204 lines
22 KiB
XML
204 lines
22 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" ID-GBIF-Dataset="a15ec661-e796-4207-8509-756590c75c0e" ID-PMC="PMC4389221" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-493-1" ID-PubMed="25878545" ID-ZBK="1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95" ModsDocAuthor="" ModsDocDate="2015" ModsDocID="1313-2970-493-1" ModsDocOrigin="ZooKeys 493" ModsDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" checkinTime="1451244490299" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Noort, Simon van, Buffington, Matthew L. & Forshage, Mattias" docDate="2015" docId="42CAE4FAC963F1E7E4973AF526235EB8" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 493: 1-176" docOrigin="ZooKeys 493" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353" docTitle="Afrostilba Benoit 1956, stat. n." docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="74" masterDocId="DD2DFF8EFFC4FFA2FFD7FFE4FFB46007" masterDocTitle="Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="176" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="73" updateTime="1668160156725" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Afrotropical Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Noort, Simon van</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Buffington, Matthew L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Forshage, Mattias</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>493</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:end>176</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.493.6353</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-493-1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZBK">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">1FBFFA4CA71F495CAD22F2EB680FEF95</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="152059170" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:42CAE4FAC963F1E7E4973AF526235EB8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/42CAE4FAC963F1E7E4973AF526235EB8" lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="multiple">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Taxon classification Animalia Hymenoptera Figitidae</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName authority="Benoit, 1956 a" class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba Benoit, 1956a</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel pageId="72" pageNumber="73">stat. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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(synonym
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Amphiglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphiglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphiglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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Benoit, 1956a, syn. n.)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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Commonly collected genus of eucoilines throughout Africa, but particularly plentiful in equatorial Africa. The genus is common throughout the Old World Tropics as well as Mediterranean Africa.
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<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical series" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="243 - 366" title="A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera." volume="52" year="1986">Quinlan (1986)</bibRefCitation>
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made it a junior synonym of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Förster">Foerster</normalizedToken>
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, and
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="589 - 601" title="A description of Aegeseucoela Buffington, new name, with taxonomic notes on the status of Gronotoma Foerster." volume="104" year="2002">Buffington (2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="239 - 290" title="Description, circumscription and phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin, 1961, and the description of a new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)." url="10.4289/0013-8797.113.3.239" volume="113" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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) followed this synonymy. The phylogenetic support for the inclusion of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma nitida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">Gronotoma nitida</taxonomicName>
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Benoit (the only representative of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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in
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="239 - 290" title="Description, circumscription and phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin, 1961, and the description of a new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)." url="10.4289/0013-8797.113.3.239" volume="113" year="2011">Buffington 2011</bibRefCitation>
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) in
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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s.str. was very weak; in that same work, it was noted that there is a distinct lineage of African species. After examination of much more recently collected material, it is clear that the African species reliably cluster with
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<bibRefCitation author="Benoit, PLG" journalOrPublisher="Annales Musee Royal du Congo Belge, Tervuren (serie 8)" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="532 - 550" title="Contributions a l'etude de la faune entomologique du Ruanda-Urundi (Mission P. Basilewsky 1953). CIX. HymenopteraCynipidae." volume="51" year="1956 a">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Benoit’s">Benoit's</normalizedToken>
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(1956a)
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</bibRefCitation>
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generic concept of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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. Examination of the type specimens of
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<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical series" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="243 - 366" title="A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera." volume="52" year="1986">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
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(1986)
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</bibRefCitation>
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Eucoilidea" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Eucoilidea" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Eucoilidea</taxonomicName>
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species, as well as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Diglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diglyphosema sensu" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sensu">Diglyphosema sensu</taxonomicName>
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Quinlan, has allowed us to make the new combinations below. Furthermore, examination of the type specimen of
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Amphiglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphiglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphiglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba latesulcatum" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="latesulcatum">Afrostilba latesulcatum</taxonomicName>
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Benoit, allows us to synonymize
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" genus="Amphiglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Amphiglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Amphiglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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. However, there are still species of Afrotropical
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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of which we have not yet been able to examine the types, which may be
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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or true
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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, and these species are still listed under
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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below.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">Diagnosis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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Mesopleural triangle distinctly impressed, with both dorsal and ventral margins cleft, delimited by a sharp edge. Lateral pronotal carina present. Notauli present, well developed in nearly all species. Scutellar plate large, glandular pit in center. Hairy ring at base of syntergum absent; metasoma downturned towards ventral position. Most easily confused with
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Diglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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; distinguished from these genera by the presence of a distinctly impressed mesopleural triangle, and downturned metasoma. In both
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Diglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Diglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Diglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Gronotoma" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Gronotoma" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Gronotoma</taxonomicName>
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, the mesopleural triangle is present, but the dorsal and ventral margins are gently rounded, and the metasoma is directed more posteriorly. Distinguished from
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Eucoilidae" genus="Paradiglyphosema" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paradiglyphosema" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="72" pageNumber="73" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paradiglyphosema</taxonomicName>
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by the possession in the latter of a genal carina and postero-lateral projections on the scutellum.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph lastPageId="73" lastPageNumber="74" pageId="72" pageNumber="73">
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Five species groups are recognized within the genus, all based on the morphology of the scutellum. This character system provides a wealth of taxonomic information, and from the hundreds of specimens examined for this paper, the characters appear to be stable through space and time. The most commonly encountered species group is the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba nitida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">
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<pageBreakToken pageId="73" pageNumber="74" start="start">Afrostilba</pageBreakToken>
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nitida
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</taxonomicName>
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group, characterized by having a distinctly concave dorsal surface of the scutellar plate. This is best seen in lateral view, and can be characterized as reminiscent of a gentle
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<normalizedToken originalValue="‘wave’">'wave'</normalizedToken>
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or 'ski
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<normalizedToken originalValue="jump’">jump'</normalizedToken>
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. From our examination of the type series of all of
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<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical series" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="243 - 366" title="A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera." volume="52" year="1986">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Quinlan’s">Quinlan's</normalizedToken>
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(1986)
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</bibRefCitation>
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species, several species in this group will be synonymized in a more thorough treatment of the genus. The
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba dubia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="dubia">Afrostilba dubia</taxonomicName>
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species group is characterized by having an extremely short, narrow scutellar plate, revealing much of the dorsal surface of the scutellum. Some specimens in this group approach an
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<taxonomicName class="Hexapoda" family="Figitidae" genus="Ealata" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ealata" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ealata</taxonomicName>
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in appearance, but lack other characters of that genus. The
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba bucca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucca">Afrostilba bucca</taxonomicName>
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species group is second in diversity to the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba nitida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">Afrostilba nitida</taxonomicName>
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species group, and superficially looks similar. However, in the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba bucca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucca">Afrostilba bucca</taxonomicName>
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species group, the scutellar plate, in profile, is perfectly flat (wave or ski-jump shaped in the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba nitida" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitida">Afrostilba nitida</taxonomicName>
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species group), with a large, deep glandular release pit. The last species group to be recognized here is the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba fercula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fercula">Afrostilba fercula</taxonomicName>
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species group. On first glance, these species look similar to the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba bucca" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bucca">Afrostilba bucca</taxonomicName>
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species group, however, species in the
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba fercula" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fercula">Afrostilba fercula</taxonomicName>
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group possess a very small, shallow, glandular release pit. The appearance of the scutellar plate is remarkable in that the rim of the plate appears enormous, when in fact, the rim is of normal width; it is the small glandular release pit contributing to this illusion.
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</paragraph>
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<caption pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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Figure 18.
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Figitidae" genus="Afrostilba" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Afrostilba" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Afrostilba</taxonomicName>
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species (Tanzania). A habitus lateral view B head and mesosoma dorsal view C head, anterior view.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="distribution">
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<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Distribution.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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Endemic to Old World Tropics. Afrotropical records: Burundi, Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, (Benoit 1956), Cameroon, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Madagascar, Mauritius, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe (
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<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Historical series" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="243 - 366" title="A key to the Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera), with a revision of certain genera." volume="52" year="1986">Quinlan 1986</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Quinlan, J" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Entomology" pageId="158" pageNumber="159" pagination="171 - 229" title="A revision of some Afrotropical genera of Eucoilidae (Hymenoptera)." volume="56" year="1988">1988</bibRefCitation>
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), Botswana, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Gabon, Ivory Coast, Niger, Republic of Congo, Somalia, Tanzania (here).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="73" pageNumber="74" type="biology">
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<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">Biology.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="73" pageNumber="74">
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Parasitoids of leaf-mining
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<taxonomicName family="Agromyzidae" lsidName="" pageId="73" pageNumber="74" rank="family">Agromyzidae</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="589 - 601" title="A description of Aegeseucoela Buffington, new name, with taxonomic notes on the status of Gronotoma Foerster." volume="104" year="2002">Buffington 2002</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation author="Buffington, ML" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington" pageId="149" pageNumber="150" pagination="239 - 290" title="Description, circumscription and phylogenetics of the Diglyphosematini Belizin, 1961, and the description of a new genus (Hymenoptera: Figitidae: Eucoilinae)." url="10.4289/0013-8797.113.3.239" volume="113" year="2011">2011</bibRefCitation>
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,
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||
<bibRefCitation author="Greathead, D" journalOrPublisher="Bulletin of Entomological Research" pageId="151" pageNumber="152" pagination="541 - 561" title="A study in East Africa of the bean flies (Dipt., Agromyzidae) affecting Phaseolusvulgaris and of their natural enemies, with the description of a new species of Melanagromyza Hend." url="10.1017/S0007485300003539" volume="59" year="1969">Greathead 1969</bibRefCitation>
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).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |