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1607 lines
290 KiB
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<document ID-DOI="10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" ID-GBIF-Dataset="63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c" ID-ISSN="1937-2809" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839134" approvalRequired="2" approvalRequired_for_document="1" approvalRequired_for_treatments="1" checkinTime="1641953418090" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Upchurch, Paul, Mannion, Philip D., Xu, Xing & Barrett, Paul M." docDate="2021" docId="03E9F1245541FFB1146A27A6476AAFB3" docLanguage="en" docName="JVertebrPaleontol.41.4.1-31.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology (e 1994414) 41 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414" docTitle="Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong 1997" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFD0895C5542FFB8171C2576422EA938" masterDocTitle="Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods" masterLastPageNumber="31" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1657310793207" updateUser="tatiana" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-NC-ND-4.0">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Re-assessment of the Late Jurassic eusauropod dinosaur Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum Dong, 1997, from the Turpan Basin, China, and the evolution of hyper-robust antebrachia in sauropods</mods:title>
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Upchurch, Paul</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-8823-4164</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">upchurch@ucl.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart>Mannion, Philip D.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0002-9361-6941</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">philipdmannion@gmail.com</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Xu, Xing</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:affiliation>Key Laboratory of Evolutionary Systematics of Vertebrates, Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology & Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100044, China & CAS Center of Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Beijing, 100044, China</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">xu.xing@ivpp.ac.cn</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Barrett, Paul M.</mods:namePart>
|
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="ORCID">0000-0003-0412-3000</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC 1 E 6 BT, U. K. & Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW 7 5 BD, U. K.</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">p.barrett@nhm.ac.uk</mods:nameIdentifier>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title>Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology</mods:title>
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<mods:date>2021</mods:date>
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<mods:title>e 1994414</mods:title>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2021-12-13</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>41</mods:number>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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<mods:start>1</mods:start>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:url>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1080/02724634.2021.1994414</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">63c003fa-6802-4643-9ca5-e78b6293197c</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">1937-2809</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">5839134</mods:identifier>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839117" ID-GBIF-Taxon="192000897" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839117" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9F1245541FFB1146A27A6476AAFB3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E9F1245541FFB1146A27A6476AAFB3" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection box="[886,1423,720,742]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[886,1423,546,769]" box="[886,1423,720,742]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
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||
<taxonomicName authority="Dong, 1997" box="[886,1423,720,742]" class="Reptilia" family="Mamenchisauridae" genus="Hudiesaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Dinosauria" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sinojapanorum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1296,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">HUDIESAURUS SINOJAPANORUM</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[1303,1423,720,742]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[1100,1209,746,769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[886,1423,546,769]" box="[1100,1209,746,769]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1110,1200,746,769]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionStartId-1="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionStartId-2="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetBox-1="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetBox-2="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId-0="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetId-1="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetId-2="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[808,1479,826,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,1026,826,848]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Original Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1026,1050,827,848]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
Re-written from
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[1224,1399,826,848]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" page="102" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997:102)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: (1) top of neural spine of anterior dorsal vertebra forms a ‘U’-shaped shallow cleft; (2) wing-like process between bases of postzygapophyses and lateral margin of neural spine; (3) anteriorly directed laterally compressed ‘sword-like’ process on anterior face of neural spine; (4) deep pleurocoels on lateral faces of the centrum; (5) midline keel on the ventral surface of the centrum.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[808,1479,826,1968]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[832,1177,1013,1035]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Comments on Original Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[1177,1201,1014,1035]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">—</emphasis>
|
||
The original diagnosis provided by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[902,1033,1040,1062]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
can now be shown to be inadequate. Putative autapomorphies 1, 4, and 5 are present in several other sauropod genera. For example, shallow ‘U’-shaped bifurcation of the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal neural spines also occurs in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Young and Chao, 1972)" baseAuthorityName="Young and Chao" baseAuthorityYear="1972" box="[902,1324,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[902,1073,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Young and Chao" box="[1085,1314,1146,1168]" firstAuthor="Young" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A)" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 30" part="8" refId="ref38351" refString="Young, C. C., and X. - J. Chao. 1972. Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A) 8: 1 - 30." title="Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov" type="journal article" year="1972">Young and Chao, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1334,1478,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhao" box="[815,929,1173,1195]" firstAuthor="Zhao" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="132 - 138" part="31" refId="ref38484" refString="Zhao, X. - J. 1993. [A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 31: 132 - 138. [In Chinese with English summary]" title="A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China" type="journal article" year="1993">Zhao, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[940,1122,1173,1195]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1142,1250,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1142,1250,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wiman" box="[1262,1396,1173,1195]" firstAuthor="Wiman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Sinica Series C" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 67" part="6" refId="ref37830" refString="Wiman, C. 1929. Die Kriede-Dinosaurier aus Shantung. Palaeontologia Sinica Series C 6: 1 - 67." title="Die Kriede-Dinosaurier aus Shantung" type="journal article" year="1929">Wiman, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[856,959,1200,1222]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), several turiasaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Royo-Torres" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1925 - 1927" part="314" refId="ref36092" refString="Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos, and L. Alcala. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925 - 1927." title="A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade" type="journal article" year="2006">Royo-Torres et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres" box="[877,925,1226,1248]" firstAuthor="Royo-Torres" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="14311" part="7" refId="ref36125" refString="Royo-Torres, R., P. Upchurch, J. I. Kirkland, D. D. DeBlieux, J. R. Foster, A. Cobos, and L. Alcala. 2017. Descendants of the Jurassic turiasaurs from Iberia found refuge in the Early Cretaceous of western USA. Scientific Reports 7: 14311. doi. org / 10.1038 / s 41598 - 017 - 14677 - 2" title="Descendants of the Jurassic turiasaurs from Iberia found refuge in the Early Cretaceous of western USA" type="journal article" year="2017">2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Britt" box="[946,1140,1226,1248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="189 - 243" part="32" refId="ref31304" refString="Britt, B. B., R. D. Scheetz, M. F. Whiting, and D. R. Wilhite. 2017. Moabosaurus utahensis, n. gen., n. sp., a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 32: 189 - 243." title="Moabosaurus utahensis, n. gen., n. sp., a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America" type="journal article" year="2017">Britt et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1171,1320,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1171,1320,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn and Mook" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="247 - 387" part="3" refId="ref35100" refString="Osborn, H. F., and C. C. Mook. 1921. Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series 3: 247 - 387." title="Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope" type="book chapter" year="1921">Osborn and Mook, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[950,1101,1253,1275]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="347 - 384" part="10" refId="ref32580" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1925. A nearly complete articulated skeleton of Camarasaurus, a saurischian dinosaur from the Dinosaur National Monument. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 10: 347 - 384." title="A nearly complete articulated skeleton of Camarasaurus, a saurischian dinosaur from the Dinosaur National Monument" type="journal article" year="1925">Gilmore, 1925</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Borsuk-Bialynicka" authorityYear="1977" box="[1175,1374,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Opisthocoelicaudia" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1175,1374,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Opisthocoelicaudia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977), among others. Deep lateral pneumatic openings (= ‘pleurocoels’) are widespread in the presacral centra of many eusauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1020,1261,1333,1355]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1020,1126,1333,1355]" pageId="3" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and a ventral keel is also present in the cervicodorsal region of several other taxa, including
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[917,1244,1386,1408]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[917,1244,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ. 2010),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1157,1305,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[931,1373,1440,1462]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,1042,1440,1462]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[1059,1362,1440,1462]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. It is not entirely clear what
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[1018,1152,1466,1488]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
meant by the ‘wing-like’ processes (putative autapomorphy ‘2’), as their location was neither fully described nor annotated in his figures. However, it seems likely that these are merely the typical posterolateral projection of the postzygapophyses, rather than unusual processes. Finally, the ‘sword-like’ anterior process is not part of a novel articulation with the hyposphene of a preceding vertebra (contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[892,1013,1653,1675]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: see Description, below); rather, it appears to be a transversely compressed sheet of ossified intervertebral ligament. Ossification of such ligaments and tendons is rare, but not unheard of, among sauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1295,1444,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1295,1444,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[= ‘
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Jensen" authorityYear="1988" box="[814,961,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Cathetosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[814,961,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Cathetosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
’]
|
||
<emphasis box="[995,1052,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">lewisi</emphasis>
|
||
[
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Jensen" box="[1077,1222,1760,1782]" firstAuthor="Jensen" journalOrPublisher="Great Basin Naturalist" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="121 - 145" part="48" refId="ref33584" refString="Jensen, J. A. 1988. A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and sauropod bipedalism. Great Basin Naturalist 48: 121 - 145." title="A fourth new sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic of the Colorado Plateau and sauropod bipedalism" type="journal article" year="1988">Jensen, 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
];
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Marsh" authorityYear="1878" box="[1256,1376,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Diplodocus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1256,1376,1760,1782]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Diplodocus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
[
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1401,1478,1760,1782]" class="Reptilia" family="Colubridae" genus="Usnm" kingdom="Animalia" order="Squamata" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">USNM</taxonomicName>
|
||
10865;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[883,1034,1786,1808]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the United States National Museum" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 21" part="81" refId="ref32616" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1932. On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 81: 1 - 21." title="On a newly mounted skeleton of Diplodocus in the United States National Museum" type="journal article" year="1932">Gilmore, 1932</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; PU pers. observ., 1991]; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cerda" firstAuthor="Cerda" journalOrPublisher="Ameghiniana" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="193 - 198" part="46" refId="ref31709" refString="Cerda, I. A. 2009. Consideraciones sobre la histogenesis de las costillas cervicales en los dinosaurios sauropodos. Ameghiniana 46: 193 - 198." title="Consideraciones sobre la histogenesis de las costillas cervicales en los dinosaurios sauropodos" type="journal article" year="2009">Cerda, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Klein" box="[870,1052,1813,1835]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Klein" journalOrPublisher="Biology Letters" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="1032 - 1035" part="8" refId="ref33618" refString="Klein, N., A. Christian, and P. M. Sander. 2012. Histology shows that elongated neck ribs in sauropod dinosaurs are ossified tendons. Biology Letters 8: 1032 - 1035." title="Histology shows that elongated neck ribs in sauropod dinosaurs are ossified tendons" type="journal article" year="2012">Klein et al., 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cerda" box="[1067,1255,1813,1835]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Cerda" journalOrPublisher="Royal Society Open Science" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" pagination="150369" part="2" refId="ref31737" refString="Cerda, I. A., G. A. Casal, R. D. Martinez, and L. M. Ibiricu. 2015. Histological evidence for a supraspinous ligament in sauropod dinosaurs. Royal Society Open Science 2: 150369. doi. org / 10.1098 / rsos. 150369" title="Histological evidence for a supraspinous ligament in sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2015">Cerda et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the presence of such a feature is more likely to represent individual variation, pathology, and/or unusual preservation, rather than an autapomorphy. If this feature is to be accepted as having some diagnostic value, this must wait until it is found repeatedly in other individuals of
|
||
<emphasis box="[957,1086,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-Table-UUID="DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" startId="3.[106,181,1592,1612]" targetBox="[106,776,1671,1952]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[106,776,1592,1635]" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
TABLE 1. Measurements of the posterior cervical vertebra of
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,368,1615,1635]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
|
||
(IVPP V11120). All measurements in mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<table box="[106,776,1671,1952]" gridcols="2" gridrows="12" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1671,1691]" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<th box="[106,622,1671,1691]" gridcol="0" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Description</th>
|
||
<th box="[648,776,1671,1691]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Measurement</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1705,1725]" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1705,1725]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Anteroposterior length of centrum (including condyle)</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1705,1725]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">466</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1728,1748]" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1728,1748]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Anteroposterior length of centrum (excluding condyle)</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1728,1748]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">376</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1751,1771]" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1751,1771]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Dorsoventral height of centrum (posterior surface)</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1751,1771]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">351</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1773,1793]" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1773,1793]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Transverse width of centrum (posterior surface)</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1773,1793]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">398</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1796,1816]" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1796,1816]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Maximum transverse width across prezygapophyses</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1796,1816]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">539</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1819,1839]" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1819,1839]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Maximum transverse width across postzygapophyses</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1819,1839]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">439</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1841,1861]" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1841,1861]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Height of postzygapophyses above dorsal margin of</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1841,1861]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">295</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1864,1884]" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1864,1884]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">centrum</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1887,1907]" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1887,1907]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Transverse width across prezygapophyseal articular</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1887,1907]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">178</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1909,1929]" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="3" rowspan-1="1">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1909,1929]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">surface</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr box="[106,776,1932,1952]" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<td box="[106,622,1932,1952]" gridcol="0" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">Transverse width across metapophyses</td>
|
||
<td box="[648,776,1932,1952]" gridcol="1" gridrow="11" pageId="3" pageNumber="3">177</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="4" startId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" targetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[107,1478,1707,1895]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">
|
||
FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,755,1707,1727]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
|
||
(IVPP V11120; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1005,1023,1707,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">A</emphasis>
|
||
, right lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1200,1214,1708,1727]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">B</emphasis>
|
||
, left lateral view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1378,1393,1707,1726]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">C</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[162,178,1731,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">D</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior view.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[337,469,1731,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[483,559,1731,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">acc.proc</emphasis>
|
||
, accessory process;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[749,813,1731,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">ACDL</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1173,1231,1731,1750]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">CPOF</emphasis>
|
||
, centropostzygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[168,230,1755,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">CPOL</emphasis>
|
||
, centropostzygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[565,622,1755,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">CPRF</emphasis>
|
||
, centroprezygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[932,992,1755,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">CPRL</emphasis>
|
||
, centroprezygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1320,1348,1755,1774]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">dia</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[107,129,1779,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">lig</emphasis>
|
||
, ossified intervertebral ligament;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[442,471,1780,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">mp</emphasis>
|
||
, metapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[620,645,1780,1799]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">mt</emphasis>
|
||
, median tubercle;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[819,881,1779,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">PCDL</emphasis>
|
||
, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1245,1321,1779,1798]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">POCDF</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[393,457,1803,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">PODL</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[752,785,1804,1823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">poz</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[969,992,1804,1823]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">pp</emphasis>
|
||
, parapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1137,1212,1803,1822]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">PRCDF</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[165,228,1827,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">PRDL</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[516,596,1827,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">PRDL.k</emphasis>
|
||
, kink in PRDL;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[754,784,1827,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">prz</emphasis>
|
||
, prezygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[961,1001,1827,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">SDF</emphasis>
|
||
, spinodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1250,1305,1827,1846]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">SPOF</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[242,300,1851,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">SPOL</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[618,675,1851,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">SPRL</emphasis>
|
||
, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[984,1044,1851,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">TPOL</emphasis>
|
||
, interpostzygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1356,1415,1851,1870]" pageId="4" pageNumber="4">TPRL</emphasis>
|
||
, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" startId="5.[106,195,973,993]" targetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[106,1479,973,1089]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of
|
||
<emphasis box="[504,767,973,993]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
|
||
(IVPP V11120; holotype).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1023,1041,973,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">A</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal view;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1172,1186,973,992]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">B</emphasis>
|
||
, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[810,942,997,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[958,1022,997,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">ACDL</emphasis>
|
||
, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1391,1472,997,1016]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">d.ACDL</emphasis>
|
||
, dorsal branch of ACDL;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[348,423,1021,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">l.ACDL</emphasis>
|
||
, lateral branch of ACDL;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[680,708,1021,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">dia</emphasis>
|
||
, diapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[845,884,1021,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">?epi</emphasis>
|
||
, epipophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1020,1053,1021,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">poz</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1241,1321,1021,1040]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">PRDL.k</emphasis>
|
||
, kink in PRDL;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[106,152,1045,1064]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">prz.p</emphasis>
|
||
, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[576,630,1045,1064]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">SDF.c</emphasis>
|
||
, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1105,1163,1045,1064]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">SPOL</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[106,776,1195,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,330,1195,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Revised Diagnosis</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[330,485,1195,1217]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">—Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
can be diagnosed on the basis of the following autapomorphies: (1) small projection on neurocentral junction above lateral pneumatic opening; (2) ACDL splits into upper and lower branches (the former extends to anterodorsal margin of the diapophysis, and the latter to posteroventral margin of the diapophysis, where it meets the anterior end of the PCDL); (3) approximately transverse row of 5–6 small coels on dorsal surface of prezygapophyseal process, immediately posterior to articular facet; (4) SPRLs bifurcate close to the base of the metapophysis, with one branch extending up anterior surface and fading out before reaching the summit, and the other branch forming a thin sheet that extends along the anterolateral margin of the metapophysis to the summit; and (5) SPOL bifurcates into two distinct ridges immediately above postzygapophysis (or this could be described as a short lamina extending dorsomedially from the PODL to the SPOL). N.B., portions of the PRDLs and diapophyses have been heavily restored with plaster, so autapomorphy 2 should be treated with caution.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<materialsCitation ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3434810301" country="China" county="Shanshan County" location="Lower part of the Kalazha Formation (Upper Jurassic: upper Kimmeridgian - Tithonian) of Qiketai" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uyghur" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[106,776,1195,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,229,1703,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[130,229,1703,1724]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[229,253,1703,1724]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
A nearly complete vertebra from the cervicodorsal region (estimated to be the last cervical vertebra; IVPP V11120) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[116,204,1755,1778]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 2" captionStart-1="FIGURE 3" captionStart-2="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionStartId-1="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionStartId-2="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox-0="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetBox-1="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetBox-2="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId-0="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetId-1="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetId-2="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionTargetPageId-2="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." captionText-2="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" figureDoi-2="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Figs. 2–4</figureCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<tableCitation box="[215,291,1755,1777]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[106,181,1592,1612]" captionTargetBox="[106,776,1671,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120). All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). N.B.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[368,499,1755,1777]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified this
|
||
<specimenCount box="[652,749,1755,1777]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="generic">specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
as an anterior dorsal vertebra, but we regard it as being more probably a posterior cervical vertebra (see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[106,776,1195,1964]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[130,356,1836,1858]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Locality and Horizon</emphasis>
|
||
<emphasis box="[355,379,1836,1857]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E9F1245541FFB1146A27A6476AAFB3:8E9F16E95547FFBD1667225A412AAE64" country="China" county="Shanshan County" name="Lower part of the Kalazha Formation (Upper Jurassic: upper Kimmeridgian - Tithonian) of Qiketai" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" stateProvince="Xinjiang Uyghur">Lower part of the Kalazha Formation (Upper Jurassic: upper Kimmeridgian–Tithonian) of Qiketai</location>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCounty box="[106,292,1889,1911]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Shanshan County</collectingCounty>
|
||
, Turpan Basin,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[456,633,1889,1911]" country="China" name="Xinjiang Uygur" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Xinjiang Uyghur</collectingRegion>
|
||
Autonomous Region,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[196,259,1916,1938]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[273,395,1916,1938]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Deng" box="[408,586,1916,1938]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Deng" journalOrPublisher="Acta Geoscientia Sinica" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="559 - 574" part="36" refId="ref32135" refString="Deng, S., S. Wang, Z. Yang, Y. Lu, X. Li, Q. Hu, C. An, D. Xi, and X. Wan. 2015. Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang. Acta Geoscientia Sinica 36: 559 - 574." title="Comprehensive study of the Middle-Upper Jurassic strata in the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang" type="journal article" year="2015">Deng et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fang" box="[599,770,1916,1938]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Fang" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Asian Earth Sciences" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="294 - 308" part="129" refId="ref32359" refString="Fang, Y., C. Wu, Y. Wang, L. Wang, Z. Guo, and H. Hu. 2016. Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 129: 294 - 308." title="Stratigraphic and sedimentary characteristics of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata in the Junggar Basin, Central Asia: tectonic and climate implications" type="journal article" year="2016">Fang et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<figureCitation box="[106,164,1942,1964]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[107,196,743,763]" captionTargetBox="[146,1439,161,717]" captionTargetId="figure-813@2.[145,1440,160,718]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Map showing Xinjiang Autonomous Region in China, with a magnified inset showing the approximate location of the Hudiesaurus specimens within Shanshan County." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839136" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839136/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[808,1120,1195,1217]" box="[808,1120,1195,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<heading bold="true" box="[808,1120,1195,1217]" fontSize="9" level="3" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" reason="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[808,1120,1195,1217]" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Description and Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</heading>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[808,1478,1236,1951]" lastBlockId="6.[107,777,1252,1968]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[832,969,1236,1258]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
identified the holotype of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1276,1407,1236,1258]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
as an anterior dorsal vertebra; however, it also resembles a posteriormost cervical vertebra in several features. Even with well-preserved presacral series, it is often difficult to define the point where the neck meets the trunk in sauropods: this is because the morphology of the posterior cervical vertebrae gradually transforms into that of the most anterior dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[815,1131,1422,1444]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[958,1064,1422,1444]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[1152,1366,1422,1444]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite some occasional doubts and apparent inconsistencies, we have generally accepted the identifications of the cervical-dorsal junction proposed by previous workers for other taxa. However, in the case of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[933,1255,1529,1551]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,1255,1529,1551]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401), we note that the suggested 19 cervical and 12 dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Young and Chao" box="[815,1080,1582,1604]" firstAuthor="Young" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A)" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 30" part="8" refId="ref38351" refString="Young, C. C., and X. - J. Chao. 1972. Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A) 8: 1 - 30." title="Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov" type="journal article" year="1972">Young and Chao, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is likely to be incorrect. This is because ‘Dv2’ possesses a hyposphene (PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010), which would be atypical for such an anterior dorsal vertebra: a hyposphene does not usually appear until Dv3 or Dv4 in sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1083,1318,1689,1711]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1083,1189,1689,1711]" pageId="5" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We therefore propose provisionally that
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[1084,1403,1716,1738]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="5" pageNumber="5" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1084,1403,1716,1738]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had 18 cervical and 13 dorsal vertebrae. Given the difficulties of pinpointing the cervical-dorsal junction in even well preserved and complete presacral series, identifying the precise position of an isolated vertebra (such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1229,1822,1844]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
) is even more problematic. Below, we compare the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1139,1270,1849,1871]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="5">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra with both the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae of other sauropods. The majority of features support a position as either the last cervical or the first dorsal vertebra, with the former being more probable based on some features that are uniquely shared by
|
||
<emphasis box="[218,349,1279,1301]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and the last cervical vertebra (Cv18) of
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,242,1306,1327]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
. This identification, of course, depends on the assumption that
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[290,504,1332,1354]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
were correct when they placed the cervical-dorsal junction of
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,640,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
between the 18th and 19th presacral vertebrae (counting from the head).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5839142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" startId="6.[107,196,982,1002]" targetBox="[123,761,161,958]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[107,777,982,1146]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of
|
||
<emphasis box="[513,777,982,1002]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum</emphasis>
|
||
(IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[638,770,1054,1073]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Abbreviations</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[107,157,1078,1097]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">AHL</emphasis>
|
||
, accessory horizontal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[443,465,1078,1097]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">lig</emphasis>
|
||
, ossified intervertebral ligament;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[107,171,1102,1121]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">PODL</emphasis>
|
||
, postzygodiapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[479,537,1102,1121]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SPOL</emphasis>
|
||
, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina;
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[181,238,1126,1145]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">SPRL</emphasis>
|
||
, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[107,777,1252,1968]" lastBlockId="6.[808,1479,160,1968]" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The
|
||
<emphasis box="[178,309,1412,1434]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra is relatively complete, although the PRDLs and transverse processes have been partly reconstructed (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[203,322,1465,1487]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As in the cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae of most eusauropods, it has a strongly opisthocoelous centrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[212,337,1519,1541]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[367,429,1519,1541]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), differing from the amphiplatyan/amphicoelous presacral vertebrae of most non-gravisaurian sauropodomorphs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[317,491,1572,1594]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[317,425,1572,1594]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" box="[512,652,1572,1594]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="57 - 90" part="77" refId="ref37108" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. M. Galton. 2007 a. A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 57 - 90." title="A phylogenetic analysis of basal sauropodomorph relationships: implications for the origin of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2007" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[672,776,1572,1594]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2007a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Yates" box="[256,378,1599,1621]" firstAuthor="Yates" journalOrPublisher="Special Papers in Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="9 - 55" part="77" refId="ref38173" refString="Yates, A. M. 2007. The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria). Special Papers in Palaeontology 77: 9 - 55." title="The first complete skull of the Triassic dinosaur Melanorosaurus Haughton (Sauropodomorpha: Anchisauria)" type="journal article" year="2007">Yates, 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Allain and Aquesbi" box="[395,674,1599,1621]" firstAuthor="Allain" journalOrPublisher="Geodiversitas" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="345 - 424" part="30" refId="ref30494" refString="Allain, R., and N. Aquesbi. 2008. Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco. Geodiversitas 30: 345 - 424." title="Anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Tazoudasaurus naimi (Dinosauria, Sauropoda) from the late Early Jurassic of Morocco" type="journal article" year="2008">Allain and Aquesbi, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McPhee" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="McPhee" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="151 - 205" part="171" refId="ref34798" refString="McPhee, B. W., A. M. Yates, J. N. Choiniere, and F. Abdala, 2014. The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 171: 151 - 205." title="The complete anatomy and phylogenetic relationships of Antetonitrus ingenipes (Sauropodiformes, Dinosauria): implications for the origins of Sauropoda" type="journal article" year="2014">McPhee et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In anterior or posterior view, the centrum is subcircular in outline, being slightly wider transversely than dorsoventrally (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[180,258,1679,1701]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[106,181,1592,1612]" captionTargetBox="[106,776,1671,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120). All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
), as is typical for the cervicodorsal vertebrae of neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[266,496,1705,1727]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and some earlier-branching forms such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[318,440,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[459,719,1732,1754]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[459,719,1732,1754]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,228,1759,1781]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Bellusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,228,1759,1781]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Bellusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[246,451,1759,1781]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and references therein). This contrasts with the transversely compressed middle–posterior cervical centra of many other East Asian eusauropods, including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,239,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,239,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Ksepka & Norell" authorityYear="2006" box="[251,322,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Erketu" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[251,322,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Erketu</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[334,443,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,443,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[456,776,1839,1861]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[456,776,1839,1861]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401), and
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,478,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[495,666,1865,1887]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[495,603,1865,1887]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[247,452,1892,1914]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[470,673,1892,1914]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010), as well as most rebbachisaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[114,361,1946,1968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Functional (i.e., excluding the anterior convexity) Average Elongation Index (FAEI) is 1.0 in the
|
||
<emphasis box="[850,981,186,208]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra. FAEIs tend to decrease towards the cervical-dorsal junction compared with those for middle cervical vertebrae, and a value close to 1.0 is compatible with a position either as the last cervical or one of the first two dorsal vertebrae of a non-diplodocine sauropod (
|
||
<tableCitation box="[1146,1240,293,315]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="3.[106,181,1592,1612]" captionTargetBox="[106,776,1671,1952]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of the posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120). All measurements in mm." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" tableUuid="DF3F10BA5541FFBB1776234E412AAF5B">Table S1</tableCitation>
|
||
in Supplemental Data 1). As in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[921,1246,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[921,1246,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1159,1307,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; contra
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhao" box="[952,1074,373,395]" firstAuthor="Zhao" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="132 - 138" part="31" refId="ref38484" refString="Zhao, X. - J. 1993. [A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 31: 132 - 138. [In Chinese with English summary]" title="A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China" type="journal article" year="1993">Zhao, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1212,373,395]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many flagellicaudatans (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1180,1421,399,421]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1180,1286,399,421]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the ventral surface of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1044,1175,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
centrum is strongly concave transversely as well as anteroposteriorly over its whole length, and is bounded by ventrolaterally directed ridges (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[1341,1462,479,501]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). A prominent midline ridge is present within the ventral concavity, as also found in dicraeosaurids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1210,1382,533,555]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1210,1318,533,555]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cv17–Dv1 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1032,1472,560,582]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1032,1143,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[1160,1462,560,582]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, posterior cervicals to Dv2 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1154,1302,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Cv13–18 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1010,1145,614,635]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[1162,1360,613,635]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Dv1 (= ‘Cv19’) in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[965,1291,640,662]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[965,1291,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[808,1479,160,1968]" lastBlockId="7.[106,777,160,1968]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="7" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The parapophysis is located at the anteroventral corner of the lateral surface of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1131,1187,720,742]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This position is typical for sauropod cervical vertebrae, although it also occurs in Dv1 in most taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[936,1192,773,795]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[936,1042,773,795]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), including
|
||
<emphasis box="[1330,1478,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[815,1021,800,822]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[1047,1373,800,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1047,1373,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010), and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1343,1478,827,848]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[815,1015,853,875]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and in Dv1 and 2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1275,1386,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1097,1281,880,902]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1097,1228,880,902]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1299,1405,880,902]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[921,1050,906,928]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, there is no indication that the shallowly concave articular surface of the parapophysis was fused to a rib: this is more consistent with this specimen being a dorsal, rather than cervical, vertebra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hatcher" box="[1054,1201,986,1008]" firstAuthor="Hatcher" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 63" part="1" refId="ref33082" refString="Hatcher, J. B. 1901. Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 1: 1 - 63." title="Diplodocus (Marsh): its osteology, taxonomy, and probable habits, with a restoration of the skeleton" type="journal article" year="1901">Hatcher, 1901</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Gilmore" box="[1213,1360,986,1008]" firstAuthor="Gilmore" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="175 - 300" part="11" refId="ref32651" refString="Gilmore, C. W. 1936. Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 11: 175 - 300." title="Osteology of Apatosaurus with special reference to specimens in the Carnegie Museum" type="journal article" year="1936">Gilmore, 1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="McIntosh" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" firstAuthor="McIntosh" journalOrPublisher="University California Press, Berkeley" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="345 - 401" refId="ref34750" refString="McIntosh, J. S. 1990. Sauropoda; pp. 345 - 401 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska (eds.), The Dinosauria (First Edition). University California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (First Edition)" year="1990">McIntosh, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[867,1030,1013,1035]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[867,973,1013,1035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1041,1270,1013,1035]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1041,1145,1013,1035]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[1281,1463,1013,1035]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, rib–vertebra fusion is not an infallible indicator that a vertebra is a cervical (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[1032,1219,1066,1088]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): for example, the ribs of Cv17 and 18 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[979,1302,1093,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[979,1302,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401) are not fused to the parapophyses (PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010). The dorsal surface of the parapophysis is excavated in
|
||
<emphasis box="[843,972,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, and this depression is continuous with the lateral pneumatic opening, as seen in the cervical vertebrae of many non-neosauropod eusauropods, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1307,1428,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1307,1428,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,929,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Chebsaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,929,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Chebsaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[954,1278,1253,1275]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1049 - 1074" part="45" refId="ref36970" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin, J. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45: 1049 - 1074." title="The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[954,1060,1253,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Martin, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[1302,1350,1253,1275]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="208 - 231" part="23" refId="ref37007" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin. 2003. The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 208 - 231." title="The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1374,1478,1253,1275]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mahammed" box="[947,1193,1280,1302]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mahammed" journalOrPublisher="Comptes Rendus Palevol" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="707 - 714" part="4" refId="ref33926" refString="Mahammed, F., E. Lang, L. Mami, L. Mekahli, M. Benhamou, B. Bouterfa, A. Kacemi, S. Cherief, H. Chaouati, and P. Taquet. 2005. The " Giant of Ksour ", a Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from Algeria. Comptes Rendus Palevol 4: 707 - 714." title="The " Giant of Ksour ", a Middle Jurassic sauropod dinosaur from Algeria" type="journal article" year="2005">Mahammed et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Many neosauropods also have dorsally excavated cervical parapophyses, but such taxa typically possess a ridge that divides this depression from the lateral pneumatic opening (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1122,1297,1360,1382]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1122,1227,1360,1382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1049 - 1074" part="45" refId="ref36970" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin, J. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45: 1049 - 1074." title="The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1320,1421,1360,1382]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Martin, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[946,993,1386,1408]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="208 - 231" part="23" refId="ref37007" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin. 2003. The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 208 - 231." title="The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The lateral pneumatic opening of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1351,1478,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
is small and deep, with a rounded, wide anterior margin that is positioned dorsal to the parapophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1159,1214,1440,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posteriorly, this opening is bounded dorsally by a sharp ridge that runs posteroventrally, giving the posterior margin an acute profile. Such a ridge is unusual in sauropods, only being reported previously in Cv17 and 18 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[920,1050,1547,1568]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[1067,1261,1546,1568]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 15, 16, and 18), and confirmed as absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1095,1343,1573,1595]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1095,1343,1573,1595]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the latter study. Dorsal vertebrae 1 and 2 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1167,1344,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1167,1294,1600,1622]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
have a ridge bounding the lateral pneumatic opening dorsally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1374,1478,1626,1648]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but this differs from the condition in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1351,1478,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[860,991,1681,1702]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
by extending further anteriorly (i.e., to the anterior end of the opening) and being horizontal rather than posteroventrally inclined. In
|
||
<emphasis box="[1071,1196,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, this ridge merges into the centrum-arch junction, where there is a small, laterally extending projection on each side (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1055,1109,1786,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="6">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
): the latter is unique and is regarded as an autapomorphy. The presence of lateral pneumatic openings with oval outlines (i.e., strongly rounded and dorsoventrally wide anterior margins and acute posterior ends) in anterior dorsal vertebrae has frequently been regarded as a derived character state uniting Macronaria or a slightly less inclusive clade (e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1371,1474,1920,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[869,1083,1946,1968]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="6" pageNumber="6" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, they are also seen in Dv1 and 2 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[200,348,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[363,557,160,182]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the anterior dorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[273,394,186,208]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Bellusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[273,394,186,208]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Bellusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[480,776,186,208]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Haplocanthosaurus priscus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[113,353,213,235]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and indeterminate cervicodorsal vertebrae from the Late Jurassic Shishugou Formation of China (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[113,325,266,288]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[390,519,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the lateral pneumatic opening is not as elongate as those found in either the cervical centra of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Upchurch and Martin, 2002)" baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[212,660,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[212,333,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[351,651,320,342]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1049 - 1074" part="45" refId="ref36970" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin, J. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45: 1049 - 1074." title="The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2002">Upchurch and Martin, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or several Jurassic Chinese taxa (such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[415,586,346,368]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Dashanpusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[415,586,346,368]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Dashanpusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[635,770,347,368]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Daanosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[635,770,347,368]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Daanosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Peng" bookContentInfo="236 pp." box="[106,271,373,395]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Peng" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan People' s Publishing House, Chengdu" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" refId="ref35400" refString="Peng, G., Y. Ye, Y. Gao, C. Shu, and S. Jiang. 2005. Jurassic dinosaur faunas in Zigong. Sichuan People' s Publishing House, Chengdu, 236 pp." title="Jurassic dinosaur faunas in Zigong" type="book" year="2005">Peng et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ye" box="[283,425,373,395]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Ye" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="175 - 181" part="43" refId="ref38248" refString="Ye, Y., Y. - H. Gao, and S. Jiang. 2005. A new genus of sauropod from Zigong, Sichuan. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 43: 175 - 181." title="A new genus of sauropod from Zigong, Sichuan" type="journal article" year="2005">Ye et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Indeed,
