189 lines
21 KiB
XML
189 lines
21 KiB
XML
<document id="A381D025CDD1C1C0E5B7D0C9B33F7BEF" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.13244881" ID-ISSN="2345-7600" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13244881" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatmentCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1722970250919" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Hendrich, Lars & Balke, Michael" docDate="2004" docId="03D687B7A70CFF813A90FB96BE644989" docLanguage="en" docName="RafflesBZool.52.1.97-145.pdf" docOrigin="Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 52 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:19380AF0FBA5B2F218DD253A34ABE57F.5:RafflesBZool.2003-2005.journal_article" docStyleId="19380AF0FBA5B2F218DD253A34ABE57F" docStyleName="RafflesBZool.2003-2005.journal_article" docStyleVersion="5" docTitle="Neochetina eichhorniae Warner 1970" docType="treatment" docVersion="2" lastPageNumber="132" masterDocId="FFEFFFCFA72FFFA53903FF87BF1E4871" masterDocTitle="Aquatic Coleoptera Of Singapore: Species Richness, Ecology And Conservation #" masterLastPageNumber="145" masterPageNumber="97" pageNumber="132" updateTime="1722975545229" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="7CAB4CCB8F45FA2C8C9039F260645459">Aquatic Coleoptera Of Singapore: Species Richness, Ecology And Conservation #</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E9DC195862D5FD74702439D799CF12DD">Hendrich, Lars</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="F4EAD9BC6F7345C6F44389EE1F9393B4">Balke, Michael</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="18551C373C82000C0EAA1303F95594D5">Raffles Bulletin of Zoology</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="58F3A4DF0983E72647903ADD2585F678">
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<mods:date id="A693D71739DB1D910416AF367C4FE9A8">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="58A2FE366121518B3181C6A8E766941D">52</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="03CBB1D01C2B1B0369E66AF60D75F7BA" type="ISSN">2345-7600</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3D14F98C218BE488EDB96538A746C9E7" type="Zenodo-Dep">13244881</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D687B7A70CFF813A90FB96BE644989" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D687B7A70CFF813A90FB96BE644989" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D687B7A70CFF813A90FB96BE644989" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="132" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF863A90FB96BA584C59" box="[915,1350,1040,1065]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF863A90FB96BA584C59" blockId="35.[915,1350,1040,1065]" box="[915,1350,1040,1065]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<heading id="D08881CDA70CFF863A90FB96BA584C59" bold="true" box="[915,1350,1040,1065]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863A90FB96BA584C59" ID-CoL="46CSC" authority="Warner, 1970" authorityName="Warner" authorityYear="1970" box="[915,1350,1040,1065]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eichhorniae">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A90FB96BA584C59" bold="true" box="[915,1350,1040,1065]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A90FB96BB814C58" bold="true" box="[915,1183,1041,1065]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Neochetina eichhorniae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863DA5FB97BA584C59" author="Warner, R" box="[1190,1350,1040,1064]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="487 - 496" refId="ref41464" refString="Warner, R. E., 1970. Neochetina eichhorniae, a new species of weevil from waterhyacinth, and biological notes on it and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 72 (4): 487 - 496." type="journal article" year="1970">Warner, 1970</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF863A2EFBC9BC634CED" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF863A2EFBC9BC634CED" blockId="35.[813,1452,1101,1180]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6F118FA70CFF863A2EFBC9BC634CED" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADE10B0A70CFF863A2EFBC9BBC74C13" author="Warner, R" box="[813,1241,1101,1123]" page="487" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" year="1970">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863A2EFBC9BBC74C13" ID-CoL="46CSC" authority="Warner, 1970: 487" authorityName="Warner" authorityPageNumber="487" authorityYear="1970" box="[813,1241,1101,1123]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eichhorniae">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EFBC9BB064C12" box="[813,1048,1102,1123]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Neochetina eichhorniae</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863D1DFBCABBC74C13" author="Warner, R" box="[1054,1241,1101,1122]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="487 - 496" refId="ref41464" refString="Warner, R. E., 1970. Neochetina eichhorniae, a new species of weevil from waterhyacinth, and biological notes on it and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 72 (4): 487 - 496." type="journal article" year="1970">Warner, 1970: 487</bibRefCitation>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
;
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0ADE10B0A70CFF863DE7FBCABC644C0E" author="O'Brien, C" page="169" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" year="1976">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863DE7FBCABC644C0E" author="O'Brien, C" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref39171" refString="O'Brien, C. W., 1976. A Taxonomic Revision of the New World Subaquatic Genus Neochetina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69 (2): 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1976">O’Brien, 1976: 169- 170</bibRefCitation>
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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; DeLoach & Cordo, 1976: 643-652;
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<treatmentCitation id="0ADE10B0A70CFF863DEFFBEDBC644CED" author="Wright, A" page="529" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" year="1980">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863DEFFBEDBC644CED" author="Wright, A" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" refId="ref41941" refString="Wright, A. D., 1980. Biological control of waterhyacinth in Australia. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biological Control of Weeds, Brisbane, Australia, 5: 539 - 535." type="journal volume" year="1980">Wright, 1980: 529- 535</bibRefCitation>
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</treatmentCitation>
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.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF863A2EFB47BAB34C83" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF863A2EFB47BAB34C83" blockId="35.[813,1453,1216,1266]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EFB47BB1D4CA4" bold="true" box="[813,1027,1216,1237]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Material examined. –</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="9D79FD28A70CFF863D0AFB47BB9F4CA4" box="[1033,1153,1216,1237]" count="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
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–
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863D9AFB47BA3D4CA4" bold="true" box="[1177,1315,1216,1237]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Other areas -</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="3B173CFCA70CFF863C2AFB47BAB74C83" collectingDate="1995-07-14" collectionCode="ZRC" collectorName="Lorong Banir & H. K. Lua" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" specimenCount="2">
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<specimenCount id="9D79FD28A70CFF863C2AFB47BA444CA4" box="[1321,1370,1216,1237]" count="2" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="generic">2 ex.</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectorName id="268A5377A70CFF863C67FB47BC784C83" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Lorong Banir</collectorName>
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, pond 1,
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<date id="FFC11061A70CFF863AC3FB5ABB2A4C83" box="[960,1076,1245,1266]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" value="1995-07-14">
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<collectingDate id="EF85E989A70CFF863AC3FB5ABB2A4C83" box="[960,1076,1245,1266]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" value="1995-07-14">14 Jul.1995</collectingDate>
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</date>
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, NS 200, coll.
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<collectorName id="268A5377A70CFF863DC4FB5ABA374C83" box="[1223,1321,1245,1266]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">H. K. Lua</collectorName>
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et al. (
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<collectionCode id="ED6EAE64A70CFF863C6EFB5ABABC4C83" box="[1389,1442,1245,1266]" country="Singapore" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/16z4-1tbx" name="Zoological Reference Collection, National University of Singapore" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">ZRC</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF863A2EFA90BA114DBE" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF863A2EFA90BA114DBE" blockId="35.[813,1452,1303,1487]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EFA90BCD64D5E" bold="true" box="[813,968,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Distribution. –</emphasis>
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Argentina, west to the Andes, north to Panama and Trinidad and in southeastern Mexico. Introduced into the United States, Australia (Northern Territories and Queensland) and Southeast Asia as a biological control agent for the control of water hyacinth,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863DB8FA10BAB24DDF" box="[1211,1452,1431,1454]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipes">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863DB8FA10BAB24DDF" box="[1211,1452,1431,1454]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Eichhornia crassipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863A37FA30BCC84DBF" author="O'Brien, C" box="[820,982,1463,1486]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref39171" refString="O'Brien, C. W., 1976. A Taxonomic Revision of the New World Subaquatic Genus Neochetina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69 (2): 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1976">O’Brien, 1976</bibRefCitation>
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||
;
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863AE1FA30BB694DBF" author="Wright, A" box="[994,1143,1463,1486]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" refId="ref41941" refString="Wright, A. D., 1980. Biological control of waterhyacinth in Australia. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biological Control of Weeds, Brisbane, Australia, 5: 539 - 535." type="journal volume" year="1980">Wright, 1980</bibRefCitation>
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||
).
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863D89FA30BA114DBE" bold="true" box="[1162,1295,1463,1487]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863D89FA30BBE14DBE" box="[1162,1279,1463,1487]" name="Singapore" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Singapore</collectingCountry>
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!
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF863A2EFA70BA624F19" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="biology_ecology">
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<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF863A2EFA70BA624F19" blockId="35.[813,1452,1527,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EFA70BCBD4E7E" bold="true" box="[813,931,1527,1551]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Ecology. –</emphasis>
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All of the six species of the New World genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863A2EF990BCB44E5F" box="[813,938,1559,1582]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EF990BCB44E5F" box="[813,938,1559,1582]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Neochetina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are believed to be semi-aquatic and possess specialized aquatic adaptations including hydrofuge hairs and scales.
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863A85F9D1BBBC4E1C" authorityName="Warner" authorityYear="1970" box="[902,1186,1622,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eichhorniae">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A85F9D1BBBC4E1C" box="[902,1186,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Neochetina eichhorniae</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is known to breed in waterhyacinth,
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863AD4F9F2BBDE4EFD" box="[983,1216,1653,1676]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipes">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863AD4F9F2BBDE4EFD" box="[983,1216,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Eichhornia crassipes</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863DF8F9F2BB354EDA" authority="(Sw.) Kunth (Warner, 1970)" authorityName="Kunth (Warner" authorityYear="1970" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="azurea">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863DF8F9F2BA7B4EFD" box="[1275,1381,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">E. azurea</emphasis>
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(Sw.) Kunth (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863A80F913BB3D4EDA" author="Warner, R" box="[899,1059,1684,1707]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="487 - 496" refId="ref41464" refString="Warner, R. E., 1970. Neochetina eichhorniae, a new species of weevil from waterhyacinth, and biological notes on it and N. bruchi (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 72 (4): 487 - 496." type="journal article" year="1970">Warner, 1970</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
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</taxonomicName>
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||
. The life cycle and biology of
|
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863C90F912BCB04EBA" authorityName="Warner" authorityYear="1970" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eichhorniae">
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<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863C90F912BCB04EBA" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">N. eichhorniae</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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||
have been described in detail by DeLoach & Cordo (1976). Adult weevils feed on the leaves and the larvae tunnel into petioles and crowns. Larval tunnelling is usually followed by rotting of the plant tissues and can result in death of the plant. The species is known to be primarily nocturnal in habit and is also attracted by light (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70CFF863DCEF8D6BA6E4F19" author="O'Brien, C" box="[1229,1392,1873,1896]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" pagination="165 - 174" refId="ref39171" refString="O'Brien, C. W., 1976. A Taxonomic Revision of the New World Subaquatic Genus Neochetina (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Bagoini). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 69 (2): 165 - 174." type="journal article" year="1976">O’Brien, 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C365652AA70CFF813A2EF817BE644989" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC036A1A70CFF813A2EF817BE644989" blockId="35.[813,1452,1935,2117]" lastBlockId="36.[136,775,193,504]" lastPageId="36" lastPageNumber="133" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EF817BCB54FD6" bold="true" box="[813,939,1935,1960]" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863A2EF817BC8E4FD9" bold="true" box="[813,912,1936,1960]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. –
|
||
</emphasis>
|
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Water hyacinth
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<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70CFF863D62F817BA8F4FD6" authority="Solms" authorityName="Solms" box="[1121,1425,1936,1959]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="35" pageNumber="132" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="crassipes">
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||
<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70CFF863D62F817BA584FD6" box="[1121,1350,1936,1959]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Eichhornia crassipes</emphasis>
|
||
Solms
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</taxonomicName>
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||
is a free-floating aquatic plant that was introduced into the
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<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863A2EF848BCA24F97" box="[813,956,1999,2022]" name="United States of America" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">United States</collectingCountry>
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, Africa, New
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<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863D4EF848BB824F97" box="[1101,1180,1999,2022]" name="Guinea-Bissau" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Guinea</collectingCountry>
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,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863DA6F848BA184F97" box="[1189,1286,1999,2022]" name="Australia" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Australia</collectingCountry>
|
||
and many parts of Southeast Asia from its native home in South America (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863A37F789BC694054" box="[820,887,2062,2085]" name="Brazil" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
) as an ornamental plant in garden ponds. In
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863C43F789BAB54054" box="[1344,1451,2062,2085]" name="Singapore" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Singapore</collectingCountry>
|
||
it was introduced in 1893 from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70CFF863D94F7A9BA024034" box="[1175,1308,2094,2117]" name="Hong Kong" pageId="35" pageNumber="132">Hong Kong</collectingCountry>
|
||
. It has since reproduced beyond control to become a serious aquatic weed in many countries where it completely covers slow-flowing streams, canals, and small lakes, and blocks the passage of boats. Since mechanical and chemical controls are expensive, pollute the water and require repeated applications, several Neotropical insects, feeding on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70BFF8138DEFEE6BD484909" box="[477,598,353,376]" class="Liliopsida" family="Pontederiaceae" genus="Eichhornia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Commelinales" pageId="36" pageNumber="133" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70BFF8138DEFEE6BD484909" box="[477,598,353,376]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="133">Eichhornia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have been used as biological control agents (DeLoach & Cordo, 1976;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEE4B50A70BFF813BB4FE06BFDB49C9" author="Wright, A" pageId="36" pageNumber="133" refId="ref41941" refString="Wright, A. D., 1980. Biological control of waterhyacinth in Australia. Proceedings of the International Symposium of Biological Control of Weeds, Brisbane, Australia, 5: 539 - 535." type="journal volume" year="1980">Wright, 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7F4D22A70BFF8139DFFE26BEEE49C9" authorityName="Warner" authorityYear="1970" box="[220,496,417,440]" class="Insecta" family="Brachyceridae" genus="Neochetina" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="133" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="eichhorniae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90BEAB3A70BFF8139DFFE26BEEE49C9" box="[220,496,417,440]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="133">Neochetina eichhorniae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was first introduced to
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70BFF81398BFE46BFFB49A9" box="[136,229,449,472]" name="Thailand" pageId="36" pageNumber="133">Thailand</collectingCountry>
|
||
in the 1970’s and later spread to Peninsular
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3687631A70BFF813BA4FE46BC1949A9" box="[679,775,449,472]" name="Malaysia" pageId="36" pageNumber="133">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(Wright pers. comm.).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |