443 lines
52 KiB
XML
443 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="BE1EE4A375B6DE547F1497548C7B8E85" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. & Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6BE2CE1FF17FDE613AEFD9A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Emeryopone Forel" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="196" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="194" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DAE0B9679F5C90ABD4C77AF65EDA4155">
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<mods:title id="D0B0CEC7E7E430FE983F67BDCE976C41">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="C36E4F3E89EF93D44333B06A7E128959" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="DDE4E5BB54175FBED37C43FE060343DE">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4E27CB61F4CEEA2CBC9BDB52D4EC7A45">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="688AFCE2C209C74E2698BFC2DAACE049">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="77BB8CAAC7838F74DAA42C706DBF65FC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="534C2E7E7C641D1DADA8B2A1F4EB9B58">
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<mods:date id="56DA196974227D8E2E26F5428D493DE0">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="E6ED09FBD0C8AFA8316CC94A9BC97A19">2014-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="40981961ED00F069D38CB6B10E98EA30">3817</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="30AAE96762731F8D6588E57BF07EE455" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03775906A6BE2CE1FF17FDE613AEFD9A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117614" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709931" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117614" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6BE2CE1FF17FDE613AEFD9A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6BE2CE1FF17FDE613AEFD9A" lastPageId="195" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BE2CE3FF17FDE6111CFDE0" box="[151,377,512,538]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF17FDE6111CFDE0" blockId="193.[151,377,512,571]" box="[151,377,512,538]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<heading id="D0295F7CA6BE2CE3FF17FDE6111CFDE0" bold="true" box="[151,377,512,538]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" reason="4">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17FDE6111CFDE0" ID-CoL="4B8W" ID-ENA="604374" authority="Forel" authorityName="Forel" box="[151,377,512,538]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FDE6111CFDE0" bold="true" box="[151,377,512,538]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FDE61155FDE0" bold="true" box="[151,304,512,538]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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Forel
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BE2CE3FF17FDC41083FDC1" box="[151,230,546,571]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF17FDC41083FDC1" blockId="193.[151,377,512,571]" box="[151,230,546,571]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6BE2CE3FF17FDC41083FDC1" box="[151,230,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 45" captionStartId="194.[151,250,1929,1951]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,301,1896]" captionTargetId="figure-101@194.[151,1436,301,1908]" captionTargetPageId="194" captionText="FIGURE 45. Worker caste of Emeryopone buttelreepeni: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0104586, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Emeryopone." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120913/files/figure.png" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Fig. 45</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BE2CE3FF17FD8D138CFD10" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF17FD8D1546FD7A" blockId="193.[151,1315,618,640]" box="[151,1315,618,640]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6BE2CE3FF17FD8D1546FD7A" box="[151,1315,618,640]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6BE2CE3FF17FD8D11A0FD7A" author="Forel, A." box="[151,453,618,640]" page="761" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" year="1912">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17FD8D11A0FD7A" ID-CoL="4B8W" authority="Forel, 1912: 761" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="761" authorityYear="1912" box="[151,453,618,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FD8D1172FD7A" box="[151,279,619,640]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FE9DFD8C11A0FD7A" author="Forel, A." box="[285,453,618,640]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="761 - 774" refId="ref143011" refString="Forel, A. (1912) Descriptions provisoires de genres, sous-genres, et especes de Formicides des Indes orientales. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 20, 761 - 774." type="journal article" year="1912">Forel, 1912: 761</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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(as genus). Type-species:
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<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6BE2CE3FD50FD8D14E8FD7A" author="Forel, A." box="[720,1165,618,640]" page="762" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" year="1912">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FD50FD8D14E8FD7A" ID-CoL="39GPF" authority="Forel, 1912: 762" authorityName="Forel" authorityPageNumber="762" authorityYear="1912" box="[720,1165,618,640]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buttelreepeni">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FD50FD8D13BEFD7A" box="[720,987,618,640]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone buttelreepeni</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FC61FD8C14E8FD7A" author="Forel, A." box="[993,1165,618,640]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="761 - 774" refId="ref143011" refString="Forel, A. (1912) Descriptions provisoires de genres, sous-genres, et especes de Formicides des Indes orientales. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 20, 761 - 774." type="journal article" year="1912">Forel, 1912: 762</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitation>
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; by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF17FD48138CFD10" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17FD481141FD3F" ID-CoL="4B8W" box="[151,292,686,709]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FD481141FD3F" box="[151,292,686,709]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is a small genus (five described species) which ranges from
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FC69FD4B1442FD3C" box="[1001,1063,685,710]" name="Israel" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Israel</collectingCountry>
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to
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<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FBD1FD4B14A7FD3C" box="[1105,1218,685,710]" name="Indonesia" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
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. Almost nothing is known about its habits, but its unusual mandibles suggest a specialized diet.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BE2CE3FF47FD131569F9B0" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FD1313C3FBF0" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FD131124FCF4" bold="true" box="[199,321,757,782]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FED0FD1011B8FCF7" box="[336,477,758,781]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FED0FD1011B8FCF7" box="[336,477,758,781]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers are easily separated from most other ponerines by their long curved mandibles, which have five long teeth, the apical tooth greatly attenuated. The only genus with similar mandibles is
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17FCDB117BFCAC" box="[151,286,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FCDB117BFCAC" box="[151,286,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and to a much lesser extent
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FDDFFCDB134CFCAC" box="[607,809,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FDDFFCDB134CFCAC" box="[607,809,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FCB7FCD813A1FCAF" box="[823,964,830,853]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FCB7FCD813A1FCAF" box="[823,964,830,853]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FC7AFCDB14E4FCAC" box="[1018,1153,829,854]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FC7AFCDB14E4FCAC" box="[1018,1153,829,854]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be separated by their frontal lobes (which are medium sized and separated anteriorly by a posterior extension of the clypeus in
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17FC60114EFC67" box="[151,299,902,925]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17FC601142FC67" box="[151,295,902,925]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Emeryopone</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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and very small and closely approximated in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FCE4FC63138EFC64" box="[868,1003,901,926]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FCE4FC63138EFC64" box="[868,1003,901,926]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) and body sculpturing and pilosity (foveolate with abundant short pilosity and variable pubescence in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FC2BFC4C145DFC3B" box="[939,1080,938,961]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FC2BFC4C145DFC3B" box="[939,1080,938,961]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and pruinose without upright pilosity in
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FE9BFC2B11C7FC1C" box="[283,418,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE9BFC2B11C7FC1C" box="[283,418,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FE3FFC2B12ECFC1C" box="[447,649,973,998]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE3FFC2B12ECFC1C" box="[447,649,973,998]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has much longer mandibular teeth than
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FBF5FC28156FFC1F" box="[1141,1290,974,997]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FBF5FC281560FC1F" box="[1141,1285,974,997]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Emeryopone</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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much more widely spaced frontal lobes, and larger eyes, among other differences.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FBF3133BFAB4" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FBF311AEFBD4" bold="true" box="[199,459,1045,1070]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE5AFBF31255FBD4" box="[474,560,1045,1070]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Worker.</emphasis>
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Small (TL
|
||
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6BE2CE3FD4AFBF3133EFBD4" box="[714,859,1045,1070]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.05" metricValueMax="4.9" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" unit="mm" value="4.05" valueMax="4.9" valueMin="3.2">3.2–4.9 mm</quantity>
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) ants with the standard characters of
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<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FAB6FBF315FDFBD4" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[1334,1432,1045,1070]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
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. Mandibles long, narrow, with five teeth, the apical tooth greatly attenuated. Mandibles without a basal groove. Anterior clypeal margin convexly triangular. Frontal lobes small to moderate in size. Eyes small to very small, located far anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove absent or a vestigial suture. Propodeum broad dorsally. Propodeal spiracles round. Metatibial spur formula (1p). Petiole nodiform, the node rounded and wider than long. Subpetiolar process usually with a small lateral fovea near the anterior end. Gaster with a moderate girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Tergite of A4 moderately arched, the gaster mildly recurved. Head and body foveolate, with very light striations on the sides of the mesosoma and with abundant short pilosity and abundant to absent pubescence. Color ferruginous to black.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FABC1495FA6C" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FABC1172FA8B" box="[199,279,1370,1393]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Queen.</emphasis>
|
||
Described only for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FE7AFABC12B0FA88" authority=": Similar" authorityName="Similar" box="[506,725,1369,1394]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="melaina">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE7AFABC1216FA88" box="[506,627,1369,1394]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">E. melaina</emphasis>
|
||
: Similar
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to worker but slightly larger and alate, with three ocelli, larger eyes, and the modifications of the thoracic sclerites typical for winged ponerine queens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FBF6FA9B1486FA6C" author="Xu, Z." box="[1142,1251,1405,1430]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="121 - 127" refId="ref169148" refString="Xu, Z. (1998) Two new record genera and three new species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) from China. Entomologia Sinica, 5, 121 - 127." type="journal article" year="1998">Xu, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FA4711D7FA40" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" box="[199,434,1441,1466]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FA47116DFA40" box="[199,264,1441,1466]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Male.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6BE2CE3FE8EFA44115DFA43" box="[270,312,1442,1465]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FA2011D9FA24" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" box="[199,444,1477,1502]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FA201174FA27" box="[199,273,1478,1501]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Larva.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6BE2CE3FE98FA201127FA27" box="[280,322,1478,1501]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Not</collectingRegion>
|
||
described.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47FA0F1569F9B0" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47FA0F118AF9F8" bold="true" box="[199,495,1513,1538]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FE75FA0C12E7F9FB" box="[501,642,1514,1537]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE75FA0C12E7F9FB" box="[501,642,1514,1537]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an unusual distribution, with collections known from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FA8FFA0F1535F9F8" box="[1295,1360,1513,1538]" name="Israel" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Israel</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FADBFA0F15F2F9F8" box="[1371,1431,1513,1538]" name="India" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FF17F9EB10B8F9DC" box="[151,221,1549,1574]" name="Nepal" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Nepal</collectingCountry>
|
||
, southern
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FED7F9EB11F8F9DC" box="[343,413,1549,1574]" name="China" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FE2CF9EB1279F9DC" box="[428,540,1549,1574]" name="Indonesia" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
|
||
, and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6BE2CE3FDDFF9EB12A0F9DC" box="[607,709,1549,1574]" name="Malaysia" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FD58F9EB13A9F9DC" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[728,972,1549,1574]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FC5BF9E8142EF9DC" author="Xu, Z." box="[987,1099,1549,1574]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="121 - 127" refId="ref169148" refString="Xu, Z. (1998) Two new record genera and three new species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) from China. Entomologia Sinica, 5, 121 - 127." type="journal article" year="1998">Xu, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FBDAF9EB156BF9DC" author="Varghese, T." box="[1114,1294,1549,1574]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="89 - 92" refId="ref165145" refString="Varghese, T. (2006) Description of a new species of the Ponerine ant genus, Emeryopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Karnataka, India. Biospectra, 1 (1), 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="2006">Varghese, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; pers. obs.). Collections are rare and probably underestimate the true range of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FCF6F9D41562F9B0" authority="(Baroni Urbani, 1975)" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[886,1287,1585,1610]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FCF6F9D41466F9B3" box="[886,1027,1586,1609]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FB92F9D7149AF9B0" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[1042,1279,1585,1610]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6BE2CE1FF47F9B313AEFD9A" lastPageId="195" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" type="biology_ecology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE3FF47F9B31381F893" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47F9B311B6F994" bold="true" box="[199,467,1621,1646]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
|
||
Basically nothing definite is known about the habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FBD9F9B01483F997" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1113,1254,1622,1645]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FBD9F9B01483F997" box="[1113,1254,1622,1645]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Based on their morphological characteristics and on collection data they are almost certainly cryptobiotic, and the rarity with which they are collected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FE46F97B12DFF94C" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[454,698,1693,1718]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani, 1975</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FD4AF978135CF94C" author="Xu, Z." box="[714,825,1693,1718]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="121 - 127" refId="ref169148" refString="Xu, Z. (1998) Two new record genera and three new species of Formicidae (Hymenoptera) from China. Entomologia Sinica, 5, 121 - 127." type="journal article" year="1998">Xu, 1998</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FCC9F97B139EF94C" author="Varghese, T." box="[841,1019,1693,1718]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="89 - 92" refId="ref165145" refString="Varghese, T. (2006) Description of a new species of the Ponerine ant genus, Emeryopone (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) from Karnataka, India. Biospectra, 1 (1), 89 - 92." type="journal article" year="2006">Varghese, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) suggests a low population density, though this may be an artifact of inadequate collection methods, as apparently has been the case with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17F9031104F904" box="[151,353,1765,1790]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Thaumatomyrmex" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17F9031104F904" box="[151,353,1765,1790]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Thaumatomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see under that genus). The extremely similar mandibular structure of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FB56F9001506F907" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1238,1379,1766,1789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FB56F9001506F907" box="[1238,1379,1766,1789]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17F8EF117BF8D8" box="[151,286,1801,1826]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17F8EF117BF8D8" box="[151,286,1801,1826]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
suggests a similar diet preference, and though the feeding habits of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FBDBF8EC148DF8DB" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1115,1256,1802,1825]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FBDBF8EC148DF8DB" box="[1115,1256,1802,1825]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have not been reported, some
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FEC3F8CB11AFF8BC" box="[323,458,1837,1862]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FEC3F8CB11AFF8BC" box="[323,458,1837,1862]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feed to a large degree on diplurans.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FCDDF8C8138FF8BF" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[861,1002,1838,1861]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FCDDF8C8138FF8BF" box="[861,1002,1838,1861]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may have a similar diet specialization. The downcurved gaster of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FE43F8B41235F893" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[451,592,1874,1897]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FE43F8B41235F893" box="[451,592,1874,1897]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
implies that it hunts in tight spaces.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BE2CE0FF47F893141DFF0D" blockId="193.[151,1437,685,2006]" lastBlockId="194.[151,1436,151,248]" lastPageId="194" lastPageNumber="195" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF47F8931286F874" bold="true" box="[199,739,1909,1934]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
|
||
The proper taxonomic status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FBF1F890149AF877" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1137,1279,1910,1933]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FBF1F890149AF877" box="[1137,1279,1910,1933]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is somewhat uncertain.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BE2CE3FE8EF87F11F9F848" author="Forel, A." box="[270,412,1945,1970]" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" pagination="761 - 774" refId="ref143011" refString="Forel, A. (1912) Descriptions provisoires de genres, sous-genres, et especes de Formicides des Indes orientales. Revue Suisse de Zoologie, 20, 761 - 774." type="journal article" year="1912">Forel (1912)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FD98F87C12C0F84B" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[536,677,1946,1969]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FD98F87C12C0F84B" box="[536,677,1946,1969]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the single species
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FC26F87C143CF848" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[934,1113,1945,1970]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buttelreepeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FC26F87C143CF848" box="[934,1113,1945,1970]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">E. buttelreepeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but noted its similarity with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BE2CE3FF17F85B117BF82C" box="[151,286,1981,2006]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="193" pageNumber="194" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BE2CE3FF17F85B117BF82C" box="[151,286,1981,2006]" italics="true" pageId="193" pageNumber="194">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, apparently separating it from that genus only by its lack of a medial tooth on the anterior clypeal margin (which is present in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FE65FF7F1217FF4A" authorityName="Mayr" authorityYear="1870" box="[485,626,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="attenuata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FE65FF7F1217FF4A" box="[485,626,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">B. attenuata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
but not in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FD7DFF7F1313FF4A" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[765,886,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FD7DFF7F1313FF4A" box="[765,886,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, described later) and implicitly by its obsolete metanotal groove.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BD2CE0FEE9FF5A1238FF2F" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[361,605,188,213]" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
later synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FCBCFF5B13ACFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[828,969,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FCBCFF5B13ACFF2E" box="[828,969,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FB98FF5A14FAFF2F" box="[1048,1183,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FB98FF5A14FAFF2F" box="[1048,1183,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, noting that those two characters are present in varying degrees in the other species he included in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FC6AFF391414FF02" box="[1002,1137,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FC6AFF391414FF02" box="[1002,1137,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DFA1B898A6BD2CE0FF17F86F145CF844" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120913/files/figure.png" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" startId="194.[151,250,1929,1951]" targetBox="[151,1436,301,1896]" targetPageId="194">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BD2CE0FF17F86F145CF844" blockId="194.[151,1436,1929,1982]" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FF17F86F1143F864" bold="true" box="[151,294,1929,1951]" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">FIGURE 45.</emphasis>
|
||
Worker caste of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FE6CF86C1298F865" authorityName="Forel" authorityYear="1912" box="[492,765,1929,1951]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="buttelreepeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FE6CF86C1298F865" box="[492,765,1929,1951]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Emeryopone buttelreepeni</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0104586, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BD2CE0FC33F84F1456F844" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[947,1075,1961,1982]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="194" pageNumber="195" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BD2CE0FC33F84F1456F844" box="[947,1075,1961,1982]" italics="true" pageId="194" pageNumber="195">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BC2CE1FF47FF711361FE72" blockId="195.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BC2CE1FF47FF7111B0FF4A" author="Baroni Urbani, C." box="[199,469,151,176]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="295 - 310" refId="ref132237" refString="Baroni Urbani, C. (1975) Contributo alla conoscenza dei generi Belonopelta Mayr e Leiopelta gen. n. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 48, 295 - 310." type="journal article" year="1975">Baroni Urbani’s (1975)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
synonymizing of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD2DFF7F135FFF4A" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[685,826,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FD2DFF7F135FFF4A" box="[685,826,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
under
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FC11FF71147DFF4A" box="[913,1048,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FC11FF71147DFF4A" box="[913,1048,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is undermined by his taxonomic treatment of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FEA8FF5A11CAFF2F" box="[296,431,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FEA8FF5A11CAFF2F" box="[296,431,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: he included both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD05FF5A1290FF2F" box="[645,757,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FD05FF5A1290FF2F" box="[645,757,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FCADFF5B13DEFF2E" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[813,955,189,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FCADFF5B13DEFF2E" box="[813,955,189,212]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as junior synonyms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB47FF5A152BFF2F" box="[1223,1358,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB47FF5A152BFF2F" box="[1223,1358,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, while removing
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FE8BFF0711E4FF02" authorityName="Mann" authorityYear="1922" box="[267,385,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="deletrix">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FE8BFF0711E4FF02" box="[267,385,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">B. deletrix</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
to the separate genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD05FF39128AFF02" authorityName="Baroni Urbani" authorityYear="1975" box="[645,751,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leiopelta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FD05FF39128AFF02" box="[645,751,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Leiopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Molecular evidence indicates that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB08FF071570FF02" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1160,1301,225,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB08FF071570FF02" box="[1160,1301,225,248]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is not even sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FF77FEE21102FEE7" box="[247,359,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Simopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FF77FEE21102FEE7" box="[247,359,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Simopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and there is no morphological evidence to suggest otherwise. Further, P.S. Ward (pers. comm.) has found that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FEC3FEC111AFFEBA" box="[323,458,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FEC3FEC111AFFEBA" box="[323,458,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
belongs to the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FDFEFEC11379FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Schmidt" baseAuthorityYear="2013" box="[638,796,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FDFEFEC11379FEBA" box="[638,796,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BC2CE1FC38FEC1140CFEBA" author="Schmidt, C." box="[952,1129,295,320]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
placed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB44FECF1534FEBA" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1220,1361,297,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB44FECF1534FEBA" box="[1220,1361,297,320]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FF17FEAB108FFE9E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[151,234,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FF17FEAB108FFE9E" box="[151,234,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group. Thus it is seems clear that the morphological similarities between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FBA7FEAA14CBFE9F" box="[1063,1198,332,357]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Belonopelta" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FBA7FEAA14CBFE9F" box="[1063,1198,332,357]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Belonopelta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB65FEAB1516FE9E" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[1253,1395,333,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB65FEAB1516FE9E" box="[1253,1395,333,356]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are the result of convergence rather than close relationship.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6BC2CE1FF47FE7213AEFD9A" blockId="195.[151,1436,151,608]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BC2CE1FF47FE7211E3FE57" author="Schmidt, C." box="[199,390,404,429]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
molecular phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD49FE72135CFE57" box="[713,825,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Ponerinae">Ponerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FC0DFE73147FFE56" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[909,1050,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FC0DFE73147FFE56" box="[909,1050,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB1AFE731489FE56" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1178,1260,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB1AFE731489FE56" box="[1178,1260,405,428]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus group as sister to the clade composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FDC4FE5F12F3FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[580,662,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FDC4FE5F12F3FE2A" box="[580,662,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD31FE5F133AFE2A" box="[689,863,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ectomomyrmex" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FD31FE5F133AFE2A" box="[689,863,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ectomomyrmex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FCFAFE5E139BFE35" authorityName=", Emery" authorityYear="1893" box="[890,1022,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Cryptopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FCFAFE5E139BFE35" box="[890,1022,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Cryptopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB98FE5E14D4FE35" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1048,1201,440,463]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Austroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB98FE5E14D4FE35" box="[1048,1201,440,463]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Austroponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB4CFE5F1505FE2A" authorityName="Schmidt & Shattuck" authorityYear="2014" box="[1228,1376,441,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Parvaponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB4CFE5F1505FE2A" box="[1228,1376,441,464]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Parvaponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FF17FE3A115CFE0F" box="[151,313,476,501]" class="Liliopsida" family="Orchidaceae" genus="Pseudoponera" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Plantae" order="Asparagales" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FF17FE3A115CFE0F" box="[151,313,476,501]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Pseudoponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Morphological evidence suggests that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FD73FE3B13E5FE0E" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[755,896,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FD73FE3B13E5FE0E" box="[755,896,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may actually be sister to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FB1BFE3B148BFE0E" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[1179,1262,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FB1BFE3B148BFE0E" box="[1179,1262,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as both genera share an overall similar gestalt and both have a fenestra in the subpetiolar process (absent in one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FA8EFDE71088FDC7" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FA8EFDE715FEFDE2" box="[1294,1435,513,536]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
species
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). They differ most obviously in their mandibles and in the vaulting of A4. A sister relationship between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FF17FDAF1141FD9A" baseAuthorityName="Baroni Urbani" baseAuthorityYear="1975" box="[151,292,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Emeryopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FF17FDAF1141FD9A" box="[151,292,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Emeryopone</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6BC2CE1FEDBFDAF11C8FD9A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1887" box="[347,429,585,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Ponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6BC2CE1FEDBFDAF11C8FD9A" box="[347,429,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="195" pageNumber="196">Ponera</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
cannot be statistically rejected (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6BC2CE1FC95FDA113DAFD9A" author="Schmidt, C." box="[789,959,583,608]" pageId="195" pageNumber="196" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |