orientation="longitude" precision="5" value="41.1138">41.1138°E</geoCoordinate>
) 
<pageBreakToken pageId="4" pageNumber="5" start="start">(</pageBreakToken>
Fig. 1-C), 9-11 m depth, sandy shoal with patch reefs, in sand, collected at night, Arthur Anker, Patrick Norby, Gustav Paulay coll. (07/iii/2013).
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Figure 2. 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A (Paratype UF Cnidaria 9227) (not to scale) B (Paratype UF Cnidaria 9168) (not to scale) 
<normalizedToken originalValue="C–D">C-D</normalizedToken>
Live specimens in nature (not included as paratypes - ICZN 72.4.6) (not to scale) E Dissected specimen with detail of acontioids (arrows) (scale bar 2 mm) UF Cnidaria 9168 (Holotype) F Detail of oral disc UF Cnidaria 9229 (Paratype) with detail on tentacular pores with green fluorescent protein (GFP) (arrows) (not to scale).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
Small ceriantharian, up to at least 42 mm long, 4-6 mm wide. With 19-24 translucent marginal tentacles (3-5 mm long in preserved specimens), each with 2-4 brown bands (Fig. 1); tentacle arrangement (1)2.12.12.12.12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
; at least 5 pores per tentacle, pores marked by concentration of green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Fig. 1-F); unpaired marginal tentacle present. With 11-15 pale labial tentacles (up to 2 mm long in preserved specimens), tentacle arrangement (0)3.12.31.23.23.12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="…">...</normalizedToken>
; unpaired labial tentacle absent. Long actinopharynx extending over 1/3 of total body length, hyposulcus 3-4 mm long, hemisulci distinct; siphonoglyph wide, connected to eight mesenteries; directive mesenteries a little shorter than hyposulcus. Three pairs of protomesenteries (P), P2 and 
<pageBreakToken pageId="5" pageNumber="6" start="start">P</pageBreakToken>
4 long and P3 short, metamesenteries (M), long, fertile with double mesenteric filament; betamesenteries (B) short, sterile with single mesenteric filament (double in a short part immediately below actinophrarynx) and rather convoluted; acontioids only in mesenteries M3 and M4; see Fig. 2 for schematic arrangement of mesenteries. Cnidome (Fig. 3) of spirocysts, atrichs, microbasic b-mastigophores (three types), microbasic p-mastigophores (two types), and ptychocysts; distributed as shown in Table 1.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Table 1. Cnidome of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. based on two specimens (UF 9229; 9168). Mean and range given for each cnida.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<table pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
Length (in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
)
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">
Width (in 
<normalizedToken originalValue="µm">µm</normalizedToken>
)
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="4">Column</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">40.69</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">9.18</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">48.57</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">8.01</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">32.32</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.11</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">86.45</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">21.49</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="5">Marginal tentacles</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">84.15</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">19.84</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">33.75</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.84</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">32.63</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">3.9</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">21.06</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.11</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">34.92</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.58</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Labial tentacles</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">64.87</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">13.08</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.3</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.07</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.69</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.02</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Stomodeum</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">49.44</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">9.83</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">24.05</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.76</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">33.28</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">6.54</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="3">Betamesenteries</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">83.8</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">23.14</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">54.9</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">15.34</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">19.24</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.03</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="2">Metamesenteries</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">25.04</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">5.76</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">17.76</td>
<td colspan="1" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rowspan="1">4.2</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 3. Graphical representation of the arrangement of mesenteries of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. Abbreviations: M.C. multiplication chamber, D directives, T.P. terminal pore, S siphonoglyph, B betamesenteries (convoluted mesentery), M metamesenteries (double filament), P protomesenteries, AC acontioids
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
Figure 4. Cnidome of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n. A microbasic p-mastigophores I B microbasic p-mastigophores II C Atrich D Ptychocyst E microbasic b-mastigophores I F microbasic b-mastigophores II G microbasic b-mastigophores III.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Distribution.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Presently known only from the Saudi Arabian Red Sea, from the Gulf of Aqaba to the Farasan Islands in the southern Red Sea. The species was found extended only at night.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="etymology">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
<pageBreakToken pageId="6" pageNumber="7" start="start">Etymology</pageBreakToken>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
The specific name 
<taxonomicName lsidName="lilith" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" rank="species" species="lilith">lilith</taxonomicName>
refers to the mythological figure of a female night demon in the vicinity of the Red Sea to ancient Mesopotamia (Saudi Arabia to Iraq).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="live color">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Live color.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Column pinkish tan at basal half or along most of its length, becoming clear toward base of tentacles. Marginal tentacles whitish/transparent, with brown and light green bands; extent of banding variable, with a basal brown band commonly developed. Labial tentacles clear to brown, with whitish base and tips. Oral disk with green and white colors.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Description of holotype</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
(UF Cnidaria 9168). Small polyp, 35 mm long, 4 mm in diameter just below the marginal tentacles, 3 mm diameter near aboral end. With 19 marginal tentacles arranged in two pseudocycles, each 4 mm long and 0.5 mm in diameter near base, tentacle arrangement (1)2.12.12.12.12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
With 12 labial tentacles, each ~1 mm long, brown with a white apical tip, directive labial tentacle absent, tentacle arrangement (0)3.12.31.23.12 
<normalizedToken originalValue="….">....</normalizedToken>
Oral disc 0.7 mm wide, actinopharynx 17 mm long, light beige to light brown, siphonoglyph wide and elongate with eight mesenteries attached, hyposulcus 9 mm long. Directive mesenteries shorter than actinopharynx. Protomesenteries as in diagnosis, M-mesenteries (M), long, fertile with a double mesenteric filament; B-mesenteries (B) short, sterile with single mesenteric filament (double in a short part immediately below actinopharynx) and rather convoluted; acontioids only in mesenteries M3 and M4.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" type="comparisons">
<paragraph pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Comparison with other members of the genus.</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
Although 
<bibRefCitation author="Fautin, DG" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin de l'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" url="https://doi.org/10.2984/1534-6188(2007)61[549:SSACAA]2.0.CO;2" year="2007">Fautin et al. (2007)</bibRefCitation>
suggested that morphology alone is insufficient to distinguish species of this genus, 
<pageBreakToken pageId="7" pageNumber="8" start="start">internal</pageBreakToken>
anatomical characters do actually separate all known species (Table 2). While there are cases of cryptic species among tube-dwelling anemones (
<bibRefCitation author="Stampar, SN" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" url="https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0041091" year="2012">Stampar et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
), none are yet documented for 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
Table 2. Comparison of anatomical features of species of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
(after 
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Danish Ingolf-Expeditie" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 78" title="Ceriantharia." volume="5" year="1912">Carlgren 1912</bibRefCitation>
b; 
<bibRefCitation author="Carlgren, O" journalOrPublisher="Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra Dansk Naturhistorisk Forening" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="169 - 195" title="Papers from Dr. Th. Mortensen's Pacific Expedition 1914 - 16 XVI. Ceriantharia." volume="75" year="1924">Carlgren 1924</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Carlgren 1937</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation author="Picton, BE" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="10" pagination="343 - 349" title="Arachnanthussarsi Carlgren, 1912 - a redescription of a cerianthid anemone new to the British-Isles." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1985.tb01180.x" volume="83" year="1985">Picton and Manuel 1985</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<table pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
</th>
<th colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
sp. n.
</th>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Marginal tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Arrangement of labial tentacles</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Length of actinopharynx</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Hyposulcus</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Oral disc diameter</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Maximum n° of mesentery attached to siphonoglyph</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Directive mesenteries</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">P(C)2</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">P(C)3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">M1</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">M3</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Cnido-glandular tract of fertile mesenteries</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Cnido-glandular tract of B</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Acontioids</td>
</tr>
<tr pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<td colspan="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rowspan="1">Distribution</td>
</tr>
</table>
</paragraph>
<paragraph lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus lilith" order="Penicillaria" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="lilith">Arachnanthus lilith</taxonomicName>
has labial tentacles in three pseudocycles, unlike 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
, which all have them in one pseudocycle, while in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
labial tentacles are not clearly organized and may be considered to fall into one or two pseudocycles. The actinopharynx is 2/3 as long as the gastric cavity in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
, less than 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long in the other three described species, and a little over 
<normalizedToken originalValue="½">1/2</normalizedToken>
as long in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
. The maximum number of the mesenteries attached to the siphonoglyph is especially useful for distinguishing species: 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. australiae" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="australiae">A. australiae</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. bockii" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="bockii">A. bockii</taxonomicName>
have 12 each, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
has eight, 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. sarsi" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="sarsi">A. sarsi</taxonomicName>
six, while 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. oligopodus" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" rank="species" species="oligopodus">A. oligopodus</taxonomicName>
has four. The organization of mesenter 
<pageBreakToken pageId="8" pageNumber="9" start="start">ies</pageBreakToken>
, particularly the mesentery P2 and M3, also provides useful characters to separate species (Table 2). Finally, the distribution of acontioids is also quite different in some species, especially in 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A. lilith" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="species" species="lilith">A. lilith</taxonomicName>
where acontioids are present only on mesenteries M3 and M4. These mesenterial characters serve well to differentiate species of 
<taxonomicName class="Anthozoa" family="Arachnactidae" genus="Arachnanthus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Arachnanthus" order="Penicillaria" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">Arachnanthus</taxonomicName>
, although how they vary over the ontogeny of each species remains to be studied.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
Finally, the present study demonstrates the importance of more detailed investigations using non-standard collecting techniques. Small ceriantharians are rarely collected as they are frequently nocturnal and can be difficult to extract from the sediment as they retract quickly and rapidly. There are few described species of 
<taxonomicName lsidName="A" order="Ceriantharia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" rank="order">Ceriantharia</taxonomicName>
with small body sizes; however, this may be the result of sampling limitations.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>