173 lines
20 KiB
XML
173 lines
20 KiB
XML
<document id="78226DF8C6A72C40FFE024A1E6E636BA" ID-CLB-Dataset="39119" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4109.3.3" ID-GBIF-Dataset="2e25461b-82af-477f-b723-76f3976d0614" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="259767" ID-ZooBank="CFD3FDAC-B477-4607-9FB7-251DCDB479E9" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1462774971783" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Cranston, Peter S." docDate="2016" docId="37607C47FF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4109.3.3.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4109 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Conochironomus" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="327" masterDocId="CB59043FFF895F4FA207CC28FFFCFFCD" masterDocTitle="Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues" masterLastPageNumber="331" masterPageNumber="315" pageNumber="327" updateTime="1698662368606" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="828074E370D5C88CC0FE94A8858213B3">Conochironomus (Diptera: Chironomidae) in Asia: new and redescribed species and vouchering issues</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B1265D569D838B53343D466D8F4FCD17">Cranston, Peter S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="21451B924022A02B3342DA9C7A18BF03">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="70021A56DE486229AEF6A942E4E5B633">2016</mods:date>
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<subSection id="D646D4BAFF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" type="multiple">
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<treatment id="37607C47FF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6068479" ID-GBIF-Taxon="127624712" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6068479" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:37607C47FF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/37607C47FF855F43A290CEC8FE57F8F4" lastPageNumber="327" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF855F43A290CEC8FD43FD34" box="[151,703,736,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF855F43A290CEC8FD43FD34" blockId="12.[151,703,736,761]" box="[151,703,736,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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<heading id="E43E7A3DFF855F43A290CEC8FD43FD34" bold="true" box="[151,703,736,761]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" reason="2">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A290CEC8FD43FD34" bold="true" box="[151,703,736,761]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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Definition and recognition of
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A3F1CEC8FD43FD34" ID-CoL="3TBS" ID-ENA="891883" box="[502,703,736,761]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A3F1CEC8FD43FD34" bold="true" box="[502,703,736,761]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="F7D39EDAFF855F43A290CF00FE57F8F4" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF855F43A290CF00FF1CFB00" blockId="12.[151,1437,808,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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Distinctive adult males provided the basis for recognition, originating with Freeman’s (1961) observation that some African species of
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A374CF64FDCDFCA8" box="[371,561,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Endochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A374CF64FDCDFCA8" box="[371,561,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Endochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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were aberrant. Since erection of the genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A630CF65FB1CFCA8" author="Freeman" box="[1079,1248,844,869]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Freeman, P. (1961) The Chironomidae (Diptera) of Australia. Australian Journal of Zoology, 9, 611 - 737. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / ZO 9610611" type="journal article" year="1961">Freeman 1961</bibRefCitation>
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), the adult male continues to provide strong evidence for generic distinction.
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<collectingCountry id="C7DE8DC1FF855F43A13ACF59FCA0FC44" box="[829,860,881,905]" name="American Samoa" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">As</collectingCountry>
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stated by
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A1C9CF59FB1CFC44" author="Cranston" box="[974,1248,880,905]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Cranston, P. S. & Hare, L. (1995) Conochironomus Freeman: an Afro-Australian Chironomini genus revised (Diptera: Chironomidae). Systematic Entomology, 20, 247 - 264. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 3113.1995. tb 00096. x" type="journal article" year="1995">Cranston & Hare (1995)</bibRefCitation>
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, amongst taxa in which the male has 13 flagellomeres, lacks acrostichal setae and there is no spur on the anterior tibial apex, the conical shape of the tibial spurs is uniquely diagnostic. In
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A16CCF91FB85FC1C" box="[875,1145,952,977]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Cranston, P. S., Dillon, M., Pinder, L. C. V. & Reiss, F. R. (1989) Keys and diagnoses of the adult males of the subfamily Chironominae (Diptera, Chironomidae). Entomologica scandinavica Supplement, 34, 353 - 502." type="journal article">
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Cranston
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A1D8CF91FBE2FC1C" box="[991,1054,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
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(1989)
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</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A68BCF90FAB0FC1C" box="[1164,1356,952,977]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A68BCF90FAB0FC1C" box="[1164,1356,952,977]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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males possessing median volsellae would key to
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A07FCFF4FCEBFC38" box="[632,791,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A07FCFF4FCECFC38" box="[632,784,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paratendipes</taxonomicName>
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;
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</emphasis>
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those without median volsellae key to
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A6D4CFF4FA61FC38" box="[1235,1437,988,1013]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A6D4CFF4FA65FC38" box="[1235,1433,988,1013]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Stictochironomus</taxonomicName>
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.
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</emphasis>
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Microtrichia extending onto the anal point (
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<figureCitation id="27F2D1D4FF855F43A0B6C828FD00FBD4" box="[689,764,1024,1049]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,1897,1919]" captionTargetBox="[205,1377,352,1857]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[201,1394,342,1868]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Conochironomus spp., adult genitalia. A. C. nuengthai sp. n., Male, left side dorsal, right side ventral; B. C. sawngthai sp. n., Male, left side dorsal, right side ventral stylised; C. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi & Sasa), Male, dorsal, and superior volsella, ventral (inset, detail); D. C. tobaterdecimus (Kikuchi & Sasa), Female genitalia, (partial, ventral)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/259769/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
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A–C) are distinctive.
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A601C828FB12FBD4" author="Saether" box="[1030,1262,1024,1049]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, i - viii + 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977: 160)</bibRefCitation>
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keyed female
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A290C80CFEABFBF0" box="[151,343,1060,1085]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A290C80CFEABFBF0" box="[151,343,1060,1085]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with a diagnostic combination of rounded anterior tibial apical scale, conical mid and hind tibial combs each with spur, six flagellomeres, lack of acrostichals, and gonapophysis VIII with ventrolateral lobe smaller than dorsomesal lobe. The latter observation reflects a higher level of variation in female genitalia in some taxa than documented by
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A3C6C8B8FD97FB64" author="Saether" box="[449,619,1168,1193]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Saether, O. A. (1977) Female genitalia in Chironomidae and other Nematocera: morphology, phylogenies, keys. Bulletin of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 197, i - viii + 1 - 209." type="journal article" year="1977">Saether (1977)</bibRefCitation>
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, as exemplified in closely related
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A1FFC8B8FB7AFB64" box="[1016,1158,1168,1193]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Polypedilum" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A1FFC8B8FB7AFB64" box="[1016,1158,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Polypedilum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species (
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A6F7C8B9FF28FB00" author="Cranston" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Cranston, P. S., Martin, J. & Spies, M. (2016) Cryptic species in the nuisance midge Polypedilum nubifer (Skuse) (Diptera: Chironomidae) and the status o f Tripedilum Kieffer. Zootaxa, 4079 (4), 429 - 447. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4079.4.3" type="journal article" year="2016">
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Cranston
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A766C8B9FA60FB64" box="[1377,1436,1168,1193]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
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2016
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</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF855F43A2C0C8F0FA74FAAD" blockId="12.[151,1437,808,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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Regionally, pupal
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A391C8F0FDAAFB3C" box="[406,598,1240,1265]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A391C8F0FDAAFB3C" box="[406,598,1240,1265]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be recognised by having few (6–8) branches to the thoracic horn, no pedes spurii A, and an unusual, perhaps unique organisation of lateral setae, with the LS fine and short on segments V and VI and anteriorly on VII, and with taeniate LS3, 4 on VII and all LS1–5 on VIII. The posterolateral corner of VIII (‘comb’) in
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A352C96FFDE9FAAD" box="[341,533,1351,1376]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A352C96FFDE9FAAD" box="[341,533,1351,1376]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with few to several small teeth is somewhat distinctive and varies specifically.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BF76CD51FF855F43A2C0C943FE57F8F4" blockId="12.[151,1437,808,1849]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">
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Larval
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A31BC943FE20FA49" box="[284,476,1387,1412]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A31BC943FE20FA49" box="[284,476,1387,1412]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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appear well-characterised by a six-segmented antenna with Lauterborn organs in alternate apical positions on the second and third segments, and by the distinctive median mentum with four (ventromental) teeth that protrude relative to the lateral, dorsomental components. In the Holarctic key (
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||
