treatments-xml/data/03/9E/01/039E01774BDED8D4FE91339FB40CF902.xml

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<mods:title id="2C4C5C792F33E7C72BE2A19DE77A35C6">Mammals Of The Rio Juruá And The Evolutionary And Ecological Diversification Of Amazonia</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="9A9196A06EE1DC4F00F2C43AB3B12147">PATTON, JAMES L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="6CB9C9E1885D5C41CFC64DE3539EA9AF">DA SILVA, MARIA NAZARETH F.</mods:namePart>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BDED8CAFE91339FB561FF17" box="[294,559,193,216]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFE91339FB561FF17" blockId="138.[294,559,193,216]" box="[294,559,193,216]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
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<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFE91339FB561FF17" ID-CoL="63GKJ" authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[294,559,193,216]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE91339FB6D4FF17" box="[294,410,193,216]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys</emphasis>
Baird, 1858
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BDED8CAFEC133A3B691FEDB" box="[374,479,253,276]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFEC133A3B691FEDB" blockId="138.[374,479,253,276]" box="[374,479,253,276]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
<heading id="D0C0070D4BDED8CAFEC133A3B691FEDB" box="[374,479,253,276]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" reason="2">Rice rats</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32DE3EA4BDED8D4FF773266B40CF902" lastPageId="148" lastPageNumber="149" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFF773266B632FCF9" blockId="138.[163,692,312,1741]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
A review of the species of rice rats of the genus 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFF423209B627FEA1" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[245,361,343,366]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFF423209B627FEA1" box="[245,361,343,366]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the lowland tropical forests of South and Central America (including Amazonia, the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFE6532CAB5C4FE64" authority="Atlantica" authorityName="Atlantica" box="[466,650,404,427]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Mata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mata Atlântica</taxonomicName>
of coastal 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDED8CAFF4832ECB607FE06" box="[255,329,434,457]" name="Brazil" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, and the trans­Andean forests of the Pacific Coast of 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDED8CAFE0C328EB552FE28" box="[443,540,464,487]" name="Ecuador" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
and 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDED8CAFDED328EB789FDC9" name="Colombia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Colombia</collectingCountry>
north into Central America) has been published recently by Musser et al. (1998). In this thorough and extremely important summary, these authors define, characterize, amply illustrate, and allocate all available names to 11 species, two of which they describe as new. Six of these species (
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFDD731F8B669FD14" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFDD731F8B53BFD72" box="[608,629,678,701]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFD3031F8B669FD14" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFE8D319AB6DBFD14" authorityName="Musser, Carleton, Brothers &amp; Gardner" authorityYear="1998" box="[314,405,708,731]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tatei">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE8D319AB601FD14" box="[314,335,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFED6319AB6DBFD14" box="[353,405,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">tatei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFE10319AB570FD14" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[423,574,708,731]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE10319AB6F2FD14" box="[423,444,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE78319AB570FD14" box="[463,574,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFDE6319AB64FFD36" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFDE6319AB528FD14" box="[593,614,708,731]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFDCE319AB64FFD36" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFEB831BCB6CCFD36" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[271,386,738,761]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFEB831BCB66AFD36" box="[271,292,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE8431BCB6CCFD36" box="[307,386,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFE7431BCB52CFD36" box="[451,610,738,761]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmonsae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE7431BCB696FD36" box="[451,472,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFE5031BCB52CFD36" box="[487,610,738,761]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">emmonsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) occur within Amazonia, and in various combinations of sympatry.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFF773063B616F902" blockId="138.[163,692,312,1741]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
In the course of their studies, Musser et al. examined most specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFDAE3002B5C3FCBC" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[537,653,860,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFDAE3002B5C3FCBC" box="[537,653,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in our collection from the Rio Jurua´. They included these materials in both univariate and multivariate statistical summaries for each species, and they also examined patterns of morphological variation along the river among our samples that they allocated to 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFD20374AB607FB85" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFD20374AB5E2FBE4" box="[663,684,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFF14376DB607FB85" box="[163,329,1075,1098]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. We make no effort here to redo the more geographically extensive descriptions and analyses presented by these authors, as there is no point to duplicate the wealth of detail or exemplary illustrations. Rather, we provide sufficient information on character differences to permit the identification of each species found within the Rio Jurua´. We also summarize in a more detailed way patterns of geographic differentiation of these species within the Rio Jurua´, and provide details on population ecology and life history. Where data are available, we also place our samples in the broader context of Amazonia, summarizing comparisons between our samples from the Rio Juruá with those from elsewhere in Amazonia based on our molecular sequence data. Our results differ in a few key elements from the conclusions reached by Musser et al. (1998); we detail these differences under the appropriate sections below.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFD40339FB333FEDE" blockId="138.[759,1247,193,275]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS AND SPECIES BOUNDARIES OF RAINFOREST 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBBC33A2B333FEDE" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[1035,1149,252,275]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBBC33A2B333FEDE" box="[1035,1149,252,275]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">ORYZOMYS</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFCB73271B461FC5E" blockId="138.[739,1268,303,1741]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
Musser et al. (1998) presented our preliminary molecular sequence data in describing geographic units of many of the species of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFCA232D9B4C7FE51" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[789,905,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFCA232D9B4C7FE51" box="[789,905,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC1D32D9B4BDFE51" baseAuthorityName="Olfers" baseAuthorityYear="1818" box="[938,1011,391,414]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="capito">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC1D32D9B4BDFE51" box="[938,1011,391,414]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">capito</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ complex that they characterized. These data were totally concordant with the patterns of morphological variation they described. We now have expanded this database considerably, and here present a more substantial analysis of the relationships and species boundaries hypothesized by Musser et al. (1998). We present these analyses separately for each of the two morphological groupings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBF131D1B3F4FD69" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[1094,1210,655,678]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBF131D1B3F4FD69" box="[1094,1210,655,678]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: (1) what we term the ‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC5531F2B3C6FD0C" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[994,1160,684,707]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC5531F2B3C6FD0C" box="[994,1160,684,707]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ group, those taxa with, among other features, a derived cephalic arterial system (
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBFC31B9B386FD31" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[1099,1224,743,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBFC31B9B32EFD31" box="[1099,1120,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBD931B9B386FD31" box="[1134,1224,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFB6031B9B4C7FCD4" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFB6031B9B3A2FD31" box="[1239,1260,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFD54305AB4C7FCD4" box="[739,905,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC7E305AB312FCD4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[969,1116,772,795]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC7E305AB490FCD4" box="[969,990,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC5A305AB312FCD4" box="[1005,1116,772,795]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and (2) the ‘‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFD43307CB4CCFCF6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[756,898,802,825]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFD43307CB4CCFCF6" box="[756,898,802,825]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
’’ group, those with the primitive cephalic arterial condition (
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBDB3061B444FCBC" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmonsae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBDB3061B3CFFC99" box="[1132,1153,831,854]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFB223061B444FCBC" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">emmonsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFCAC3002B49EFCBC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[795,976,860,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFCAC3002B47EFCBC" box="[795,816,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFCF53002B49EFCBC" box="[834,976,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC553002B316FCBC" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[994,1112,860,883]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC553002B4B9FCBC" box="[994,1015,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBBE3002B316FCBC" box="[1033,1112,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFB293002B451FC5E" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFB293002B3FDFCBC" box="[1182,1203,860,883]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFB733002B451FC5E" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">russatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDED8CAFCB730C9B4B8F902" blockId="138.[739,1268,303,1741]" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">
THE ‘‘MEGACEPHALUS’’ GROUP: Sequences from the cytochrome­b gene are available for 37 individuals from 32 localities within Amazonia and the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC7130AEB339FBC8" authority="Atlantica" authorityName="Atlantica" box="[966,1143,1008,1031]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Mata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mata Atlântica</taxonomicName>
of coastal 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDED8CAFD543750B464FBEA" box="[739,810,1038,1061]" name="Brazil" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Brazil</collectingCountry>
(fig. 96; table 34). The three species of this complex recognized by Musser at al (1998) are readily separable on the basis of sequence differences, but four strongly divergent clades, with bootstrap values of 94 or higher, are apparent (fig. 97). Two of these correspond to the ‘‘eastern’’ and ‘‘western’ clades they allocated to 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBA73783B47EFADD" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBA73783B47EFADD" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, clades that are somewhat more divergent from each other (15.9%, on average) than either is from 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFC633668B319FA82" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[980,1111,1334,1357]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC633668B4A7FA82" box="[980,1001,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFC4A3668B319FA82" box="[1021,1111,1334,1357]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFB003668B400FAA5" authority="Atlantica" authorityName="Atlantica" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Mata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mata Atlântica</taxonomicName>
(12.9 and 13.4%, respectively) 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFD54362FB483FA47" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[739,973,1393,1416]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFD54362FB483FA47" box="[739,973,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">Oryzomys yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is sympatric with both ‘‘eastern’’ and ‘‘western’’ 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDED8CAFBD036D1B47FFA0C" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="138" pageNumber="139" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFBD036D1B332FA69" box="[1127,1148,1423,1446]" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDED8CAFB2636D1B47FFA0C" italics="true" pageId="138" pageNumber="139">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
at several localities (Musser et al., 1998), is the most divergent of the four clades, at an average of nearly 17%. Although our sampling of this species is limited, it exhibits only moderate sequence divergence averaging 5.5% among localities several thousands of kilometers distant (fig 96). This is the maximal amount of sequence divergence found within any of the four sampled species (table 35).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BDFD8CBFF76306BB67CFC7A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347517" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347517" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347517/files/figure.png" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" startId="139.[193,231,821,842]" targetBox="[176,1262,188,799]" targetPageId="139">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDFD8CBFF76306BB67CFC7A" blockId="139.[167,1271,821,949]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
Fig. 96. Map of localities of members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFD753068B484FC84" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[706,970,822,843]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFD753068B484FC84" box="[706,970,822,843]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Oryzomys megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group sampled for mtDNA cytochrome­b sequences: 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFE09300EB6ACFCAA" bold="true" box="[446,482,848,869]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">left</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFE43300EB532FCAA" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[500,636,848,869]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFE43300EB549FCAA" box="[500,519,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFDAF300EB532FCAA" box="[536,636,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(open circles); 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFC9C300EB42CFCAA" bold="true" box="[811,866,848,869]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">right</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFCC3300EB346FCAA" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[884,1032,848,869]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFCC3300EB4C9FCAA" box="[884,903,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFC2F300EB346FCAA" box="[920,1032,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, solid circles; 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFB1B300EB650FC4F" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFB1B300EB3F1FCAA" box="[1196,1215,848,869]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFB67300EB650FC4F" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, solid triangles; 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFE643035B509FC4F" baseAuthorityName="Lund" baseAuthorityYear="1840" box="[467,583,875,896]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laticeps">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFE643035B6A8FC4F" box="[467,486,875,896]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFE413035B509FC4F" box="[502,583,875,896]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">laticeps</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, solid squares. Locality numbers correspond to the list of provenance and voucher specimen catalog numbers provided in table 34. Distributions are based on Musser et al. (1998).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDFD8CBFF7330A8B381FA0A" blockId="139.[167,696,1014,1741]" lastBlockId="139.[743,1272,1014,1741]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">
Our enlarged data set presents the same topology of relationships illustrated by Musser et al. (1998; compare their fig. 6 with fig. 97). Most significantly, our broadened geographic sampling of both their ‘‘western’’ and ‘‘eastern’’ divisions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFE5B37D7B5F9FB6F" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[492,695,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFE5B37D7B54FFB6F" box="[492,513,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFDA637D7B5F9FB6F" box="[529,695,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
continue to show that these groupings are both strongly divergent from one another with a very sharp region of transition in central Amazonia (fig. 96) and likely do not even form a monophyletic assemblage (fig. 97). Although Musser et al. (1998) could find only size differences among samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFD2C3609B603FA44" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFD2C3609B5FEFAA1" box="[667,688,1367,1390]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFF10362AB603FA44" box="[167,333,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from western to eastern Amazonia, their two geographic units do differ in karyotype as well as in mtDNA sequences. All western samples that have been karyotyped (from localities 1–9, c, e, and f in fig. 96) are 2n = 52; those eastern samples (localities o, p, q, r, t, and v) are 2n = 54. The concordance of molecules, chromosomes, and body sizes suggests separate species status, despite the apparent lack of diagnosable morphological characteristics. Although a general size cline occurs among population samples across central Amazonia south of the Rio Solimões­Amazonas axis, a vast area for which no molecular or karyotypic data are available, we believe the summation of molecular, chromosomal, and size differences between the two clades identified in figure 97 and mapped in figure 96 justify species recognition. Consequently, contrary to Musser et al. (1998), we consider our samples from the Rio Juruá as well as those from throughout western Amazonia, to represent 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDFD8CBFD503667B36AFA9F" authority="Allen, 1901" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[743,1060,1337,1360]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="139" pageNumber="140" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFD503667B5B2FA9F" box="[743,764,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDFD8CBFCBA3667B4C7FA9F" box="[781,905,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">perenensis</emphasis>
Allen, 1901
</taxonomicName>
. With its 
<typeStatus id="548C0EC34BDFD8CBFB2D3667B382FA9F" box="[1178,1228,1337,1360]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">type</typeStatus>
locality in the 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BDFD8CBFC363608B3DBFAA2" box="[897,1173,1366,1389]" country="Peru" name="Junin" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">Departamento de Junín</collectingRegion>
in eastcentral Peru´, this is apparently the earliest available name for the western Amazonian 2n = 52 taxon (Musser et al., 1998: 45).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDFD8CBFCB33692B3B9F902" blockId="139.[743,1272,1014,1741]" pageId="139" pageNumber="140">THE ‘‘MACCONNELLI’’ GROUP: We have also augmented the molecular sampling of this group of species relative to the data summarized by Musser et al. (1998), although numerous critical geographic gaps remain (fig. 98, table 36). Results of this expanded data set are concordant with the morphological analyses presented by Musser et al (1998), and thus support most hypotheses of</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BD9D8CDFF763655B62CFA15" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347519" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347519" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347519/files/figure.png" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" startId="141.[193,231,1291,1312]" targetBox="[336,1102,189,1268]" targetPageId="141">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BD9D8CDFF763655B62CFA15" blockId="141.[167,1271,1291,1498]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
Fig. 97. Strict consensus tree of three equal minimum­length parsimony trees for haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome­b gene (801 bp; only 401 bp are available for the individual from Paraguay [Myers et al., 1995]) for members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BD9D8CDFDDA361EB438FA9A" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[621,886,1344,1365]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BD9D8CDFDDA361EB438FA9A" box="[621,886,1344,1365]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Oryzomys megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex of species. Length = 627 steps, CI = 0.593, RI = 0.870. Sequences of members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BD9D8CDFCFA3605B371FABF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[845,1087,1371,1392]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BD9D8CDFCFA3605B371FABF" box="[845,1087,1371,1392]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">Oryzomys macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex are used as the outgroup. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates percentages are mean Kimura two­parameter distances for all haplotypes below a given node. Haplotypes are identified by locality, as in the map, fig. 96, and provenance and voucher catalogue numbers are listed in table 34.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BD9D8CDFF10357AB558F997" blockId="141.[167,696,1572,1741]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">species boundaries they advanced. Two exceptions, however, are evident.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BD9D8CDFF733500B3BCF902" blockId="141.[167,696,1572,1741]" lastBlockId="141.[743,1272,1572,1741]" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">
First, a larger number of reciprocally monophyletic and deeply divergent clades are identifiable than would be expected by the current species boundaries in the group. Specifically, samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BD9D8CDFBB2357AB3F9F9F4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1029,1207,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="141" pageNumber="142" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BD9D8CDFBB2357AB354F9F4" box="[1029,1050,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BD9D8CDFB9E357AB3F9F9F4" box="[1065,1207,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="141" pageNumber="142">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
form two strongly differentiated and geographically delimited clades, each with strong bootstrap support of 92 or 100%. These do join as a supportable monophyletic lineage, but only with a bootstrap value of 73% (fig. 99)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDAD8CEFF143168B3BDFCF7" blockId="142.[163,692,566,824]" lastBlockId="142.[739,1268,566,824]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
perhaps less than would be expected if they belonged to a single taxon. Our samples from north of the Rio Solimões comprise two groups (one from east and northeast of the Rio Negro, including north of Manaus in 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDAD8CEFF143197B7A3FD2F" box="[163,237,713,736]" name="Brazil" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Brazil</collectingCountry>
, 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDAD8CEFEB63197B632FD2F" box="[257,380,713,736]" name="Venezuela" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
, and 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDAD8CEFE7D3197B57EFD2F" box="[458,560,713,736]" name="Suriname" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Surinam</collectingCountry>
; the other from the Rio Jaú to the west of the Rio Negro) that differ by a substantial degree (5.7%, table 37) and that are karyotypically distinct. Specimens from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDAD8CEFC1B3168B36AFD82" box="[940,1060,566,589]" name="Venezuela" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
are 2n = 76, FN = 85 (Musser et al., 1998) whereas those from the Rio Jaú are 2n = 58, FN = 90 (M N. F. da Silva, unpublished data). These northern samples, however, differ from a collection of samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFC413197B3E3FD2F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1014,1197,713,736]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFC413197B345FD2F" box="[1014,1035,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFBA83197B3E3FD2F" box="[1055,1197,713,736]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from south of the Rio Solimões that stretch across southern Amazonia from central 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BDAD8CEFB0C305AB3BAFCD4" box="[1211,1268,772,795]" name="Peru" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Perú</collectingCountry>
through the Rio Juruá to as far east as the
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BDAD8CEFF0A3546B487F902" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347521" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347521" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347521/files/figure.png" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" startId="142.[189,227,1560,1581]" targetBox="[167,1262,882,1539]" targetPageId="142">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDAD8CEFF0A3546B487F902" blockId="142.[163,1267,1560,1741]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">
Fig. 98. Map of localities of members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFD7C3546B4F1F9E2" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[715,959,1560,1581]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFD7C3546B4F1F9E2" box="[715,959,1560,1581]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">Oryzomys macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group sampled for mtDNA cytochrome­b sequences: 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFE08356CB6ADF988" bold="true" box="[447,483,1586,1607]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">left</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFE40356DB52AF987" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[503,612,1587,1608]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFE40356DB544F987" box="[503,522,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFDAA356DB52AF987" box="[541,612,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid triangles) and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFCEC356DB482F987" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" box="[859,972,1587,1608]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFCEC356DB420F987" box="[859,878,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFC36356DB482F987" box="[897,972,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">legatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(open triangle); 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFB39356CB38BF988" bold="true" box="[1166,1221,1586,1607]" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">right</emphasis>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFB6E356DB66DF9AC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFB6E356DB3A2F987" box="[1241,1260,1587,1608]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFF143510B66DF9AC" box="[163,291,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid circles), 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFE7A3510B510F9AC" box="[461,606,1613,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmonsae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFE7A3510B6AEF9AC" box="[461,480,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFE473510B510F9AC" box="[496,606,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">emmonsae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid pentagons), and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFCE93510B499F9AC" box="[862,983,1613,1635]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFCE93510B43FF9AC" box="[862,881,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFC373510B499F9AC" box="[896,983,1614,1635]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">russatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(solid squares). Localities from the Rio Juruá are numbered; other localities are given letters. Both letters and numbers correspond to the list of provenance and voucher specimen catalog numbers provided in table 36. The transition in geographic units of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDAD8CEFEC235C0B55BF97C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[373,533,1693,1715]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="142" pageNumber="143" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFEC235C0B6C6F97C" box="[373,392,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDAD8CEFE2235C0B55BF97C" box="[405,533,1694,1715]" italics="true" pageId="142" pageNumber="143">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
across the Rio Solimes is indicated by the hiatus in the cross­hatched distribution of the species. Distributions are based on Musser et al. (1998).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BDBD8D0FF10351FB49FF997" blockId="143.[167,695,1601,1741]" lastBlockId="144.[739,1267,1425,1741]" lastPageId="144" lastPageNumber="145" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">
Serra dos Carajás in Estado do Pará (fig. 98). The average sequence divergence between these geographic groupings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BDBD8CFFD9E3522B795F97F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="143" pageNumber="144" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDBD8CFFD9E3522B570F95C" box="[553,574,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BDBD8CFFDE43522B795F97F" italics="true" pageId="143" pageNumber="144">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is 11.1% (table 37), a value only slightly less than that between any other pair of species in the complex (range 12.4% to 15.7%, table 37), and more than twice the variation present within any single clade. The southern mitochondrial DNA clade also has a distinct karyotype, with 2n = 64, FN = 70 reported for specimens from the Rio Juruá (see below and Musser et al., 1998). Musser et al. (1998) document clinal size variation from west to east across the range of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FDE236B7B64FF9D1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FDE236B7B524F9CF" box="[597,618,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FDCE36B7B64FF9D1" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but they lacked samples from much of the geographically intermediate area between southern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BC4D8D0FEC3351FB6A2F997" box="[372,492,1601,1624]" name="Venezuela" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Venezuela</collectingCountry>
and the south bank of the Rio Solimões necessary to determine whether the size cline is smoothly graded or stepped. As with 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FE5E35C7B5FDF97F" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[489,691,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FE5E35C7B6B0F97F" box="[489,510,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FDBA35C7B5FDF97F" box="[525,691,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FF6F35E9B633F901" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[216,381,1718,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FF6F35E9B7A3F901" box="[216,237,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FEB635E9B633F901" box="[257,381,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, detailed sampling in the central Amazon on both sides of the Rio Solimões will provide the necessary documentation of whether 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FC023692B326FA2C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[949,1128,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FC023692B484FA2C" box="[949,970,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FC6D3692B326FA2C" box="[986,1128,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as hypothesized by Musser et al. (1998), represents a single species, or is composite, as is suggested by the molecular and karyotypic data we summarize here.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF48E0E94BC4D8D0FF0A37C6B519FA82" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5347523" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5347523" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5347523/files/figure.png" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" startId="144.[189,227,1176,1197]" targetBox="[353,1080,191,1151]" targetPageId="144">
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC4D8D0FF0A37C6B519FA82" blockId="144.[163,1267,1176,1357]" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
Fig. 99. Strict consensus of two equal minimum­length parsimony trees for haplotypes of the mitochondrial cytochrome­b gene (801 bp) for members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FC9D37EDB355FB07" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[810,1051,1203,1224]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FC9D37EDB355FB07" box="[810,1051,1203,1224]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Oryzomys macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
complex of species Length = 550 steps, CI = 0.567, RI = 0.811. Sequences of members of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC4D8D0FC5C3790B3BDFB2C" baseAuthorityName="Fischer" baseAuthorityYear="1814" box="[1003,1267,1230,1251]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="144" pageNumber="145" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megacephalus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC4D8D0FC5C3790B3BDFB2C" box="[1003,1267,1230,1251]" italics="true" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">Oryzomys megacephalus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species complex are used as the outgroup. Bold numbers at internal nodes are bootstrap values, based on 1000 replicates; percentages are mean Kimura two­parameter distances for all haplotypes below a given node. Haplotypes are identified by locality, as in the map, fig. 98, and provenance and voucher catalogue numbers are listed in table 36.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC4D8D1FCB73500B685F97F" blockId="144.[739,1267,1425,1741]" lastBlockId="145.[167,696,662,1741]" lastPageId="145" lastPageNumber="146" pageId="144" pageNumber="145">
The second area where the molecular sequence data suggest an alternative to the hypotheses advanced by Musser et al. (1998) is the species identification of specimens from the 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BC5D8D1FF6131C8B6A1FD62" box="[214,495,662,685]" country="Bolivia" name="Tarija" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Departamento de Tarija</collectingRegion>
in southern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BC5D8D1FD3C31C8B790FD04" name="Bolivia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
. Although this issue does not involve our perspectives of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE2E318FB543FD27" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[409,525,721,744]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE2E318FB543FD27" box="[409,525,721,744]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Oryzomys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the Rio Jurua´, we provide the following comments both for completeness, and to suggest anoth­ er future research direction. The voucher specimens for the two haplotypes from locality p in figure 98 and table 36 were examined by Musser et al. (1998), who considered them to represent the taxon 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FD8B30C1B646FC1C" authority="Thomas" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FD8B30C1B51FFC79" box="[572,593,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FDD430C1B5F9FC79" box="[611,695,927,950]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">legatus</emphasis>
Thomas
</taxonomicName>
, which they further considered a synonym for 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FEFE3087B578FC3F" authority="Wagner" authorityName="Wagner" box="[329,566,985,1008]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FEFE3087B610FC3F" box="[329,350,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FEC73087B69FFC3F" box="[368,465,985,1008]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">russatus</emphasis>
Wagner
</taxonomicName>
, otherwise distributed within the 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE7830A8B5C5FBC2" authority="Atlantica" authorityName="Atlantica" box="[463,651,1014,1037]" class="Insecta" family="Cicadidae" genus="Mata" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Mata Atlântica</taxonomicName>
of southeastern 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BC5D8D1FEF7374AB6C5FBE4" box="[320,395,1044,1067]" name="Brazil" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Brazil</collectingCountry>
. The sequence data, however, unequivocally link these 
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BC5D8D1FDBC376FB5F9FB87" box="[523,695,1073,1096]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
within the clade of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE1F3711B56DFBA9" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[424,547,1102,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE1F3711B6F3FBA9" box="[424,445,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE633711B56DFBA9" box="[468,547,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
haplotypes, specifically those from specimens identified as that species by Musser et al. (1998) from localities in nearby 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BC5D8D1FE2A37F8B7AEFB14" country="Bolivia" name="Santa Cruz" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Departamento de Santa Cruz</collectingRegion>
(fig. 99). Consequently, the linkage of these specimens with 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE1E37BFB552FB37" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[425,540,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE1E37BFB6F0FB37" box="[425,446,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE7A37BFB552FB37" box="[461,540,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in molecular characters suggests that the morphological similarly between 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FEC83642B6B6FAFC" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" box="[383,504,1308,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FEC83642B6DAFAFC" box="[383,404,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE133642B6B6FAFC" box="[420,504,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">legatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FD853642B5F9FAFC" box="[562,695,1308,1331]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FD853642B509FAFC" box="[562,583,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FDE13642B5F9FAFC" box="[598,695,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">russatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is convergent, and not indicative of common ancestry. Certainly, these data do not support the hypothesis that 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE24362AB6A9FA44" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" box="[403,487,1396,1419]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE24362AB6A9FA44" box="[403,487,1396,1419]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">legatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a synonym of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FF1036CFB67DFA67" box="[167,307,1425,1448]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="russatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FF1036CFB7F2FA67" box="[167,188,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FF6536CFB67DFA67" box="[210,307,1425,1448]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">russatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Given the morphological distinctness of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FE8036F1B6C5FA09" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" box="[311,395,1455,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FE8036F1B6C5FA09" box="[311,395,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">legatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
relative to samples of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FD2C36F1B7B8FA2C" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FD2C36F1B5FEFA09" box="[667,688,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FF103692B7B8FA2C" box="[167,246,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BC5D8D1FEFE3692B6D1FA2C" box="[329,415,1484,1507]" name="Bolivia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Bolivia</collectingCountry>
(Musser et al., 1998), these taxa should be considered separate species, even if their mtDNA sequences are not reciprocally monophyletic. G. G. Musser (personal commun. to J.L.P., 
<date id="FF8996A14BC5D8D1FD94351FB7ADF9BA" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" value="1997-10-27">October 27, 1997</date>
) wrote that they ‘‘... almost kept 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FD2F3501B7A8F95C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1925" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="legatus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FD2F3501B7A8F95C" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">legatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
separate as a species but could not justify it morphologically.’’
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC5D8D1FF7335E8B499FC8F" blockId="145.[167,696,662,1741]" lastBlockId="145.[743,1271,662,832]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
As a final point, we note our specimens from the Serra dos Carajás (locality e in the map, fig. 98, and in table 36) are of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FB6C31EAB43BFD27" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB6C31EAB43BFD27" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the recently described 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FB6C318FB335FCCA" authority="(Musser et al., 1998)" baseAuthorityName="Musser" baseAuthorityYear="1998" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="emmonsae">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB6C318FB42CFCC9" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O emmonsae</emphasis>
(Musser et al., 1998)
</taxonomicName>
, and thus represent the first instance of sympatry between these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC5D8D1FCA63035B383FC4D" blockId="145.[785,1229,875,898]" box="[785,1229,875,898]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FCA63035B4AFFC4D" box="[785,993,875,898]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FCA63035B4CDFC4F" box="[785,899,875,898]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">ORYZOMYS</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
from the Rio Juruá
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC5D8D1FCB330C0B3ECFA9F" blockId="145.[743,1272,926,1741]" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
Four species of rice rats are present in the Rio Juruá basin: (1) 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FC4630E2B3BEFC1C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[1009,1264,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC4630E2B3BEFC1C" box="[1009,1264,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Oryzomys perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which occurs along the entire length of the Rio Juruá and is widespread throughout western Amazonia; (2) 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FBB5374AB3A1FBE4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1026,1263,1044,1067]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FBB5374AB3A1FBE4" box="[1026,1263,1044,1067]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Oryzomys yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
morphologically similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FB91376FB388FB87" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[1062,1222,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB91376FB375FB87" box="[1062,1083,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FBFD376FB388FB87" box="[1098,1222,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and also present throughout much of western and northern Amazonia, including the length of the Rio Jurua´; (3) 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FC6937D7B3BEFB6F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[990,1264,1161,1184]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC6937D7B3BEFB6F" box="[990,1264,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Oryzomys macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
patchily distributed throughout much of Amazonia, as well as within the Rio Juruá basin; and (4) 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FC1237BFB336FB37" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[933,1144,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC1237BFB336FB37" box="[933,1144,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Oryzomys nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is limited largely to western Amazonia and the 
<collectingRegion id="49F37E834BC5D8D1FD503642B478FAFC" box="[743,822,1308,1331]" country="Brazil" name="Parana" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">Paraná</collectingRegion>
basin, and was only taken within the Headwaters Region of the Rio Jurua´.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC5D8D2FCB33608B4CAFB4C" blockId="145.[743,1272,926,1741]" lastBlockId="146.[739,1268,692,1741]" lastPageId="146" lastPageNumber="147" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">
As noted above, these four are readily separable into two groups, each comprising two species, by several external and qualitative cranial features (table 38). The salient features of the skin are coloration and hair length, with both 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FC0B36B7B311F9CF" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[956,1119,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC0B36B7B49FF9CF" box="[956,977,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC5436B7B311F9CF" box="[995,1119,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FB2A36B7B462F9D1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB2A36B7B3FCF9CF" box="[1181,1202,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB7436B7B462F9D1" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
typically dark brownish to reddish brown and with short dorsal fur. The range of color can be extensive within 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FBDC351FB448F9B9" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FBDC351FB3CEF997" box="[1131,1152,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FB27351FB448F9B9" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, both locally and geographically, but is much less so in 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FC1C3522B30FF95C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[939,1089,1660,1683]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC1C3522B48EF95C" box="[939,960,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FC653522B30FF95C" box="[978,1089,1660,1683]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The pelage of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC5D8D1FD5035C7B435F97F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[743,891,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="145" pageNumber="146" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FD5035C7B5B2F97F" box="[743,764,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC5D8D1FCBB35C7B435F97F" box="[780,891,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="145" pageNumber="146">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also has a distinctive sheen that is hard to describe but evident to the expe­ rienced eye. In general, however, these two species are difficult to distinguish externally, so that identification may be quite problematical if one were only handling live animals in a longitudinal trapping program where vouchers are not prepared. 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FE503019B5FDFC91" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[487,691,839,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE503019B5FDFC91" box="[487,691,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Oryzomys nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has similar short, but yellowish or reddish brown dorsal fur, and immature individuals of this species have reddish, as opposed to grayish, fur. Finally, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FE7130E2B5C0FC1C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[454,654,956,979]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE7130E2B695FC1C" box="[454,475,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE4230E2B5C0FC1C" box="[501,654,956,979]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is unique in its long and thickly luxuriant reddish brown pelage, making it one of the most readily recognizable murids in Amazonia. Both 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FF53376FB6D9FB87" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[228,407,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF53376FB7B7FB87" box="[228,249,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FEBE376FB6D9FB87" box="[265,407,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FE64376FB509FB87" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[467,583,1073,1096]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE64376FB6A6FB87" box="[467,488,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE4F376FB509FB87" box="[504,583,1073,1096]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have the primitive cephalic arterial supply, characterized by the combination of enlarged stapedial foramen, squamosal­alisphenoid groove, and sphenofrontal foramen (pattern 1 of Voss, 1988; see Carleton and Musser, 1989). 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FDCB379AB63FFB37" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FDCB379AB63FFB37" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Oryzomys perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FE0537BFB506FB37" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[434,584,1249,1272]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE0537BFB689FB37" box="[434,455,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE6E37BFB506FB37" box="[473,584,1249,1272]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
lack the latter two features while maintaining an obvious stapedial foramen; they display a derived condition (pattern 2 of Voss, 1988; Carleton and Musser, 1989). In specimens with relatively unworn dentition, a medial fossette (­id) is present on the second molars of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FF7136F1B612FA09" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[198,348,1454,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF7136F1B795FA09" box="[198,219,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF5A36F1B612FA09" box="[237,348,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FED836F1B56AFA09" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[367,548,1454,1478]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FED836F1B6CAFA09" box="[367,388,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE2136F1B56AFA09" box="[406,548,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FDDC36F1B792FA2C" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FDDC36F1B5CEFA09" box="[619,640,1455,1478]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FD2436F1B792FA2C" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but not in 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FECE3692B551FA2C" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[377,543,1484,1507]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FECE3692B6C0FA2C" box="[377,398,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FE143692B551FA2C" box="[419,543,1484,1507]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Otherwise, 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FF1436B7B60CF9CF" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[163,322,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF1436B7B7F6F9CF" box="[163,184,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF7136B7B60CF9CF" box="[198,322,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FECC36B7B543F9CF" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[379,525,1513,1536]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FECC36B7B543F9CF" box="[379,525,1513,1536]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O. yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are quite similar morphologically, and careful examination of each specimen is required for secure identification. Additional characters, for example, which can be used to distinguish these two species include an increased degree in the development of palatal excrescences in 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FF1435E9B608F901" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[163,326,1718,1742]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF1435E9B7F6F901" box="[163,184,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FF7D35E9B608F901" box="[202,326,1719,1742]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and shape of the incisive fo­ raminal septum (Gardner and Patton, 1976; Musser et al., 1998), although the differences are subtle and comparisons must be carefully matched by age. Among other characters that are useful in distinguishing between 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FB223077B40FFC91" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FB223077B3E4FC8F" box="[1173,1194,809,832]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FB0E3077B40FFC91" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FC263019B35EFC91" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[913,1040,838,862]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FC263019B4E8FC91" box="[913,934,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FC763019B35EFC91" box="[961,1040,839,862]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, respectively, are shallow versus deep zygomatic notches, narrow versus wide zygomatic plates, teardropshaped and short rather than oval and long incisive foramina, and, therefore, long versus short palates. Exhaustive descriptions accompanied by informative illustrations of each of these taxa are presented by Musser et al (1998), a work that should be examined carefully by anyone with an interest in any of these species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC6D8D2FCB737D7B3BDF902" blockId="146.[739,1268,692,1741]" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">
External and cranial dimensions of our specimens of all four species from the Rio Juruá are given in table 39. All variables exhibit strong statistical significance when comparisons are made across all taxa simultaneously (one­way ANOVA, 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FBFA3642B312FAFC" box="[1101,1116,1308,1331]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">p</emphasis>
&lt;0.001 for all variables except BOL and ZPL; table 40) Not surprisingly, however, individual variables exhibit combinations of significance and nonsignificance in pairwise comparisons using Fisher’s protected least significant difference, a multiple t­statistic, as a post hoc test of differences in one­way ANOVAs (table 40). The smallest species in virtually all measurements is 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FC06357AB308F9F4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[945,1094,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FC06357AB488F9F4" box="[945,966,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FC60357AB308F9F4" box="[983,1094,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is significantly smaller than 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FBB7351FB3EBF997" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[1024,1189,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FBB7351FB35BF997" box="[1024,1045,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FB9E351FB3EBF997" box="[1065,1189,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in all dimensions except for IFL, AW, BOL, and ZPL. This is in contrast to other sites within western Amazonia where 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC6D8D2FB8635C7B380F97F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[1073,1230,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="146" pageNumber="147" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FB8635C7B308F97F" box="[1073,1094,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC6D8D2FBE835C7B380F97F" box="[1119,1230,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is typically larger (e.g., Quincemil, 
<collectingCountry id="F320F0F14BC6D8D2FB3635E8B3F8F902" box="[1153,1206,1718,1741]" name="Peru" pageId="146" pageNumber="147">Perú</collectingCountry>
[see
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC0D8D4FF143732B79FFA9F" blockId="148.[163,691,1132,1742]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
Musser et al., 1998]). 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FE1E3732B5FDFB4C" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[425,691,1132,1155]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FE1E3732B5FDFB4C" box="[425,691,1132,1155]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">Oryzomys macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the largest species, in 15 of 24 variables, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FF6037F9B600FB71" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[215,334,1190,1214]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FF6037F9B7A2FB71" box="[215,236,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FF4837F9B600FB71" box="[255,334,1191,1214]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is usually next largest. Thus, the combination of size dimensions coupled with coloration, fur quality, cephalic arterial pattern, and details of the second molars serve to differentiate all four species (table 38).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC0D8D4FF773608B3F3FA57" blockId="148.[163,691,1132,1742]" lastBlockId="148.[739,1268,1132,1741]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
Multivariate relationships among the four species were ascertained by discriminant analysis, using log 
<subScript id="17B3B2244BC0D8D4FE3036C3B6D6FA64" attach="left" box="[391,408,1437,1451]" fontSize="6" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">10</subScript>
transformations of the 20 cranial variables. Standardized coefficients for each variable for the three possible discriminant axes are given in table 41. The first axis cleanly separates 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FE683559B53CF9D1" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[479,626,1542,1566]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FE683559B6BAF9D1" box="[479,500,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FDB43559B53CF9D1" box="[515,626,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FF14357AB60CF9F4" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[163,322,1572,1595]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FF14357AB7F6F9F4" box="[163,184,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FF71357AB60CF9F4" box="[198,322,1572,1595]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig. 100), with taxa combining relatively short skulls with longer rostra, or the reverse, based on those characters with the highest loadings. The second axis primarily separates 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FEC535C7B566F97F" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[370,552,1689,1712]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FEC535C7B6C9F97F" box="[370,391,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FE2D35C7B566F97F" box="[410,552,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FDDD35C7B792F901" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FDDD35C7B531F97F" box="[618,639,1689,1712]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FD2435C7B792F901" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as a pair, from the first two, while these two species become completely separated on the third axis (fig. 100). Posterior probability scores generated from the discriminant analysis allocated individual specimens nearly perfectly to their appropriate species. Three of 
<specimenCount id="9D317BE84BC0D8D4FCB4365BB4FEFAD3" box="[771,944,1285,1308]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" type="generic">258 specimens</specimenCount>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FC6F3658B336FAD2" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[984,1144,1285,1309]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FC6F3658B4A3FAD2" box="[984,1005,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FC4B3658B336FAD2" box="[1020,1144,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were misclassified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FCCA367AB35AFAF4" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[893,1044,1316,1339]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FCCA367AB4DCFAF4" box="[893,914,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FC12367AB35AFAF4" box="[933,1044,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and two of 46 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FB60367AB41CFA95" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FB60367AB3A2FAF4" box="[1239,1260,1316,1339]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FD54361DB41CFA95" box="[739,850,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were misclassified as 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FBD2361DB44CFAB6" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FBD2361DB334FA95" box="[1125,1146,1347,1370]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FB3B361DB44CFAB6" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. All specimens of both 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FB8C363CB3BDFAB6" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1910" box="[1083,1267,1378,1401]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="macconnelli">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FB8C363CB31EFAB6" box="[1083,1104,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FBD2363CB3BDFAB6" box="[1125,1267,1378,1401]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">macconnelli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FCA036DFB4C2FA57" baseAuthorityName="Thomas" baseAuthorityYear="1884" box="[791,908,1409,1432]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nitidus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FCA036DFB462FA57" box="[791,812,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FC8A36DFB4C2FA57" box="[829,908,1409,1432]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">nitidus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
were correctly classified.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B88B0614BC0D8D4FCB736FEB40CF902" blockId="148.[739,1268,1132,1741]" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">
In the species accounts below, we present analyses of patterns of morphometric variation relative to age and sexual dimorphism and examine interpopulation differentiation along the Rio Juruá for both 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FBF83542B3BDF9FC" authorityName="Allen" authorityYear="1901" box="[1103,1267,1564,1587]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="perenensis">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FBF83542B32AF9FC" box="[1103,1124,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FBC03542B3BDF9FC" box="[1143,1267,1564,1587]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">perenensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C37CBE24BC0D8D4FCAC3565B4F8F99D" authorityName="Thomas" authorityYear="1902" box="[795,950,1595,1618]" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oryzomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="148" pageNumber="149" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="yunganus">
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FCAC3565B47EF99D" box="[795,816,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">O</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B9436C734BC0D8D4FCF03565B4F8F99D" box="[839,950,1595,1618]" italics="true" pageId="148" pageNumber="149">yunganus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Inadequate sample sizes precluded these analyses for the other two species. We also summarize habitat and other ecological data and discuss patterns of reproduction.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>