419 lines
43 KiB
XML
419 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="DA3704D3DFA281B1B47A7312EC4AA40D" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.281755" ID-GBIF-Dataset="0ebc5e5d-ddc5-49e1-8a6a-c4c14cd76efd" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="281755" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460498384067" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Brown, Brian V., Braganca, Marcos A. L., Gomes, Diego S., Queiros, Jarbas M. & Teixeira, Marcos C." docDate="2012" docId="03D61273FFE2FFB5DCAFFF7CFC9CFE0B" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03385p038.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3385" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Myrmosicarius exrobusta Brown, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="37" masterDocId="FFEF6A0BFFE1FFB1DC38FFA1FF90FFA6" masterDocTitle="Parasitoid phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from the threatened leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)" masterLastPageNumber="38" masterPageNumber="33" pageNumber="36" updateTime="1698311276135" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D38C57B882DFA80C1D6DE9FDAD4C0D3C" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="C51696725DA419BE7A547F0BE343F1F6">
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<mods:title id="06DB78C797697EE702EA9A7A490EEE63">Parasitoid phorid flies (Diptera: Phoridae) from the threatened leafcutter ant Atta robusta Borgmeier (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="A84D8AFCA61F6D0119F4EA5AAC68E8EF" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8B844CA69665C074C387065286E03E32">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="FCC94C0D6BA8F911F981DD077AECA7C8">Brown, Brian V.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="819DE97E6C5E16F17CA8AD839CC8DB3A" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3E5236E958D3B1BDBF21568F745A03CC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3EFE1706419275798C2767B1C818B7E2">Braganca, Marcos A. L.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="912B11E4691E05767E38CC083BCA52A6" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C2C4750E8D5904615F92D24C04D67DD0">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="3CFE1266F7715E282227CA4ED4D85AC8">Gomes, Diego S.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="11675D6FBFFFDF2234AF446C450D1396" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="C9FAB70793F99CD301F071122FC2A119">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="875212CBA43ABEB77703D5CB936CE7C3">Queiros, Jarbas M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="BA43CA25AE2E2B83203AC06FBEBCF398" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="09EB2F0842D54FD42F0352348D0B7F5A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="F980E276EF75CA154629EC247E97654B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="B1608E8FBDF3DB6C7FF3ED2127237892">Teixeira, Marcos C.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="444E28E8540CEC8685DC523D73D666EA">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="2849F49CBD1E015E965CB741145C59AA">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="80CEBC849BDA90DAAF2FB2A55B78F6F5">
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<mods:date id="76A69B52A8CFF4B22186D05CC434F9DC">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="F47C511DEBC1101F96A477DA79F79206" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="7EBFD43EBD250F96674AB20C3D96C379">3385</mods:number>
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<mods:classification id="ADE155F399C2393327ED263F2D785CA7">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="75749880DEA17B3F4B93FFBF621D22DE" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.281755</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6AC342889A8B9233BD6F82FBEF02E66D" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="CB16853D096B80898F10FC6C2DDA055C" type="Zenodo-Dep">281755</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03D61273FFE2FFB5DCAFFF7CFC9CFE0B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6174405" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119520923" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6174405" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03D61273FFE2FFB5DCAFFF7CFC9CFE0B" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03D61273FFE2FFB5DCAFFF7CFC9CFE0B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<subSubSection id="C365F0EEFFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFF4FFEB1" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFD2DFF51" blockId="3.[151,701,221,279]" box="[151,701,221,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<heading id="D0881409FFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFD2DFF51" bold="true" box="[151,701,221,247]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFD2DFF51" bold="true" box="[151,701,221,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFDB6FF51" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" box="[151,550,221,247]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exrobusta" status="sp. nov.">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCAFFF7CFE5BFF51" bold="true" box="[151,459,221,247]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Myrmosicarius exrobusta</emphasis>
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Brown
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A238C20CFFE2FFB2DE16FF7CFD2DFF51" box="[558,701,221,247]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCAFFF5EFF4FFEB1" blockId="3.[151,701,221,279]" box="[151,223,255,279]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<figureCitation id="1344BFE0FFE2FFB2DCAFFF5EFF4AFEB1" box="[151,218,255,279]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 3" captionStartId="2.[151,264,1301,1324]" captionTargetBox="[193,1373,449,1267]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[151,1436,413,1276]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 3. Female phorid fly oviscapes, lateral. 1. Eibesfeldtphora breviloba; 2. Eibesfeldtphora digitalis; 3. Myrmosicarius exrobustus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/281756/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365F0EEFFE2FFB2DCAFFEE6FD12FE49" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCAFFEE6FD12FE49" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCAFFEE6FE81FEC6" bold="true" box="[151,273,327,352]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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This species is part of a group that have 3 notopleural setae present, differing by the shape of the apex of the oviscape. In the latest identification key to species of this genus (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DF84FECDFB07FE22" author="Disney" box="[956,1175,364,388]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Disney, R. H. L., Elizalde, L. & Folgarait, P. J. (2006) New species and revision of Myrmosicarius (Diptera: Phoridae) that parasitize leaf-cutter ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Sociobiology, 47, 771 - 809." type="journal article" year="2006">
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Disney
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D82CFECCFBDCFE22" box="[1044,1100,364,388]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2006
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</bibRefCitation>
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), this new species keys to couplet 3, where the apices of the oviscape of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DEE9FE30FB9AFE01" authority="Borgmeier" authorityName="Borgmeier" box="[721,1034,399,424]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandicornis">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DEE9FE30FC1AFE0E" box="[721,906,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">M. grandicornis</emphasis>
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Borgmeier
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D87DFE30FAE0FE0E" authority="Disney et al." authorityName="Disney et al." box="[1093,1392,399,424]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brandaoi">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D87DFE30FB44FE0E" box="[1093,1236,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">M. brandaoi</emphasis>
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Disney
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D90EFE30FAE0FE0E" box="[1334,1392,400,424]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are compared. The oviscape of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DDE9FE14FDF4FE6A" box="[465,612,436,460]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exrobusta">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DDE9FE14FDF4FE6A" box="[465,612,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">M. exrobusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is much less rounded than that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DFD5FE14FB34FE6A" box="[1005,1188,436,460]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandicornis">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DFD5FE14FB34FE6A" box="[1005,1188,436,460]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">M. grandicornis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and less sinuous and differently shaped than that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DDD7FE78FDEAFE56" box="[495,634,472,496]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="brandaoi">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DDD7FE78FDEAFE56" box="[495,634,472,496]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">M. brandaoi</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365F0EEFFE2FFB2DCFFFE5AFABAFD49" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFFE5AFABAFD49" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCFFFE5AFEC9FDB2" bold="true" box="[199,345,507,532]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Description.</emphasis>
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Female. Body length 1.5–2.0 mm. Body color brown. Frons with 4-4-4 short frontal setae; ventral interfrontal setae arise nearer to eye margin than midline, strongly medioclinate. Flagellomere 1 rounded-oval, laterally flattened. Palpus extremely short, brown, proboscis long, narrow; labella twice as long as labrum. Thorax with three notopleural setae. Legs with fore- and midtarsomere 5 elongate, narrowed, with claws reduced. Tarsomere 5 of hind leg not apically narrowed.
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<collectingCountry id="F368E3F5FFE2FFB2DE62FD2DFD02FD02" box="[602,658,652,676]" name="India" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Hind</collectingCountry>
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tibia with single dorsal setal palisade and posterodorsal row of small setae, most apical seta much larger. Costa 0.30–0.35 wing length. Vein R2+3 present. Halter brown. Posterior margin of abdominal tergites with minute setae only. Oviscape only slightly sinuous, with bluntly rounded apex.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C365F0EEFFE2FFB5DCFFFD5AFC9CFE0B" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFFD5AFC1CFCB4" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" box="[199,908,762,787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCFFFD5AFEDEFCB5" bold="true" box="[199,334,763,787]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Etymology.</emphasis>
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Named for being “from” (
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DE41FD5DFD02FCB5" box="[633,658,764,787]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">ex</emphasis>
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-) the host ant species.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFFCBEFE0BFCFC" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<typeStatus id="54C41DC7FFE2FFB2DCFFFCBEFEA3FC91" box="[199,307,799,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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. Ƥ,
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<collectingCountry id="F368E3F5FFE2FFB2DD5CFCBEFE5EFC91" box="[356,462,799,823]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">BRAZIL</collectingCountry>
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: Rio de Janeiro,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4BC5A2FFE2FFB2DEA8FCBEFD7EFC91" box="[656,750,799,823]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-23.016666">23°01’S</geoCoordinate>
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,
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<geoCoordinate id="EE4BC5A2FFE2FFB2DEC4FCBEFCF6FC91" box="[764,870,799,823]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" precision="925" value="-43.466667">43°28’W</geoCoordinate>
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),
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<date id="FFC185A5FFE2FFB2DF44FCBEFC78FC91" box="[892,1000,799,823]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" value="2010-01-10">10.i.2010</date>
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, D. da Silva Gomes [barcode: LACM ENT 305112] (MZSP).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFFCC9FCA9FCD9" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" box="[199,825,871,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<typeStatus id="54C41DC7FFE2FFB2DCFFFCC9FEA8FC26" box="[199,312,872,896]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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. 2 Ƥ, same data as
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<typeStatus id="54C41DC7FFE2FFB2DE36FCC6FDE0FCD9" box="[526,624,871,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
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(LACM, MZSP).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFFC2AFBC8F9A1" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCFFFC2AFE15FC05" bold="true" box="[199,389,906,931]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Natural history.</emphasis>
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The attack behavior of the two species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DF48FC2AFBB3FC05" box="[880,1059,907,931]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF48FC2AFBB3FC05" box="[880,1059,907,931]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eibesfeldtphora</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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described herein consisted of an approach from the rear or from the sides of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DEB8FC0EFD63FC61" box="[640,755,943,967]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DEB8FC0EFD63FC61" box="[640,755,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers and a landing on the hind part of their heads where, apparently, the phorid flies introduced their ovipositors. This behavior is similar to that of
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D89EFC75FA0CFC4C" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" box="[1190,1436,978,1003]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonhascai">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D89EFC75FAA4FC4D" box="[1190,1332,979,1003]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. tonhascai</emphasis>
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(Brown)
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DCFFFC59FE3FFBA9" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" box="[199,431,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCFFFC59FED8FBA9" box="[199,328,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. elongata</emphasis>
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(Brown)
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</taxonomicName>
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females against the
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<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DEADFC56FC9CFBA9" box="[661,780,1015,1039]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdens">
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<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DEADFC56FC9CFBA9" box="[661,780,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. sexdens</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DF69FC56FBD7FBA9" author="Braganca" box="[849,1095,1015,1039]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Souza, L., Nogueira, C. & Della Lucia, T. (2008) Parasitismo por Neodohrniphora spp. Malloch (Diptera, Phoridae) em operarias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 300 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DFFCFC59FC6DFBA9" box="[964,1021,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2D86BFC59FAD5FBA9" author="Braganca" box="[1107,1349,1015,1040]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Della Lucia, T. (2009) Caracteristicas biologicas e comportamentais de Neodohrniphora elongata Brown (Diptera, Phoridae), um parasitoide da sauva Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 53, 600 - 606." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8FCFC59FB6DFBA9" box="[1220,1277,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D9BCFC59FE1EFB94" authority="Malloch" authorityName="Malloch" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="curvinervis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D9BCFC59FE85FB95" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. curvinervis</emphasis>
|
||
(Malloch)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DD83FBBAFDC4FB95" box="[443,596,1051,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="cephalotes">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD83FBBAFDC4FB95" box="[443,596,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. cephalotes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(L.) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DEAFFBBBFC33FB94" author="Feener" box="[663,931,1050,1074]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Brown, B. V. (1993) Oviposition behavior of an ant-decapitating fly, Neodohrniphora curvinervis (Diptera: Phoridae) and defense behavior by its leaf-cutting ant host, Atta cephalotes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Journal of Insect Behavior, 6, 675 - 688." type="journal article" year="1993">Feener & Brown, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but differs from that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D8F1FBBDFA0CFB94" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" box="[1225,1436,1050,1075]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erthali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8F1FBBDFAA5FB95" box="[1225,1333,1051,1075]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. erthali</emphasis>
|
||
(Brown)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DCF1FBE1FE5AFBF1" authority="Brown" authorityName="Brown" box="[201,458,1087,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bragancai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCF1FBE1FECFFBF1" box="[201,351,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. bragancai</emphasis>
|
||
(Brown)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which introduce their ovipositors into the gaster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D817FB9EFB29FBF1" box="[1071,1209,1087,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D817FB9EFB29FBF1" box="[1071,1209,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D8CDFB9EFA0CFBF1" box="[1269,1436,1087,1111]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisphaerica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8CDFB9EFA0CFBF1" box="[1269,1436,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. bisphaerica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DDA2FBC3FD07FBDC" author="Braganca" box="[410,663,1122,1147]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Della Lucia, T. & Tonhasca Jr., A. (2003) First record of phorid parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta bisphaerica Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 32, 169 - 171." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DE28FBC5FDDBFBDD" box="[528,587,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DE9DFBC2FC32FBDC" author="Braganca" box="[677,930,1122,1147]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Moreira, D. (2002) Parasitism characteristics of two phorid fly species in relation to their host, the leaf-cutting ant Atta laevigata (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31, 241 - 244." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF21FBC5FCC4FBDD" box="[793,852,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The anti-parasitoid defense behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D9BCFBC2FF7BFB39" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D9BCFBC2FF7BFB39" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DD7FFB26FE6AFB39" box="[327,506,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD7FFB26FE6AFB39" box="[327,506,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eibesfeldtphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species was similar to that observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DF8AFB26FBB7FB39" box="[946,1063,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sexdens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF8AFB26FBB7FB39" box="[946,1063,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. sexdens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D8BBFB29FA9FFB39" box="[1155,1295,1159,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonhascai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8BBFB29FA9FFB39" box="[1155,1295,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. tonhascai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D97CFB29FF59FB65" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="elongata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D97CFB29FF59FB65" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. elongata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DCE0FB0BFE40FB64" author="Braganca" box="[216,464,1194,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Souza, L., Nogueira, C. & Della Lucia, T. (2008) Parasitismo por Neodohrniphora spp. Malloch (Diptera, Phoridae) em operarias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 300 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD74FB0DFE16FB65" box="[332,390,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DDE5FB0AFD45FB64" author="Braganca" box="[477,725,1194,1219]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Della Lucia, T. (2009) Caracteristicas biologicas e comportamentais de Neodohrniphora elongata Brown (Diptera, Phoridae), um parasitoide da sauva Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 53, 600 - 606." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DE77FB0DFD18FB65" box="[591,648,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): the workers ran towards the nest entrance holes, attacked the parasitoid with their mandibles or lowered their bodies and protected the head with their legs to avoid the fly’s approach. The larval development of the new species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DF21FB52FC5CFAAD" box="[793,972,1267,1291]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF21FB52FC5CFAAD" box="[793,972,1267,1291]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eibesfeldtphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
probably occurs inside the cephalic capsule of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DCD1FAB6FECCFA89" box="[233,348,1303,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DCD1FAB6FECCFA89" box="[233,348,1303,1327]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a single puparium forming between the host’s mandibles after its death and from which the adult parasitoid emerges, as observed for other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DE84FA9AFCFFFAF5" box="[700,879,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DE84FA9AFCFFFAF5" box="[700,879,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eibesfeldtphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species which attack
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D855FA9AFB0CFAF5" box="[1133,1180,1339,1363]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D855FA9AFB0CFAF5" box="[1133,1180,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Atta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp. (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2D8DDFA9BFF43FAD1" author="Braganca" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Souza, L., Nogueira, C. & Della Lucia, T. (2008) Parasitismo por Neodohrniphora spp. Malloch (Diptera, Phoridae) em operarias de Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 52, 300 - 302." type="journal article" year="2008">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D962FA9DFA05FAF5" box="[1370,1429,1339,1363]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DCD8FAC1FE4AFAD1" author="Braganca" box="[224,474,1375,1400]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Della Lucia, T. (2009) Caracteristicas biologicas e comportamentais de Neodohrniphora elongata Brown (Diptera, Phoridae), um parasitoide da sauva Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Revista brasileira de Entomologia, 53, 600 - 606." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD6BFAC1FE1DFAD1" box="[339,397,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This sequence also occurs even when oviposition is in the gaster (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2D8DEFAFEFF43FA3C" author="Braganca" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Della Lucia, T. & Tonhasca Jr., A. (2003) First record of phorid parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta bisphaerica Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 32, 169 - 171." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D963FAC1FA05FAD1" box="[1371,1429,1375,1399]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DCD8FA22FE49FA3C" author="Braganca" box="[224,473,1410,1435]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Moreira, D. (2002) Parasitism characteristics of two phorid fly species in relation to their host, the leaf-cutting ant Atta laevigata (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31, 241 - 244." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD6BFA25FE1DFA3D" box="[339,397,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Females of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DE4DFA25FC05FA3D" box="[629,917,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="exrobusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DE4DFA25FC05FA3D" box="[629,917,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Myrmosicarius exrobusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also pursue
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D810FA22FB0EFA3D" box="[1064,1182,1411,1435]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D810FA22FBA9FA3D" box="[1064,1081,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D872FA22FB0EFA3D" box="[1098,1182,1411,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers, approaching from behind to attack, but under field conditions it was impossible to verify exactly where this species oviposits in the host’s body, due to the parasitoid’s speed of attack and also to its small size. The defense behavior of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D911FA6AFA0BFA45" box="[1321,1435,1483,1507]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D911FA6AFA0BFA45" box="[1321,1435,1483,1507]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against this species was to run to the nest and attack the parasitoid with its mandibles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFF9B2FAC8F931" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
It was also common to observe worker minims on plant fragments that were being transported to the nest. One of the functions of this behavior, called “hitchhiking”, seems to be as a defense strategy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D8A7F996FB5DF9E9" box="[1183,1229,1591,1615]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8A7F996FB5DF9E9" box="[1183,1229,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Atta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against parasitoid activity (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DCC3F9FBFE67F9D4" author="Feener" box="[251,503,1626,1650]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Feener, D. H., Jr. & Moss, K. A. G. (1990) Defense against parasites by hitchhikers in leaf-cutting ants: a quantitative assessment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 26, 17 - 29." type="journal article" year="1990">Feener & Moss, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DE3DF9FBFC80F9D4" author="Linksvayer" box="[517,784,1626,1651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Linksvayer, T. A., McCall, A. C., Jensen, R. M., Marshall, C. M., Miner, J. W. & McKone, M. J. (2002) The function of hitchhiking behavior in the leaf-cutting ant Atta cephalotes. Biotropica, 34, 93 - 100." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Linksvayer
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DEB3F9FDFD55F9D5" box="[651,709,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DF24F9FBFBBFF9D4" author="Vieira-Neto" box="[796,1071,1626,1651]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Vieira-Neto, E., Mundim, F. & Vasconcelos, H. (2006) Hitchhiking behavior in leaf-cutter ants: an experimental evaluation of three hypotheses. Insectes Sociaux, 53, 326 - 332." type="journal article" year="2006">
|
||
Vieira-Neto
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF91F9FDFC73F9D5" box="[937,995,1627,1651]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2006
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Whether the presence of these minims served to protect
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DD8BF9DEFDB6F931" box="[435,550,1663,1687]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD8BF9DEFDB6F931" box="[435,550,1663,1687]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
against phorid parasitoids could not be verified during the present study.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB2DCFFF902FEA8F8C9" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
In Rio de Janeiro, the phorids were found attacking
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DF0AF902FC3AF91D" box="[818,938,1699,1723]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF0AF902FC3AF91D" box="[818,938,1699,1723]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers both on the trails and at the nest entrance holes, in contrast to other species which choose specific places to attack their host (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2D8A4F966FA01F979" author="Braganca" box="[1180,1425,1735,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Braganca, M., Della Lucia, T. & Tonhasca Jr., A. (2003) First record of phorid parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta bisphaerica Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 32, 169 - 171." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D936F969FAD6F979" box="[1294,1350,1735,1759]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, 85% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DD5DF94DFD9EF8A5" box="[357,526,1772,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Myrmosicarius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD5DF94DFD9EF8A5" box="[357,526,1772,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Myrmosicarius</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
sp. individuals were collected from open areas whereas 96% of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2D8D1F94AFA0CF8A5" box="[1257,1436,1771,1795]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2D8D1F94AFA0CF8A5" box="[1257,1436,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">Eibesfeldtphora</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens were captured from closed areas.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE2FFB2DEB5F8AEFC48F881" author="Elizalde" box="[653,984,1807,1831]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Elizalde, L. & Folgarait, P. (2010) Host diversity and environmental variables as determinants of the species richness of the parasitoids of leaf-cutting ants. Journal of Biogeography, 37, 2305 - 2316." type="journal article" year="2010">Elizalde and Folgarait (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
discovered associations between phorid species and specific habitats due to the special climatic conditions generated for each one, including humidity and light intensity.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE2FFB5DCFFF8DAFDB5FF51" blockId="3.[151,1436,327,2011]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1436,151,429]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="37" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">
|
||
Just as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DD24F8DAFE01F835" box="[284,401,1915,1939]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DD24F8DAFE01F835" box="[284,401,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may be threatened with extinction, due to destruction of its habitat in the coastal areas of Espírito Santo and Rio de Janeiro states, this concern may also be extended to its parasitoid phorids. These flies appear to specifically parasitize
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DDC5F862FDE0F87D" box="[509,624,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DDC5F862FDE0F87D" box="[509,624,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as do the phorids
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DF7AF865FC3BF87D" box="[834,939,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="erthali">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DF7AF865FC3BF87D" box="[834,939,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. erthali</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE2FFB2DFD8F865FBE2F87D" box="[992,1138,1987,2011]" class="Insecta" family="Phoridae" genus="Eibesfeldtphora" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bragancai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE2FFB2DFD8F865FBE2F87D" box="[992,1138,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="36">E. bragancai</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
that specifically attack the ants
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE5FFB5DCF6FF39FEC9FF16" box="[206,345,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="laevigata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DCF6FF39FEC9FF16" box="[206,345,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">A. laevigata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE5FFB5DDAEFF39FDADFF16" box="[406,573,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bisphaerica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DDAEFF39FDADFF16" box="[406,573,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">A. bisphaerica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, respectively (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE5FFB5DED0FF36FC76FF09" author="Braganca" box="[744,998,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Braganca, M., Della Lucia, T. & Tonhasca Jr., A. (2003) First record of phorid parasitoids (Diptera: Phoridae) of the leaf-cutting ant Atta bisphaerica Forel (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 32, 169 - 171." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DF66FF38FC0AFF16" box="[862,922,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE5FFB5DFCDFF39FB63FF09" author="Braganca" box="[1013,1267,151,176]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Braganca, M., Tonhasca Jr., A. & Moreira, D. (2002) Parasitism characteristics of two phorid fly species in relation to their host, the leaf-cutting ant Atta laevigata (Smith) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Neotropical Entomology, 31, 241 - 244." type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
Bragança
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5D851FF38FB35FF16" box="[1129,1189,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, these phorids would not have alternative hosts if
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE5FFB5DEE5FF1DFCC4FF72" box="[733,852,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DEE5FF1DFCC4FF72" box="[733,852,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
became extinct, since no other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE5FFB5D8E8FF1DFB6FFF72" box="[1232,1279,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5D8E8FF1DFB6FFF72" box="[1232,1279,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">Atta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species were observed in the restinga vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BC0A365FFE5FFB5DCFFFEA5FC9CFE0B" blockId="4.[151,1436,151,429]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">
|
||
Therefore, it seems certain that the three species of phorid parasitoids of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C7FD8E6FFE5FFB5DFC3FEA5FBFFFEBA" box="[1019,1135,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Atta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="robusta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DFC3FEA5FBFFFEBA" box="[1019,1135,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">A. robusta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will also disappear if their host becomes extinct. This justifies the inclusion of these flies in the list of the Red Book of Endangered Brazilian Wildlife (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFEEDE94FFE5FFB5DD3BFEEDFE6CFEC2" author="Machado" box="[259,508,332,356]" pageId="4" pageNumber="37" refString="Machado, A., Drummond, G. & Paglia, A. (2008) Livro Vermelho da Fauna Brasileira Ameacada de Extincao. 1 ª. Ed. In, Brasilia, DF: Ministerio do Meio Ambiente; Belo Horizonte, MG: Fundacao Biodiversitas, p. 1420." type="book chapter" year="2008">
|
||
Machado
|
||
<emphasis id="B90B7F77FFE5FFB5DD4DFEECFE3FFEC2" box="[373,431,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="37">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2008
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In order to increase our knowledge of these parasitoids, and also the chances of conserving them, we recommend basic biological studies on their biology be made to collect information on larval development, pupal formation, and adult fly emergence.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |