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<document id="8C234DFD88922F582F59E267393920DC" ID-CLB-Dataset="5350" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d66f1b27-5891-4fa5-96e0-f75cb3ec2445" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10086256" ID-ZooBank="A3C10B34-7698-4C4D-94E5-DCF70B475603" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1623272878632" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Schmidt, C. A. &amp; Shattuck, S. O." docDate="2014" docId="03775906A6012CA2FF17FD52128CFCA6" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03817p242.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3817 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Phrynoponera Wheeler" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FF4E217EA67F2C22FF80FFE61065FFFA" masterDocTitle="The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior" masterLastPageNumber="242" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="127" updateTime="1699920028738" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="C1C2E7F0A99BF39C5BEFB1083E644E03">The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="017FF505A46B335CEF909E0A0F648301">Schmidt, C. A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="471B1FBE7E76700D14606A1DE894798A">Shattuck, S. O.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="E3A7174B0E88CEF6AEA06E28553EA653">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="D77957A5F589882C03610BCDE24666B4">2014</mods:date>
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<mods:classification id="DA78C8C160BC3F51A5D4CEE1E1F8694A">journal article</mods:classification>
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<treatment id="03775906A6012CA2FF17FD52128CFCA6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5117516" ID-GBIF-Taxon="183709947" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5117516" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03775906A6012CA2FF17FD52128CFCA6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03775906A6012CA2FF17FD52128CFCA6" lastPageId="128" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6012C5CFF17FD5211D3FD34" box="[151,438,692,718]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF17FD5211D3FD34" blockId="126.[151,438,692,751]" box="[151,438,692,718]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<heading id="D0295F7CA6012C5CFF17FD5211D3FD34" bold="true" box="[151,438,692,718]" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" reason="4">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF17FD5211D3FD34" ID-CoL="6PCT" ID-ENA="373797" authority="Wheeler" authorityName="Wheeler" box="[151,438,692,718]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FD5211D3FD34" bold="true" box="[151,438,692,718]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FD521120FD34" bold="true" box="[151,325,692,718]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
Wheeler
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6012C5CFF17FD301083FD15" box="[151,230,726,751]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF17FD301083FD15" blockId="126.[151,438,692,751]" box="[151,230,726,751]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<figureCitation id="13E5F495A6012C5CFF17FD301083FD15" box="[151,230,726,751]" captionStart="FIGURE 23" captionStartId="127.[151,250,1957,1979]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,193,1923]" captionTargetId="figure-51@127.[151,1436,193,1935]" captionTargetPageId="127" captionText="FIGURE 23. Worker caste of Phrynoponera gabonensis: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178229, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of Phrynoponera." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120866/files/figure.png" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Fig. 23</figureCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6012C5CFF17FCF812BCFC47" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF17FCF81126FCA9" blockId="126.[151,1436,798,851]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="ABCECF3EA6012C5CFF17FCF81126FCA9" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF17FCF8125BFCCE" ID-CoL="6PCT" authority="Wheeler, W. M., 1920: 52" authorityName="Wheeler, W. M." authorityPageNumber="52" authorityYear="1920" box="[151,574,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FCF8114FFCCE" box="[151,298,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
Wheeler, W.M., 1920: 52
</taxonomicName>
(as genus). Type-species:
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFCD9FCF8157EFCCE" authority="Andre, 1892: 50" authorityName="Andre" authorityPageNumber="50" authorityYear="1892" box="[857,1307,798,820]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabonensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFCD9FCF81407FCCE" box="[857,1122,798,820]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bothroponera gabonensis</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A7FCE01A6012C5CFBECFCF8157EFCCE" author="Andre, E." box="[1132,1307,798,820]" page="50" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" year="1892">
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFBECFCF8157EFCCE" author="Andre, E." box="[1132,1307,798,820]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="45 - 56" refId="ref131403" refString="Andre, E. (1892) Materiaux myrmecologiques. Revue d'Entomologie (Caen), 11, 45 - 56." type="journal article" year="1892">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFBECFCF814CBFCCE" box="[1132,1198,798,820]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">André</collectingRegion>
, 1892: 50
</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; by original designation.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF17FC9912BCFC47" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF17FC99115CFC62" ID-CoL="6PCT" box="[151,313,895,920]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FC99115CFC62" box="[151,313,895,920]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a small genus (five described species) restricted to the African tropics. Its sister group is unresolved and very little is known about its habits.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6012C5CFF47FC2115F9F92F" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47FC21155EFB4D" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47FC211124FC1A" bold="true" box="[199,321,967,992]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Diagnostic morphological apomorphies of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFCCCFC21138BFC1A" box="[844,1006,967,992]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFCCCFC21138BFC1A" box="[844,1006,967,992]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers include their posterodorsal propodeal spines and their squamiform, sweeping five-spined petiolar node. Propodeal spines or teeth also occur in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF17FBE9115AFBD2" box="[151,319,1039,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Streblognathus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FBE9115AFBD2" box="[151,319,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Streblognathus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFECFFBE912EAFBD2" box="[335,655,1039,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFECFFBE912EAFBD2" box="[335,655,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Pseudoneoponera bispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and some species of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFC13FBE9146DFBD2" box="[915,1032,1039,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFC13FBE9146DFBD2" box="[915,1032,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFBC4FBE914A3FBD2" authorityName="Roger. These" authorityYear="1863" box="[1092,1222,1039,1064]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Platythyrea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFBC4FBE914A3FBD2" box="[1092,1222,1039,1064]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Platythyrea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but these taxa all lack the unusual petiolar node of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFDB9FBD212BEFBB7" box="[569,731,1076,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFDB9FBD212BEFBB7" box="[569,731,1076,1101]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is autapomorphic within
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFBF1FBD21490FBB7" box="[1137,1269,1076,1101]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Formicidae</taxonomicName>
. Superficially,
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF17FBB1115CFB8A" box="[151,313,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF17FBB1115CFB8A" box="[151,313,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most resembles
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFE7DFBB112FCFB8A" box="[509,665,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFE7DFBB112FCFB8A" box="[509,665,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFD2DFBBF12B5FB8A" box="[685,720,1113,1136]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">s.s.</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFC96FBB11385FB8A" box="[790,992,1111,1136]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFC96FBB11385FB8A" box="[790,992,1111,1136]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but it is readily separated from these genera by the combination of propodeal spines, unusual petiole structure, and weak gastral constriction.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFAB2FB9A1158FB42" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFAB2FB9A151BFB6F" box="[1330,1406,1148,1173]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008b)
</bibRefCitation>
discuss additional diagnostic characters of the petiolar sternite and prora of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFB12FB791551FB42" box="[1170,1332,1183,1208]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFB12FB791551FB42" box="[1170,1332,1183,1208]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47FB2212A7FA22" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47FB2211A1FB27" bold="true" box="[199,452,1220,1245]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Synoptic description.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFE4CFB221247FB27" box="[460,546,1220,1245]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Worker.</emphasis>
Medium to large (TL
<quantity id="4C2645F5A6012C5CFCA2FB2213F7FB21" box="[802,914,1220,1245]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.5" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.0" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" unit="mm" value="8.5" valueMax="12.0" valueMin="5.0">5–12 mm</quantity>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFC1EFB2214C9FB27" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[926,1196,1220,1245]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFC1EFB22138FFB27" box="[926,1002,1220,1245]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008b
</bibRefCitation>
) robust ants with the standard characters of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFE12FB011191FAFA" baseAuthorityName="Forel" baseAuthorityYear="1917" box="[402,500,1255,1280]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Ponerini">Ponerini</taxonomicName>
. Mandibles subtriangular, with a basal groove. Frontal lobes large. Eyes moderately large and placed anterior of head midline. Metanotal groove obsolete or vestigial dorsally. Propodeum broad dorsally, with a pair of sharp teeth on the posterodorsal margin. Propodeal spiracle a short slit. Metatibial spur formula (1s, 1p). Petiole squamiform, the scale curving posteriorly and armed with five sharp teeth posterodorsally. Gaster without a distinct girdling constriction between pre- and postsclerites of A4. Head and body coarsely sculptured, with abundant pilosity and no pubescence. Color variable.
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFC46FA7A138AFA4F" box="[966,1007,1436,1461]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">See</collectingRegion>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFC79FA7A157DFA4F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1017,1304,1436,1461]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFC79FA7A1420FA4F" box="[1017,1093,1436,1461]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008b)
</bibRefCitation>
for a more detailed description of these and other characters.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47FA0211DFF9DA" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47FA021172FA01" box="[199,279,1508,1531]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Queen.</emphasis>
Similar to workers but alate, with three ocelli on the head and a transverse sulcus on the mesopleuron (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFF1EF9E111CBF9DA" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[158,430,1543,1568]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFF1EF9E11089F9DA" box="[158,236,1543,1568]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008b
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47F9CA129EF9BF" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" box="[199,763,1580,1605]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47F9CA116DF9BF" box="[199,264,1580,1605]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Male.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFE8EF9CA1153F9BF" box="[270,310,1580,1605]" country="South Sudan" name="Lakes" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">See</collectingRegion>
description in
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFE5EF9CA1292F9BF" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[478,759,1580,1605]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFE5EF9CA124FF9BF" box="[478,554,1580,1605]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008b)
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47F9B711D9F992" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" box="[199,444,1615,1640]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47F9B71174F992" box="[199,273,1617,1640]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Larva.</emphasis>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFE98F9B61127F99D" box="[280,322,1616,1639]" country="Cameroon" name="North" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Not</collectingRegion>
described.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47F99215F9F92F" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47F9921195F977" bold="true" box="[199,496,1652,1677]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Geographic distribution.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFE78F99212FFF977" box="[504,666,1652,1677]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFE78F99212FFF977" box="[504,666,1652,1677]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
occurs in the forests of tropical Africa, with most species restricted to central Africa.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFEE5F97F1267F94A" authorityName="André" authorityYear="1892" box="[357,514,1687,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabonensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFEE5F97F1267F94A" box="[357,514,1687,1712]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. gabonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has the widest range, occurring from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6012C5CFC40F97E1423F94A" box="[960,1094,1687,1712]" name="Ivory Coast" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Ivory Coast</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6012C5CFBF0F97E14DCF94A" box="[1136,1209,1688,1712]" name="Kenya" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Kenya</collectingCountry>
and from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6012C5CFAB6F9711519F94A" box="[1334,1404,1687,1712]" name="Sudan" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Sudan</collectingCountry>
to
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6012C5CFF17F95A1088F92F" box="[151,237,1724,1749]" name="Angola" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Angola</collectingCountry>
.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFF77F95B111EF92F" authorityName="Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[247,379,1724,1749]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pulchella">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF77F95B111EF92F" box="[247,379,1724,1749]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">P. pulchella</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, likely the sister to the rest of the genus, is known only from
<collectingCountry id="F3C9A880A6012C5CFBAAF95A1416F92E" box="[1066,1139,1724,1748]" name="Kenya" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Kenya</collectingCountry>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFB01F95A15F4F92F" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1153,1425,1724,1749]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">Bolton &amp; Fisher, 2008b</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3C4BB9BA6012CA2FF47F939128CFCA6" lastPageId="128" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6012C5CFF47F9391434F857" blockId="126.[151,1437,895,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFF47F93911BDF902" bold="true" box="[199,472,1759,1784]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Ecology and behavior.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFE63F9391360F902" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[483,773,1759,1784]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFE63F939124AF902" box="[483,559,1759,1784]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher (2008b)
</bibRefCitation>
summarized what little is known about the ecology and behavior of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFE9FF8E211A4F8E7" box="[287,449,1796,1821]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFE9FF8E211A4F8E7" box="[287,449,1796,1821]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. These ants inhabit forests and nest in rotten wood, soil (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFBC4F8E21536F8E7" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[1092,1363,1796,1821]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFBC4F8E214F7F8E7" box="[1092,1170,1796,1821]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
&amp; Fisher, 2008b
</bibRefCitation>
), or in termite mounds (Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFE31F8CF118EF8BA" box="[433,491,1831,1856]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
, 1996, 1997). They are infrequently collected in the leaf litter (
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFB40F8C110B5F89F" author="Belshaw, R. &amp; Bolton, B." pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="5 - 16" refId="ref132600" refString="Belshaw, R. &amp; Bolton, B. (1994) A survey of the leaf litter ant fauna in Ghana, West Africa. Journal of Hymenoptera Research, 3, 5 - 16." type="journal article" year="1994">
Belshaw &amp;
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6012C5CFAC9F8C115FDF8BA" box="[1353,1432,1831,1856]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Bolton</collectingRegion>
, 1994
</bibRefCitation>
) and are apparently generalist predators (Déjean
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFD79F8AB1354F89F" box="[761,817,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
, 1999). The unusual petiole structure of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6012C5CFB7AF8AA15F9F89F" box="[1274,1436,1868,1893]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6012C5CFB7AF8AA15F9F89F" box="[1274,1436,1868,1893]" italics="true" pageId="126" pageNumber="127">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
presumably evolved for defensive purposes, but the identity of the predator(s) involved is unknown. Many specimens examined by
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6012C5CFE29F872120DF857" author="Wheeler, W. M." box="[425,616,1940,1965]" pageId="126" pageNumber="127" pagination="631 - 710" refId="ref167817" refString="Wheeler, W. M. (1922 b) Ants of the American Museum Congo expedition. A contribution to the myrmecology of Africa. VII. Keys to the genera and subgenera of ants. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 45, 631 - 710." type="journal article" year="1922">Wheeler (1922b)</bibRefCitation>
were extracted from the stomachs of toads.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DFA1B898A6002C5DFF17F843142EF823" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10120866" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10120866" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10120866/files/figure.png" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" startId="127.[151,250,1957,1979]" targetBox="[151,1436,193,1923]" targetPageId="127">
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6002C5DFF17F843142EF823" blockId="127.[151,1436,1956,2009]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6002C5DFF17F8431143F840" bold="true" box="[151,294,1957,1979]" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">FIGURE 23.</emphasis>
Worker caste of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6002C5DFE6CF8421298F840" baseAuthorityName="Andre" baseAuthorityYear="1892" box="[492,765,1956,1978]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabonensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6002C5DFE6CF8421298F840" box="[492,765,1956,1978]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Phrynoponera gabonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
: lateral and dorsal view of body and full-face view of head (CASENT0178229, April Nobile and www.antweb.org); world distribution of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6002C5DFC33F8251420F823" box="[947,1093,1987,2009]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="127" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6002C5DFC33F8251420F823" box="[947,1093,1987,2009]" italics="true" pageId="127" pageNumber="128">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF47FF7112EDFE09" blockId="128.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF47FF711289FF4A" bold="true" box="[199,748,151,176]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phylogenetic and taxonomic considerations.</emphasis>
Wheeler (1920, 1922b) erected
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FB03FF711540FF4A" box="[1155,1317,151,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FB03FF711540FF4A" box="[1155,1317,151,176]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to house
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FF5A11A5FF2F" authorityName="André" authorityYear="1892" box="[151,448,188,213]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gabonensis">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FF5A11A5FF2F" box="[151,448,188,213]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bothroponera gabonensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FF2CA2FE4FFF5A1270FF2F" box="[463,533,188,213]" country="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines" name="Saint Andrew" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">André</collectingRegion>
and several new species. He believed that these taxa were distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FF391156FF02" box="[151,307,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FF391156FF02" box="[151,307,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(including
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE3CFF3912E3FF02" box="[444,646,223,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE3CFF3912E3FF02" box="[444,646,223,248]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which we consider to be a separate genus) based on a number of characters. He noted that
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE39FEE21292FEE7" box="[441,759,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="bispinosa">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE39FEE21292FEE7" box="[441,759,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pseudoneoponera bispinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FCAFFEE313CDFEE7" baseAuthorityName="Jerdon" baseAuthorityYear="1851" box="[815,936,260,285]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufipes">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FCAFFEE313CDFEE7" box="[815,936,260,285]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Ps. rufipes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
each have a morphological character that is reminiscent of the condition in
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE73FEC112F0FEBA" box="[499,661,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE73FEC112F0FEBA" box="[499,661,295,320]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(propodeal spines in the former and a denticulate squamiform petiole in the latter), but believed that these characters were independently derived. In their recent revision of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FE891214FE72" authority=", Bolton &amp; Fisher (2008 b)" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,625,367,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FE89115AFE72" box="[151,319,367,392]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FECCFE891214FE72" author="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L." box="[332,625,367,392]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="35 - 52" refId="ref133610" refString="Bolton, B. &amp; Fisher, B. L. (2008 b) The Afrotropical ponerine ant genus Phrynoponera Wheeler (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Zootaxa, 1892, 35 - 52." type="journal article" year="2008">Bolton &amp; Fisher (2008b)</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
agreed with this assessment, and noted an additional morphological similarity between
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FEF0FE721277FE57" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[368,530,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FEF0FE721277FE57" box="[368,530,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and both
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FD06FE721349FE57" box="[646,812,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Asphinctopone" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FD06FE721349FE57" box="[646,812,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Asphinctopone</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FCE5FE721460FE57" box="[869,1029,404,429]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Brachyponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FCE5FE721460FE57" box="[869,1029,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Brachyponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a similarity that they believed was also convergently derived.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FE5BFE5E12E5FE2A" author="Brown, W. L. Jr." box="[475,640,439,464]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="161 - 185" refId="ref134603" refString="Brown, W. L. Jr. (1973) A comparison of the Hylean and Congo-West African rain forest ant faunas. In: Meggers, B. J., Ayensu, E. S. &amp; Duckworth, W. D. (Eds.), Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C., pp. 161 - 185." type="book chapter" year="1973">Brown (1973)</bibRefCitation>
provisionally synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FC54FE511413FE2A" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[980,1142,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FC54FE511413FE2A" box="[980,1142,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FB44FE511506FE2A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1220,1379,439,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FB44FE511506FE2A" box="[1220,1379,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FF17FE3A1150FE0F" author="Bolton, B." box="[151,309,476,501]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" refId="ref133375" refString="Bolton, B. (1994) Identification guide to the ant genera of the world. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., 222 pp." type="book" year="1994">
<collectingRegion id="491A26F2A6FF2CA2FF17FE3A1086FE0F" box="[151,227,476,501]" country="United Kingdom" name="Bolton" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bolton</collectingRegion>
(1994)
</bibRefCitation>
revived it to full genus status.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B61E810A6FF2CA2FF47FDE6128CFCA6" blockId="128.[151,1437,151,861]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">
We continue to treat
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE3DFE19123AFDE2" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[445,607,511,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE3DFE19123AFDE2" box="[445,607,511,536]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct genus. Morphologically it is quite different from all other genera, with several autapomorphies in both sexes.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FC91FDC213D6FDC7" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[785,947,548,573]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FC91FDC213D6FDC7" box="[785,947,548,573]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
workers superficially resemble those of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FF17FDA11156FD9A" box="[151,307,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FF17FDA11156FD9A" box="[151,307,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FEC5FDAF110DFD9A" box="[325,360,585,608]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">s.s.</emphasis>
) and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE2CFDA11213FD9A" box="[428,630,583,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE2CFDA11213FD9A" box="[428,630,583,608]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as all three are characterized by a robust build, strong sculpturing, an obsolete metanotal groove, and a broad propodeal dorsum. On the other hand, all of these characters have evolved independently in other ponerines on multiple occasions, so they are not likely to be good phylogenetic markers.
<bibRefCitation id="EF4F95E1A6FF2CA2FF17FD521133FD37" author="Schmidt, C." box="[151,342,692,717]" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" pagination="201 - 250" refId="ref161753" refString="Schmidt, C. (2013) Molecular phylogenetics of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Ponerinae). Zootaxa, 3647 (2), 201 - 250. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3647.2.1" type="journal article" year="2013">Schmidt's (2013)</bibRefCitation>
molecular phylogeny places
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FD1FFD521324FD37" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[671,833,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FD1FFD521324FD37" box="[671,833,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
with strong support within the
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FB23FD521528FD37" box="[1187,1357,692,717]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FB23FD521528FD37" box="[1187,1357,692,717]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
group, but does not resolve its sister group.
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FDC2FD311281FD0A" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[578,740,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FDC2FD311281FD0A" box="[578,740,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is certainly not closely related to
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FBEFFD311568FD0A" baseAuthorityName="Emery" baseAuthorityYear="1900" box="[1135,1293,727,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pachycondyla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FBEFFD311568FD0A" box="[1135,1293,727,752]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pachycondyla</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but a sister relationship with either
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE27FD1A1226FCEF" box="[423,579,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Bothroponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE27FD1A1226FCEF" box="[423,579,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Bothroponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
or
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FDECFD1A1353FCEF" box="[620,822,764,789]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Pseudoneoponera" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FDECFD1A1353FCEF" box="[620,822,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Pseudoneoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
cannot be rejected at this time. Interestingly, the best supported sister group of
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FE44FCF91203FCC2" authorityName=", Bolton &amp; Fisher" authorityYear="2008" box="[452,614,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Phrynoponera" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FE44FCF91203FCC2" box="[452,614,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Phrynoponera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FD0EFCF91366FCC2" box="[654,771,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FD0EFCF91366FCC2" box="[654,771,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Anochetus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4CDE9393A6FF2CA2FCC1FCF9138EFCC2" box="[833,1003,799,824]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="128" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9AA3402A6FF2CA2FCC1FCF9138EFCC2" box="[833,1003,799,824]" italics="true" pageId="128" pageNumber="129">Odontomachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, though it is difficult to identify any morphological synapomorphies linking these genera.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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