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A718C99BFF2DFA22" author="Epler" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Epler, J., Ekrem, T. & Cranston, P. S. (2013) The larvae of Chironominae (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the Holarctic region - Keys and diagnoses. Insect Systematics and Evolution Supplement, 66, 387 - 556." type="journal article" year="2013">
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Epler
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A763C99CFA60FA01" box="[1380,1436,1459,1484]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">et al.</emphasis>
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2013
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</bibRefCitation>
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) the separation suggested in couplet 9 based on colour intensity of mandibular and mental teeth may not always work in practice, at least outside the Holarctic where there is greater diversity of the corresponding taxa. The arrangement of the median mental teeth in
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A0B4CA37FC8FF9F5" box="[691,883,1567,1592]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A0B4CA37FC8FF9F5" box="[691,883,1567,1592]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and the relative length of the antennal flagellum resemble the conditions in some
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A001CA6BFD67F991" box="[518,667,1603,1628]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Paratendipes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A001CA6BFD67F991" box="[518,667,1603,1628]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Paratendipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but this genus differs in the pecten epipharyngis that comprises only 3 simple teeth. In
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A367CA4FFDDEF94D" box="[352,546,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A367CA4FFDDEF94D" box="[352,546,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Stictochironomus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, the Australian
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A0D3CA40FC4BF94D" authority="Skuse" authorityName="Skuse" box="[724,951,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fluviatilis">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A0D3CA40FCA6F94D" box="[724,858,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">S. fluviatilis</emphasis>
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(Skuse)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A1EACA40FB2CF9B2" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" box="[1005,1232,1639,1664]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Stictochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="illawara">
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<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A1EACA40FB94F94D" box="[1005,1128,1639,1664]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">S. illawara</emphasis>
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Freeman
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</taxonomicName>
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fail to conform to the Holarctic diagnosis (
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<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A3BDCAA3FD96F969" author="Cranston" box="[442,618,1675,1700]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide 1, Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney, 376 pp." type="book" year="1996">Cranston 1996</bibRefCitation>
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), and regionally
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A130CAA4FACEF969" authority="Freeman and Afro-Australian" authorityName="Freeman and Afro-Australian" box="[823,1330,1675,1700]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Imparipecten" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A130CAA4FC30F96E" box="[823,972,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Imparipecten</emphasis>
|
||
Freeman and Afro-Australian
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A739CAA3FF05F90A" authority="Freeman" authorityName="Freeman" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Skusella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A739CAA3FA67F969" box="[1342,1435,1675,1700]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Skusella</emphasis>
|
||
Freeman
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also must be considered (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="DB58B0A0FF855F43A03DCA87FD16F905" author="Cranston" box="[570,746,1711,1736]" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" refString="Cranston, P. S. (1996) Identification Guide to the Chironomidae of New South Wales. AWT Identification Guide 1, Australian Water Technologies Pty Ltd, Sydney, 376 pp." type="book" year="1996">Cranston 1996</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Perhaps the only consistent feature differentiating larval
|
||
<taxonomicName id="78C9B6D2FF855F43A290CAFDFEABF923" box="[151,343,1749,1774]" class="Insecta" family="Chironomidae" genus="Conochironomus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="327" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="8DBD1143FF855F43A290CAFDFEABF923" box="[151,343,1749,1774]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="327">Conochironomus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the shape of the 3rd antennal segment, which is narrow basally alongside the basal Lauterborn organ, and more flared apically. There is an indication of this shape also on the 4th antennal segment beside the apical Lauterborn organ.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</subSection>
|
||
</document> |