treatments-xml/data/CC/17/BD/CC17BD4E62C9E9676B4FC1459C0D11B3.xml

<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1314-2003-198-1" ID-Pensoft-UUID="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" ModsDocID="1314-2003-198-1" checkinTime="1654168732655" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Aubriot, Xavier &amp; Knapp, Sandra" docDate="2022" docId="CC17BD4E62C9E9676B4FC1459C0D11B3" docLanguage="en" docName="PhytoKeys 198: 1-270" docOrigin="PhytoKeys 198" docPubDate="2022-06-01" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514" docTitle="Solanum torvoideum Merr. &amp; L. M. Perry, J. Arnold Arb. 30: 47. 1949." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" id="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" lastPageNumber="1" masterDocId="486F1F1B4F5854D2831AAA341B9A322C" masterDocTitle="A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)" masterLastPageNumber="270" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="1" updateTime="1654168732655" updateUser="pensoft">
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<mods:title>A revision of the &quot; spiny solanums &quot; of Tropical Asia (Solanum, the Leptostemonum Clade, Solanaceae)</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Aubriot, Xavier</mods:namePart>
<mods:affiliation>Universite Paris-Saclay, CNRS, AgroParisTech, Ecologie Systematique et Evolution, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France &amp; The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Knapp, Sandra</mods:namePart>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7698-3945</mods:nameIdentifier>
<mods:affiliation>The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, UK</mods:affiliation>
<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">s.knapp@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number>2022-06-01</mods:number>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CC17BD4E62C9E9676B4FC1459C0D11B3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC17BD4E62C9E9676B4FC1459C0D11B3" lastPageNumber="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
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43. 
<taxonomicName authority="Merr. &amp; L. M. Perry, J. Arnold Arb. 30: 47. 1949." authorityName="Merr. &amp; L. M. Perry, J. Arnold Arb. 30: 47. 1949." class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">Solanum torvoideum Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry, J. Arnold Arb. 30: 47. 1949.</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 71" captionStartId="F71" captionText="Figure 71. Solanum torvoideum Merr. &amp; L. M. Perry A herbarium specimen collected in the Philippines in 1954 (Frake 20323, L. 2771110) B habit (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) C detail of the inflorescence (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines). Photograph credits: A Naturalis Biodiversity Center B, C P. B. Pelser." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure71" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689764" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<typeStatus>Type</typeStatus>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<materialsCitation collectingDate="2022-01-01" collectingDateMax="2022-12-31" collectingDateMin="2022-01-01" collectorName="L. J. Brass" country="Papua New Guinea" location="Papua New Guinea" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="lectotype">
<collectingCountry name="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</collectingCountry>
. Central: Mafulu, Sep-Nov 1933, 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<collectorName>L.J. Brass</collectorName>
5411
</emphasis>
(
<typeStatus>lectotype</typeStatus>
designated by 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
, pg. 150, as 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“holotype”">
&quot; 
<typeStatus>holotype</typeStatus>
&quot;
</normalizedToken>
: A [00077838]; isolectotypes: BM [BM000886267], BRI [BRI-AQ0080383], L [L.0003661], NY [00172294])
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="description">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Description.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Shrubs to small trees, 1-5 m tall, unarmed or rarely sparsely armed. Stems erect, terete, usually unarmed or with a few broad-based straight prickles, stellate-pubescent; prickles, if present, 2-3 mm long, to 1.5 mm wide at the base, very sparse, straight, pale yellowish tan; pubescence of sessile to very short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to 1 mm long, the rays 6-8, ca. 0.5 mm long, the midpoints absent or to 1 mm long (New Guinea only); new growth densely stellate-pubescent, the trichomes tangled, somewhat golden in dry material; bark of older stems grey to dark brown, glabrescent. Sympodial units difoliate, the leaves geminate, the leaves of pair equal in size and shape or one leaf slightly smaller. Leaves simple, shallowly lobed, the blades (7-)12-25 cm long, (2-)3-11 cm wide, 2.5-4 times longer than wide, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, chartaceous, discolorous, unarmed or sparsely armed along the midrib and major veins with small straight prickles; adaxial surface dark green, evenly and moderately to densely pubescent with golden short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, the stalks to 0.5 mm long, the rays 4-6, ca. 0.5 mm long, the midpoints absent or to 0.5 mm (in some New Guinea populations the midpoints glandular); abaxial surface with similar short-stalked porrect-stellate trichomes, but with more numerous rays (up to 10-12); major veins 4-7 pairs, densely pubescent especially abaxially; base acute, somewhat oblique; margins shallowly lobed, the lobes 4-7, 0.5-3 cm long, deltate to triangular, apically acute, the sinuses ca. one third of the way to the midrib; apex acute; petioles 1.5-3(-4+) cm long, ca. 1/4 as long as the leaf blades, sparsely prickly and densely to moderately pubescent with short-stalked stellate-trichomes like those of the stems, unarmed or prickly with 1-3 prickles like those of the stems. Inflorescences 4-9 cm long, internodal and lateral, forked to several times branched, with 50-70+ flowers, several flowers open at any one time, densely pubescent with short-stalked stellate-porrect trichomes like those of the stems, with 6-8 rays ca. 0.5 mm long and midpoints to 1 mm long, unarmed; peduncle absent and the first inflorescence branches appearing to arise directly from the stem, or 0.5 cm long, unarmed; pedicels 1-1.2 cm long, ca. 1 mm in diameter at the base and apex, spreading to erect at anthesis, densely stellate-pubescent like the inflorescence axes, articulated at the base, unarmed; pedicel scars irregularly spaced 1-2 mm apart. Buds elongate ellipsoid and somewhat tapering, strongly exserted from the calyx before anthesis. Flowers 5-merous, apparently all perfect, but some distal flowers may be short-styled. Calyx with the tube 2-3 mm long, conical, the lobes 2-5 mm long, 1-2 mm wide, deltate with a subulate acumen 1.5-2 mm long, densely stellate-pubescent with porrect-stellate trichomes like those of the pedicels, the acumen sometimes more glabrous and drying dark. Corolla 2-2.6 cm in diameter, white, shallowly stellate, lobed ca. halfway to the base, interpetalar tissue present and abundant, the lobes 8-10 mm long, 4-7 mm wide, spreading at anthesis, mostly glabrous adaxially but with a few stellate trichomes at the tips, densely stellate-pubescent abaxially with densely tangled sessile trichomes where exposed in bud, these densest at the tips, the interpetalar tissue glabrous. Stamens equal; anthers 5-6.5 mm long, ca. 1 mm wide, connivent or somewhat spreading, tapering, yellow, glabrous, poricidal at the tips, the pores directed distally, not elongating to slits with drying; filament tube minute, glabrous; free portion of the filaments 0.5-1 mm long, glabrous. Ovary conical, glabrous; style 6-9 mm long, glabrous; stigma capitate, the surfaces minutely papillose. Fruit a globose berry, several to many per infructescence, 1-1.4 cm in diameter, the pericarp thin and shiny, yellow to orange-yellow when ripe, aging to brown or almost black (fide 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
), glabrous; fruiting pedicels 1.5-2 cm long, ca. 1.5 mm in diameter at the base, 3-3.5 mm in diameter at the apex, woody, erect or somewhat spreading from weight of berries; fruiting calyx not accrescent, the lobes often breaking off. Seeds 60-100 per berry, 2-3.5 mm long, ca. 2 mm wide, flattened reniform, pale tan or yellowish brown, the surfaces minutely pitted, the testal cells with sinuate margins. Chromosome number: n = 12 (
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
; voucher 
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Symon 10669</emphasis>
from Papua New Guinea).
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure71" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689764" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 71" startId="F71">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 71.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Merr. &amp; L.M.Perry 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
herbarium specimen collected in the Philippines in 1954 (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Frake 20323</emphasis>
, L.2771110) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B</emphasis>
habit (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines) 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">C</emphasis>
detail of the inflorescence (field photograph, unvouchered, Philippines). Photograph credits: 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">A</emphasis>
Naturalis Biodiversity Center 
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">B, C</emphasis>
P.B. Pelser.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="distribution">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Distribution</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(Fig. 
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 72" captionStartId="F72" captionText="Figure 72. Distribution of S. torvoideum." figureDoi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure72" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689765" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">72</figureCitation>
).
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs from the Sunda Islands in Indonesia and Timor Leste east to the Philippines and the island of New Guinea.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="ecology">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Ecology and habitat.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a species of disturbed areas such as old garden sites, treefalls or roadsides; from 300 to 2,000 m elevation (higher elevations from New Guinea specimens). 
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon (1985)</bibRefCitation>
records it as occurring in fagaceous forest and on gravelly stream beds on New Guinea.
</paragraph>
<caption doi="10.3897/phytokeys.198.79514.figure72" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/689765" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" start="Figure 72" startId="F72">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Figure 72.</emphasis>
Distribution of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="common names and uses">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Common names and uses.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
Philippines. Mindanao: bokul [Bukid] (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Sulit 9868</emphasis>
), tangutaungan (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Zwickey 52</emphasis>
), gebubruca (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Frake 38012</emphasis>
); Luzon: tanutong (
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Maliwanang 229</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="preliminary conservation status">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Preliminary conservation status</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
(
<bibRefCitation author="Hutchings, A" journalOrPublisher="AGRIVITA Journal of Agricultural Science" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" publicationUrl="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" refId="B105" refString="2019. . http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" url="http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf" year="2019">IUCN 2019</bibRefCitation>
).
</emphasis>
Least Concern (LC). EOO (2,372,285 km2, LC); AOO (212 km2, EN). As a specialist of disturbed areas with a wide distribution when the island of New Guinea is taken into account, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is not of conservation concern.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="discussion">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Discussion.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a member of the Torva clade (see 
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
) and like others in the group has difoliate sympodia with usually geminate leaves, highly branched inflorescences, straight or only slightly curved stem prickles, and sticky leathery berries. The Asian species of 
<normalizedToken originalValue="“torvoids”">&quot;torvoids&quot;</normalizedToken>
differ from their American relatives in having red, rather than green berries at maturity. In the area treated here 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to the introduced and widespread 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, from which it differs in its denser, more reddish gold pubescence, eglandular inflorescences, and red berries. In general, plants of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are more robust-looking than those of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is superficially similar to another introduced species, S. 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum chrysotrichum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="chrysotrichum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum chrysotrichum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its pubescence, but is not sympatric with it, and can be distinguished by fruit colour. It can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. poka" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="poka">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. poka</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. pseudosaponaceum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="pseudosaponaceum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. pseudosaponaceum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in its more branched inflorescences with denser pubescence and larger flowers (to 2.6 cm in diameter versus to 2 cm or 1.5 cm in diameter).
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
On the island of New Guinea, 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is most similar to the sympatric 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dammerianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dammerianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dammerianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Lauterb. &amp; Schum. (
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName class="Magnoliopsida" family="Solanaceae" genus="Solanum" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="Solanum torvoideum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="torvoideum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Solanum torvoideum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dammerianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dammerianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dammerianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in is rusty (versus drab) leaf pubescence, its more compact and fewer branched inflorescence and its larger mature berries (to 2 cm in diameter versus to 1.5 cm in diameter). The type of 
<taxonomicName family="Solanaceae" genus="S." kingdom="Plantae" lsidName="S. dammerianum" order="Solanales" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" rank="species" species="dammerianum">
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="1">S. dammerianum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has been lost (
<bibRefCitation author="Symon, DE" journalOrPublisher="Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="1 - 171" refId="B239" refString="Symon, DE, 1985. The Solanaceae of New Guinea. Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens 8: 1 - 171" title="The Solanaceae of New Guinea." volume="8" year="1985">Symon 1985</bibRefCitation>
) so further intensive study of New Guinea populations may reveal additional differences.
</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">
The Torva clade species occurring in tropical Asia are all each 
<normalizedToken originalValue="other’s">other's</normalizedToken>
closest relatives, suggesting a single dispersal event from the Americas (
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" author="Aubriot, X" journalOrPublisher="Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="0" pageNumber="1" pagination="199 - 223" refId="B8" refString="Aubriot, X, Singh, P, Knapp, S, 2016a. Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot;spiny solanums&quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181 (2): 199 - 223, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" title="Tropical Asian species show the Old World clade of &quot; spiny solanums &quot; (subgenus Leptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic." url="https://doi.org/10.1111/boj.12412" volume="181" year="2016 a">Aubriot et al. 2016a</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="1" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">Specimens examined.</paragraph>
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="1">See Suppl. materials 1-3.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>