|
||
<emphasis box="[529,657,373,395]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
possesses a lateral pneumatic opening that is largely restricted to the anterior two-thirds of the centrum (excluding the anterior articular convexity), a derived condition seen in the cervical vertebrae of many CMTs (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[334,481,480,502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Qijianglong, Xinjiangtitan" authorityName="Qijianglong, Xinjiangtitan" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,770,480,502]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,228,506,528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[243,378,507,528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[402,511,506,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[402,511,506,528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Whitlock" box="[182,342,533,555]" firstAuthor="Whitlock" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="872 - 915" part="161" refId="ref37504" refString="Whitlock, J. A. 2011. A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 161: 872 - 915." title="A phylogenetic analysis of Diplodocoidea (Saurischia: Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2011">Whitlock, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[357,552,533,555]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the relatively small size and anterior location of the lateral pneumatic opening is also consistent with the
|
||
<emphasis box="[482,613,586,608]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra being from the anterior dorsal region. The oblique accessory lamina that divides the lateral pneumatic opening into anterior and posterior sections in the cervical vertebrae of several non-neosauropod eusauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Klamelisaurus, Xinjiangtitan" authorityName="Klamelisaurus, Xinjiangtitan" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[414,589,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus, Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and many neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" box="[524,660,720,742]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[672,776,720,742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[249,444,746,768]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) is not present in
|
||
<emphasis box="[645,776,746,768]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[116,175,773,795]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). While its absence is more compatible with an identification of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[249,380,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
specimen as being an anterior dorsal vertebra, the oblique lamina is also sometimes absent in posterior-most cervical vertebrae, such as Cv18 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010), Cv17 and 18 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[277,412,907,928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[428,622,906,928]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Cv17 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[106,534,933,955]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,217,933,955]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[231,523,933,955]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The lateral pneumatic opening becomes shallower posteriorly in
|
||
<emphasis box="[578,707,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, as is typical for most sauropod cervical vertebrae (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[650,770,986,1008]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[650,770,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[106,239,1014,1035]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Patagosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,239,1014,1035]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Patagosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the CCG V 20401 specimen of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=": Bonaparte, 1986" authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonaparte" box="[253,419,1040,1062]" firstAuthor="Bonaparte" journalOrPublisher="Annales de Paleontologie (Vert. - Invert.)" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="325 - 386" part="72" refId="ref31020" refString="Bonaparte, J. F. 1986. Les dinosaures (carnosaures, allosaurides, sauropodes, cetiosaurides) du Jurassique Moyen de Cerro Condor (Chubut, Argentine) (Part 2). Annales de Paleontologie (Vert. - Invert.) 72: 325 - 386." title="Les dinosaures (carnosaures, allosaurides, sauropodes, cetiosaurides) du Jurassique Moyen de Cerro Condor (Chubut, Argentine) (Part 2)" type="journal article" year="1986">Bonaparte, 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[431,711,1040,1062]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1049 - 1074" part="45" refId="ref36970" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin, J. 2002. The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur. Palaeontology 45: 1049 - 1074." title="The Rutland Cetiosaurus: The anatomy and relationships of a Middle Jurassic British sauropod dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2002">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[431,533,1040,1062]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Martin, 2002
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" box="[723,770,1040,1062]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="208 - 231" part="23" refId="ref37007" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin. 2003. The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 208 - 231." title="The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England" type="journal article" year="2003">2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[106,777,160,1968]" lastBlockId="7.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
Measured on the anterior surface, the ratio of the dorsoventral height of the neural arch (from the dorsal surface of the centrum to the ventromedial tips of the prezygapophyses) to centrum height is low (∼0.35) in
|
||
<emphasis box="[384,513,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. With the exception of comparably low neural arches in some somphospondylans and
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,344,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[106,230,1226,1248]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, this ratio is ≥0.5 in the posterior cervical vertebrae of other eusauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Bonaparte" box="[443,670,1253,1275]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Bonaparte" journalOrPublisher="Cretaceous Research" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="364 - 376" part="27" refId="ref31071" refString="Bonaparte J. F., B. J. Gonzalez Riga, and S. Apesteguia. 2006. Ligabuesaurus leanzai gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Sauropoda), a new titanosaur from the Lohan Cura Formation (Aptian, Lower Cretaceous) of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina. Cretaceous Research 27: 364 - 376." title="Ligabuesaurus leanzai gen. et sp. nov. (Dinosauria, Sauropoda), a new titanosaur from the Lohan Cura Formation (Aptian, Lower Cretaceous) of Neuquen, Patagonia, Argentina" type="journal article" year="2006">Bonaparte et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[308,437,1280,1302]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the prezygapophyses project forward to a point beyond the anterior end of the condyle (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such projection is typical for the posterior cervical and anterior dorsal vertebrae of many sauropods: for example, in
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,254,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
it is only posterior to Dv5 that the prezygapophyses no longer project beyond the anterior articulation of the centrum (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[251,448,1440,1462]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, this contrasts with the condition in taxa like
|
||
<emphasis box="[379,561,1466,1488]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[379,510,1466,1488]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, where the prezygapophyses no longer project beyond the anterior end of the centrum from Cv12 rearwards (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[464,724,1520,1542]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[464,570,1520,1542]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,235,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the prezygapophyses are large and broad, with transversely convex articular surfaces (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[512,589,1573,1595]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionTargetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetId="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Sauropods typically have flat prezygapophyseal articular surfaces plesiomorphically, but the derived, strongly convex condition is also present in the cervical vertebrae of diplodocines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[509,675,1653,1675]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="365 - 390" part="349" refId="ref36915" refString="Upchurch, P. 1995. The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 349: 365 - 390." title="The evolutionary history of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[509,617,1653,1675]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1995
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and the CMTs
|
||
<emphasis box="[409,557,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[572,767,1680,1702]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[155,290,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[307,507,1706,1728]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as the anterior dorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[335,664,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[335,664,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010). The zygapophyses have several small, irregularly shaped coels on their dorsal surfaces (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[176,300,1813,1835]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In the case of the prezygapophyses, these coels form a line of 5–6 adjacent pits, separated from each other by small anteroposteriorly directed ridges, located immediately posterior to the articular facet (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[497,575,1893,1915]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionTargetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetId="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 3A</figureCitation>
|
||
). These might represent a pneumatized internal tissue structure that has been revealed by erosion of the surface bone: however, their presence in the same position on both prezygapophyses suggests that they are not taphonomic artifacts. We therefore regard these coels as external pneumatic features and as autapomorphic for
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,937,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. The thin, medial edges of the prezygapophyses descend steeply to meet each other on the midline and form a single lamina extending down to the top of the small, subcircular neural canal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[963,1044,320,342]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2C</figureCitation>
|
||
); this is probably the “well developed medial lamina” of
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[1002,1178,346,368]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" page="103" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997:103)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, here termed the interprezygapophyseal lamina (TPRL) according to a revised version of Wilson’ s (1999) system (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp and Mateus" box="[1118,1407,399,421]" firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref36651" refString="Tschopp, E., and O. Mateus. 2013. The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11: 853 - 888." title="The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">Tschopp and Mateus, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This TPRL partially subdivides the centroprezygapophyseal fossa (CPRF) into left and right subfossae. A TPRL is absent from the posterior cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1215,1326,479,501]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1036,1171,507,528]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[1185,1376,506,528]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the anterior dorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1102,1250,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Moore et al., 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="2020" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[891,1077,560,582]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, although it is present in several other sauropods (e.g., there is a short, stout version on the posterior cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1031,1212,613,635]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1031,1162,613,635]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1224,1462,613,635]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1224,1328,613,635]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The centroprezygapophyseal laminae (CPRLs) of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1347,1478,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
are large and stout (as in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1098,1219,666,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1098,1219,666,688]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch and Martin" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="208 - 231" part="23" refId="ref37007" refString="Upchurch, P., and J. Martin. 2003. The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 208 - 231." title="The anatomy and taxonomy of Cetiosaurus (Saurischia: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic of England" type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1236,1340,666,688]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Martin, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and do not bifurcate at their dorsal ends, unlike those of the cervical vertebrae of several diplodocids (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1299,1468,720,742]" firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="43 - 103" part="124" refId="ref36945" refString="Upchurch, P. 1998. The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124: 43 - 103." title="The phylogenetic relationships of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1299,1407,720,742]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many non-neosauropod eusauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[1263,1462,746,768]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), such as those on Cv18 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1104,1239,774,795]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[1257,1462,773,795]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The stout, single CPRLs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1103,1234,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
more closely resemble those of anterior dorsal vertebrae in taxa such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1325,1472,826,848]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, although the former lacks the accessory laminae seen in the PRCDF of the latter taxon (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[1105,1299,880,902]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In lateral view, the CPRLs slope anterodorsally and are subparallel with the PCDLs (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[905,1018,933,955]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
), a configuration also seen in the cervical and anterior-most dorsal vertebrae (i.e., Dv1 and 2) of many sauropods. By contrast, in Dv3 and 4 of most taxa, these laminae become more vertical, and are fully vertical from around Dv5 onwards, as seen in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1316,1040,1062]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Thus, the orientation of the CPRLs further supports the view that the
|
||
<emphasis box="[960,1091,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra is either a cervical or one of the most anterior dorsal vertebrae. As in the cervical vertebrae of some non-neosauropod eusauropods (including
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1339,1471,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Shunosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1339,1471,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Shunosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1051,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[808,932,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1069,1228,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Chuanjiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[1296,1417,1173,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1296,1417,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) and many diplodocoids, pre-epipophyses are absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1342,1472,1200,1222]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. This contrasts with most CMTs, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1277,1425,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,1062,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1062,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1182,1302,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Bellusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1182,1302,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Bellusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1316,1425,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1316,1425,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and many other neosauropods, in which these projections are welldeveloped (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[932,1233,1306,1328]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1066,1172,1306,1328]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[1249,1471,1306,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="98 - 206" part="168" refId="ref34376" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, R. N. Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013. Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 168: 98 - 206." title="Osteology of the Late Jurassic Portuguese sauropod dinosaur Lusotitan atalaiensis (Macronaria) and the evolutionary history of basal titanosauriforms" type="journal article" year="2013">Mannion et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[808,867,1333,1355]" firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[882,1076,1333,1355]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, pre-epipophyses are typically absent in the dorsal vertebrae of sauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[808,914,1386,1408]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so the condition in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1200,1331,1386,1408]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
might merely reflect a location in the anterior dorsal series.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[808,1478,160,1968]" lastBlockId="8.[106,777,160,1968]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="8" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">
|
||
The transverse processes are short and project laterally and slightly ventrally (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[993,1112,1466,1488]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong, 1997</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although it is difficult to ascertain how genuine this morphology is, given the degree of plaster restoration. If the transverse processes are truly pendant, then this is consistent with this specimen being either a cervical or very anterior dorsal vertebra (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[1075,1316,1573,1595]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1075,1181,1573,1595]" pageId="7" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, the shift from pendant to horizontal transverse processes occurs between Cv18 and Dv2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[1157,1477,1626,1648]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1157,1477,1626,1648]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010), from Cv17 to Dv2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[899,1352,1680,1702]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[899,1010,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[1030,1342,1680,1702]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and more abruptly between Cv18 and Dv1 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1211,1346,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wu" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Wu" journalOrPublisher="Global Geology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="437 - 446" part="32" refId="ref37962" refString="Wu, W. - H., C. - F. Zhou, O. Wings, T. Sekiya, and Z. - M. Dong. 2013. A new gigantic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Shanshan, Xinjiang. Global Geology 32: 437 - 446." title="A new gigantic sauropod dinosaur from the Middle Jurassic of Shanshan, Xinjiang" type="journal article" year="2013">Wu et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[879,1096,1733,1755]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1297,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the transverse process lies some distance below the level of the zygapophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,874,1786,1808]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), as is typical for posterior cervical and the most anterior dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[998,1199,1813,1835]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="7" pageNumber="7" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Prominent anterior and posterior centrodiapophyseal laminae (ACDLs, PCDLs) extend anteroventrally and posteroventrally, respectively, at approximately 45° to the horizontal (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1215,1276,1893,1915]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The presence of an ACDL is consistent with this specimen being either a cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra: for example, in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1282,1429,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="7">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the ACDL is present in Dv1 and 2 as a separate lamina, and in Dv3 and 4 merges into the CPRL (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[413,601,186,208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="247 - 387" part="3" refId="ref35100" refString="Osborn, H. F., and C. C. Mook. 1921. Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series 3: 247 - 387." title="Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope" type="book chapter" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="639 - 653" part="19" refId="ref37535" refString="Wilson, J. A. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639 - 653." title="A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">Wilson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). As the ACDL approaches the transverse process in
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,236,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, it bifurcates to form two laminae that extend along the ventral and anterior surfaces of the transverse process (potentially as far as the distal articular end) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[685,760,293,315]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionTargetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetId="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3B</figureCitation>
|
||
). The more posterior of these laminae merges into the posteroventral margin of the transverse process, where it meets the anterodorsal end of the PCDL. This posteriorly bifurcate ACDL appears to be unique to
|
||
<emphasis box="[391,521,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. The relatively steeply inclined PCDL is consistent with the identification of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,238,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra as a posterior-most cervical or an anterior dorsal vertebra: this lamina is typically close to horizontal in cervical vertebrae but tends to become more steeply inclined in the cervicodorsal region (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[339,640,533,555]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[472,578,533,555]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Sauropods display some variation in this regard, although this might also reflect inconsistent identification of the cervical-dorsal junction. For example, PCDLs remain shallowly inclined even in the most posterior cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[509,632,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xing" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xing" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="889701" part="35" refId="ref38017" refString="Xing, L, T. Miyashita, J. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Ye, T. Sekiya, F. Wang, and P. J. Currie. 2015. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35: e 889701. doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.2014.889701" title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids" type="journal article" year="2015">Xing et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 12F), but they become increasingly steep from Cv16 to 18 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[173,498,693,715]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[173,498,693,715]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[407,537,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the prezygodiapophyseal lamina (PRDL) extends anterodorsally from the transverse process to the prezygapophysis at a moderate angle (c. 30°) to the horizontal, whereas the postzygodiapophyseal lamina (PODL) is nearly vertical (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[269,325,826,848]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). The anterior margin of the PRDL forms a convex projection or ‘kink’ (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[400,464,853,875]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[476,488,853,875]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionTargetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetId="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">3</figureCitation>
|
||
) that is potentially homologous with the apomorphically convex ventral margin seen in the middle and posterior cervical vertebrae of several CMTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Unlike the condition in the cervicodorsal vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Klamelisaurus" authorityName="Klamelisaurus" box="[137,409,960,982]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[137,246,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[262,409,960,982]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some additional CMT specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[176,369,986,1008]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), the PODL is not bifid ventrally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[106,777,160,1968]" lastBlockId="8.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The posterior margins of the postzygapophyses terminate some distance anterior to the posterior margin of the centrum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[705,761,1040,1062]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). This condition is a derived state when it occurs in posterior cervical vertebrae, which is seen in several non-neosauropod eusauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[240,487,1120,1142]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[240,362,1120,1142]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Omeisaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
tianfuensis
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="He" bookContentInfo="143 pp." box="[510,692,1120,1142]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="He" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref33150" refString="He, X. - L., K. Li, and K. - J. Cai. 1988. The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis. Sichuan Publishing House of Science and Technology, Chengdu. 143 pp. [In Chinese, English summary]" title="The Middle Jurassic Dinosaur Fauna from Dashanpu, Zigong, Sichuan. Vol IV. Sauropod Dinosaurs (2). Omeisaurus tianfuensis" type="book" year="1988">He et al., 1988</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 23;
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[107,372,1146,1168]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,372,1146,1168]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
—
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ouyang and Ye" bookContentInfo="111 pp." box="[396,669,1146,1168]" firstAuthor="Ouyang" journalOrPublisher="Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" refId="ref35285" refString="Ouyang, H., and Y. Ye. 2002. The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi. Sichuan Science and Technology Press, Chengdu, 111 pp." title="The first mamenchisaurian skeleton with complete skull: Mamenchisaurus youngi" type="book" year="2002">Ouyang and Ye, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 18C;
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,287,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Chuanjiesaurus—</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sekiya" box="[287,420,1173,1195]" firstAuthor="Sekiya" journalOrPublisher="Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 54" part="10" refId="ref36397" refString="Sekiya, T. 2011. Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China. Memoir of the Fukui Prefectural Dinosaur Museum 10: 1 - 54." title="Re-examination of Chuanjiesaurus anaensis (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Middle Jurassic Chuanjie Formation, Lufeng County, Yunnan Province, southwest China" type="journal article" year="2011">Sekiya, 2011</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 14;
|
||
<emphasis box="[509,653,1173,1195]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Qijianglong—</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xing" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xing" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="889701" part="35" refId="ref38017" refString="Xing, L, T. Miyashita, J. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Ye, T. Sekiya, F. Wang, and P. J. Currie. 2015. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35: e 889701. doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.2014.889701" title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids" type="journal article" year="2015">Xing et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 12F;
|
||
<emphasis box="[256,411,1200,1221]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Xinjiangtitan—</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[411,608,1200,1222]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 15 and 16;
|
||
<emphasis box="[107,205,1226,1248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Jobaria—</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[205,413,1226,1248]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and early diverging macronarians (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[164,310,1253,1275]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[164,310,1253,1275]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Osborn and Mook" box="[326,583,1253,1275]" firstAuthor="Osborn" journalOrPublisher="Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="247 - 387" part="3" refId="ref35100" refString="Osborn, H. F., and C. C. Mook. 1921. Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope. Memoirs of the American Museum of Natural History, New Series 3: 247 - 387." title="Camarasaurus, Amphicoelias, and other sauropods of Cope" type="book chapter" year="1921">Osborn and Mook, 1921</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:pl. LXVII), but is typically absent in many diplodocoids, including
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[648,776,1280,1302]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Apatosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apatosaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
ajax
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[168,419,1306,1328]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="National Science Museum Monographs" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 108" part="26" refId="ref37271" refString="Upchurch, P., Y. Tomida, and P. M. Barrett. 2004 b. A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA. National Science Museum Monographs 26: 1 - 108." title="A new specimen of Apatosaurus ajax (Sauropoda: Diplodocidae) from the Morrison Formation (Upper Jurassic) of Wyoming, USA" type="journal article" year="2004" yearSuffix="b">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[168,272,1306,1328]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004b
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[446,592,1307,1328]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[446,592,1307,1328]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch" box="[612,770,1306,1328]" firstAuthor="Janensch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica (Supplement VII)" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="37 - 133" part="2" refId="ref33512" refString="Janensch, W. 1929. Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 2: 37 - 133." title="Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">Janensch, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch" box="[107,154,1333,1355]" firstAuthor="Janensch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="299 - 308" part="7" refId="ref33535" refString="Janensch, W. 1936. Ein aufgestelltes Skelett von Dicraeosaurus hansemanni. Palaeontographica (Supplement 7): 299 - 308." title="Ein aufgestelltes Skelett von Dicraeosaurus hansemanni" type="journal article" year="1936">1936</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:table I, fig. 11a), and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[411,543,1334,1355]" class="Reptilia" family="Rebbachisauridae" genus="Limaysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[411,543,1334,1355]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Limaysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Calvo and Salgado" firstAuthor="Calvo" journalOrPublisher="GAIA" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="13 - 33" part="11" refId="ref31375" refString="Calvo, J. O., and L. Salgado. 1995. Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae. GAIA 11: 13 - 33." title="Rebbachisaurus tessonei sp. nov. a new Sauropoda from the Albian-Cenomanian of Argentina; new evidence on the origin of the Diplodocidae" type="journal article" year="1995">Calvo and Salgado, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 8B) (see also
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp and Mateus" box="[370,668,1360,1382]" firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref36651" refString="Tschopp, E., and O. Mateus. 2013. The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11: 853 - 888." title="The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">Tschopp and Mateus, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poropat" box="[263,484,1386,1408]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Poropat" journalOrPublisher="Scientific Reports" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="34467" part="6" refId="ref35717" refString="Poropat, S. F., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, S. A. Hocknull, B. P. Kear, M. Kundrat, T. R. Tischler, T. Sloan, G. H. K. Sinapius, J. A. Elliott, and D. A. Elliott. 2016. New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography. Scientific Reports 6: 34467. doi. org / 10.1038 / srep 34467" title="New Australian sauropods shed light on Cretaceous dinosaur palaeobiogeography" type="journal article" year="2016">Poropat et al., 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Epipophyses are greatly reduced or absent in
|
||
<emphasis box="[329,456,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, perhaps being represented by small tab-like processes above the postzygapophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[699,761,1440,1462]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[106,195,973,993]" captionTargetBox="[146,1436,160,948]" captionTargetId="figure-557@5.[146,1437,160,948]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, dorsal view; B, close up on anterior vertebral laminae supporting the diapophysis in right lateral view (not to scale). Abbreviations: ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; d.ACDL, dorsal branch of ACDL; l.ACDL, lateral branch of ACDL; dia, diapophysis;?epi, epipophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz.p, pits on dorsal surface of prezygapophysis; SDF.c, pneumatic coel within spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina. Scale bar equals 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839140" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839140/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such a condition is typical for the posterior-most cervical vertebrae of sauropods, except
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[410,519,1493,1515]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[174,248,1520,1542]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
(MNN specimens; PDM pers. observ., 2012),
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Nigersaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(MNN specimens; PDM pers. observ., 2010), and diplodocines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp and Mateus" box="[177,471,1573,1595]" firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref36651" refString="Tschopp, E., and O. Mateus. 2013. The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11: 853 - 888." title="The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">Tschopp and Mateus, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). For example, epipophyses are present in Cv2–16 in
|
||
<emphasis box="[382,514,1601,1622]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
, but are absent in Cv17 and 18 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang" box="[190,378,1626,1648]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Zhang" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Their absence is also consistent with the
|
||
<emphasis box="[151,279,1653,1675]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra being an anterior dorsal, since it is even rarer for well-developed epipophyses to be present on such vertebrae (to date they have only been reported in anterior dorsal vertebrae of some turiasaurians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Britt" box="[570,770,1733,1755]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Britt" journalOrPublisher="Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="189 - 243" part="32" refId="ref31304" refString="Britt, B. B., R. D. Scheetz, M. F. Whiting, and D. R. Wilhite. 2017. Moabosaurus utahensis, n. gen., n. sp., a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America. Contributions from the Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan 32: 189 - 243." title="Moabosaurus utahensis, n. gen., n. sp., a new sauropod from the Early Cretaceous (Aptian) of North America" type="journal article" year="2017">Britt et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[107,264,1760,1782]" firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="6348" part="7" refId="ref34302" refString="Mannion, P. D. 2019. A turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of the United Kingdom. PeerJ 7: e 6348." title="A turiasaurian sauropod dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous Wealden Supergroup of the United Kingdom" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[282,519,1760,1782]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), although they can be traced into the dorsal series as the homologs of the tips of the aliform processes in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[332,772,1813,1835]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[332,441,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson and Upchurch" box="[459,761,1813,1835]" firstAuthor="Wilson" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given the uncertainty in the position of the
|
||
<emphasis box="[551,679,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
vertebra, and the subtlety of its putative epipophyses, we score this character (i.e., presence/absence of epipophyses) as a ‘?’ in our phylogenetic data matrices. The postzygapophyses of
|
||
<emphasis box="[603,731,1919,1941]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
are relatively large, with concave articular surfaces facing downwards and outwards (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1117,1203,160,182]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Their ventral margins merge into the dorsal parts of well-developed centropostzygapophyseal laminae (CPOLs) that descend separately without meeting on the midline; however, the detailed anatomy of this region is obscured by damage and reconstruction. Nevertheless, despite Dong’ s (1997) assertion of its presence, there is no hyposphene-hypantrum articulation (see above). On the left side at least, and possibly also the right, the CPOLs bifurcate dorsally, creating a small subtriangular fossa that faces mainly posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,897,400,422]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Fig. 2D</figureCitation>
|
||
). A dorsally bifurcated CPOL is sporadically present in the middle and posterior cervical vertebrae of eusauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Upchurch and Martin" baseAuthorityYear="2002" box="[876,996,453,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Cetiosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[876,996,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Cetiosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1019,1155,454,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Patagosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1019,1155,454,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Patagosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1179,1327,453,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1179,1327,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1350,1471,453,475]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1350,1471,453,475]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,947,480,501]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauridae" genus="Rapetosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,947,480,501]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Rapetosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some flagellicaudatans), and is generally absent in CMTs apart from the ‘Phu Kradung taxon’ (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Tschopp" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="857" part="3" refId="ref36698" refString="Tschopp, E., O. Mateus, and R. B. J. Benson. 2015 a. A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda). PeerJ 3: e 857. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 857" title="A specimen-level phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision of Diplodocidae (Dinosauria, Sauropoda)" type="journal article" year="2015" yearSuffix="a">Tschopp et al., 2015a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Carballido" box="[971,1226,533,555]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Carballido" journalOrPublisher="Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="20171219" part="284" refId="ref31565" refString="Carballido, J. L., D. Pol, A. Otero, I. A. Cerda, L. Salgado, A. C. Garrido, J. Ramezani, N. R. Cuneo, and J. M. Krause. 2017. A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 284: 20171219. doi. org / 10.1098 / rspb. 2017.1219" title="A new giant titanosaur sheds light on body mass evolution among sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2017">Carballido et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[1247,1462,533,555]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the medial branch of the bifid CPOL of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1347,1478,560,582]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
supports the postzygapophysis rather than curving medially to meet its partner on the midline as occurs in other taxa. Similarly, no single vertical midline interpostzygapophyseal lamina (TPOL) can be observed, although it is not clear whether this represents genuine absence or the effects of poor preservation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[808,1478,160,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The spinoprezygapophyseal laminae (SPRLs) are low ridges that extend medially from the middle of the posterior margins of the prezygapophyses to the anterior bases of the metapophyses (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[894,960,800,822]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[973,985,800,822]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">4</figureCitation>
|
||
). At this point, each SPRL autapomorphically splits into two branches: one ascends the anterior surface of the metapophysis and fades out at about midheight; the other becomes a thin flange-like ridge that extends along the anterolateral margin of the metapophysis and reaches the summit. These anterolateral flanges are potentially homologous with the ‘scabrous’ projections observed in the middle–posterior cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<emphasis box="[923,1071,986,1008]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(which become less ‘ragged’ in the most posterior cervical vertebrae), and the dorsolaterally flattened SPRLs seen in the middle and posterior cervical vertebrae of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Moore et al., 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Moore" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[839,1187,1066,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Bellusaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[839,960,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Bellusaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[976,1175,1066,1088]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. In
|
||
<emphasis box="[1232,1361,1066,1088]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, there is a large flat space on the anterior surface of the neural spine between the SPRLs and below the bifurcated summit. Near the top of this area, along the midline, is the base of a transversely compressed process (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1039,1108,1173,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Figs. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1137,1173,1195]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">4</figureCitation>
|
||
): this is the feature that
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described as an 84 mm long, anteriorly directed, ‘swordlike’ process (for which he used the term ‘prepophysis’). We observed this process in our first examination of this specimen in 1995, but by our second examination, in 2007, we found that the process had been broken and lost, so that now only its base is preserved.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong" box="[954,1090,1333,1355]" editor="Z. Dong" firstAuthor="Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
suggested that this structure might be for the insertion of muscles, or for articulation with the hyposphene of the preceding vertebra; however, the latter proposal would seem to be impossible because the location of the process on the spine means that it would project into the spinopostzygapophyseal fossa (SPOF: = postspinal fossa) of the preceding vertebra. Moreover, hyposphene-hypantrum articulations have not been observed in the posterior cervical or anterior-most dorsal vertebrae of any sauropod: such structures are restricted to middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch" box="[815,1057,1600,1622]" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004" yearSuffix="a">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[815,921,1600,1622]" pageId="8" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). We instead interpret this structure to be part of an ossified ligament (see above).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[808,1478,160,1968]" lastBlockId="9.[106,777,160,1968]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">
|
||
The posterior margin of the neural spine slopes strongly forward in lateral view, and the spine is slightly anterodorsally directed (though not to the same extent as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Janensch" authorityYear="1914" box="[1222,1365,1707,1728]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Dicraeosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1222,1365,1707,1728]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Dicraeosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch" firstAuthor="Janensch" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica (Supplement VII)" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="37 - 133" part="2" refId="ref33512" refString="Janensch, W. 1929. Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 2: 37 - 133." title="Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">Janensch, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The neural spine of Cv16 in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[1168,1478,1733,1755]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1478,1733,1755]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010) has a nearly vertical anterior margin and gently sloping posterior one, resembling that of
|
||
<emphasis box="[881,1005,1813,1835]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. This contrasts with the posterior-most cervical vertebrae of some taxa, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1140,1258,1840,1862]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xing" box="[1272,1442,1840,1862]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Xing" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" pagination="889701" part="35" refId="ref38017" refString="Xing, L, T. Miyashita, J. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Ye, T. Sekiya, F. Wang, and P. J. Currie. 2015. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35: e 889701. doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.2014.889701" title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids" type="journal article" year="2015">Xing et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:fig. 12E, F), in which the neural spine has a fairly symmetrical lateral profile, with posterodorsally sloping anterior and anterodorsally sloping posterior margins. As in the cervicodorsal vertebrae of CMTs, turiasaurians,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1037,1179,1946,1968]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="8" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1037,1179,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="8">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and some titanosaurs, the neural spine is relatively low in
|
||
<emphasis box="[416,540,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, projecting only slightly above the level of the postzygapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion" box="[542,770,186,208]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Mannion" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019" yearSuffix="a">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore" box="[106,290,213,235]" etAl="et al." firstAuthor="Moore" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The neural spine is bifurcated (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[630,734,213,235]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in the presacral vertebrae of numerous other eusauropods (
|
||
<emphasis box="[115,256,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Qijianglong" authorityName="Qijianglong" box="[269,568,266,288]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[269,437,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[451,568,266,288]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, some turiasaurians, flagellicaudatans,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[284,426,293,315]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[284,426,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[439,544,293,315]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[439,544,293,315]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and several somphospondylans;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wiman" box="[225,360,320,342]" firstAuthor="Wiman" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologia Sinica Series C" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 67" part="6" refId="ref37830" refString="Wiman, C. 1929. Die Kriede-Dinosaurier aus Shantung. Palaeontologia Sinica Series C 6: 1 - 67." title="Die Kriede-Dinosaurier aus Shantung" type="journal article" year="1929">Wiman, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Young" box="[376,505,320,342]" firstAuthor="Young" journalOrPublisher="Acta Paleontologica Sinica" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="355 - 369" part="2" refId="ref38323" refString="Young, C. C. 1954. On a new sauropod from Yiping, Szechuan, China. Acta Paleontologica Sinica 2: 355 - 369." title="On a new sauropod from Yiping, Szechuan, China" type="journal article" year="1954">Young, 1954</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M." box="[521,770,320,342]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="5 - 63" part="37" refId="ref31238" refString="Borsuk-Bialynicka, M. 1977. A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia. Palaeontologica Polonica 37: 5 - 63." title="A new camarasaurid sauropod Opisthocoelicaudia skarzynskii gen. n., sp. n. from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia" type="journal article" year="1977">Borsuk-Białynicka, 1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhao, X. - J." box="[106,223,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Vertebrata PalAsiatica" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="132 - 138" part="31" refId="ref38484" refString="Zhao, X. - J. 1993. [A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China]. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 31: 132 - 138. [In Chinese with English summary]" title="A new mid-Jurassic sauropod (Klamelisaurus gobiensis gen. et sp. nov.) from Xinjiang, China" type="journal article" year="1993">Zhao, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[240,373,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, J. D. & P. Dodson" box="[390,658,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="197 - 210" part="49" refId="ref33043" refString="Harris, J. D., and P. Dodson. 2004. A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49: 197 - 210." title="A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2004">Harris and Dodson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Upchurch, P. & P. M. Barrett & P. Dodson" editor="D. B. Weishampel & P. Dodson & H. Osmolska" journalOrPublisher="University of California Press, Berkeley" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="259 - 324" refId="ref37047" refString="Upchurch, P., P. M. Barrett, and P. Dodson. 2004 a. Sauropoda; pp. 259 - 324 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, and H. Osmolska, (eds.), The Dinosauria (Second Edition). University of California Press, Berkeley." title="Sauropoda" type="book" volumeTitle="The Dinosauria (Second Edition)" year="2004">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[675,776,346,368]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
et al., 2004a
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Royo-Torres, R. & A. Cobos & L. Alcala" box="[246,497,373,395]" journalOrPublisher="Science" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1925 - 1927" part="314" refId="ref36092" refString="Royo-Torres, R., A. Cobos, and L. Alcala. 2006. A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade. Science 314: 1925 - 1927." title="A giant European dinosaur and a new sauropod clade" type="journal article" year="2006">Royo-Torres et al., 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Ksepka, D. T. & M. A. Norell" box="[512,770,373,395]" journalOrPublisher="American Museum Novitates" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 16" part="3508" refId="ref33714" refString="Ksepka, D. T., and M. A. Norell. 2006. Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guve (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia). American Museum Novitates 3508: 1 - 16." title="Erketu ellisoni, a long-necked sauropod from Bor Guve (Dornogov Aimag, Mongolia)" type="journal article" year="2006">Ksepka and Norell, 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="D' Emic, M. D. & P. D. Mannion & P. Upchurch & R. B. J. Benson & Q. Pang & Z. Cheng" box="[106,301,400,422]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="69375" part="8" refId="ref32064" refString="D' Emic, M. D., P. D. Mannion, P. Upchurch, R. B. J. Benson, Q. Pang, and Z. Cheng. 2013. Osteology of Huabeisaurus allocotus (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of China. PLoS ONE 8: e 69375. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0069375" title="Osteology of Huabeisaurus allocotus (Sauropoda: Titanosauriformes) from the Upper Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2013">D’ Emic et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[314,534,400,422]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[547,732,400,422]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In anterior and posterior views (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[417,525,426,448]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), the metapophyses are divergent, as in diplodocids and most other taxa with bifid neural spines, but unlike the derived condition seen in dicraeosaurids, in which these structures are subparallel or converge towards their summits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rauhut, O. W. M. & K. Remes & R. Fechner & G. Cladera & P. Puerta" box="[204,397,533,555]" journalOrPublisher="Nature" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="670 - 672" part="435" refId="ref35841" refString="Rauhut, O. W. M., K. Remes, R. Fechner, G. Cladera, and P. Puerta. 2005. Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia. Nature 435: 670 - 672." title="Discovery of a short-necked sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic period of Patagonia" type="journal article" year="2005">Rauhut et al., 2005</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & P. Upchurch & P. D. Mannion & P. M. Barrett & O. R. Regalado- Fernandez & J. Mo & J. Ma & H. Liu" box="[410,556,533,555]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Communications" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="2300" part="9" refId="ref38093" refString="Xu, X., P. Upchurch, P. D. Mannion, P. M. Barrett, O. R. Regalado- Fernandez, J. Mo, J. Ma, and H. Liu. 2018. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nature Communications 9: 2300. doi. org / 10. 1038 / s 41467 - 018 - 05128 - 1" title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Xu et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[607,731,533,555]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the notch between the metapophyses is moderately deep and ‘U’- shaped, with a median tubercle at its base (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[527,627,586,608]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2C, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such a tubercle is variably present in other sauropods with bifid presacral spines: for example, it occurs in the last two cervical vertebrae and Dv1–4 of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[134,239,666,688]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[134,239,666,688]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it is drawn out into a large process that is as prominent as the metapophyses (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[449,738,693,715]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[577,679,693,715]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it is present as a low rounded process in the last two cervical vertebrae and Dv1–3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Zhang et al., 2020)" baseAuthorityName="Zhang" baseAuthorityYear="2020" box="[246,561,746,768]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Barosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[246,360,747,768]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Barosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, X. - Q. & D. - Q. Li & Y. Xie & H. - L. You" box="[373,551,746,768]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; it is a small bump on the posterodorsal margin of the notch in
|
||
<emphasis box="[546,688,773,795]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); it is variably absent/present in specimens of
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Tsuihiji, 2004)" baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[106,408,826,848]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,250,826,848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Camarasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tsuihiji, T." box="[263,398,826,848]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="165 - 172" part="24" refId="ref36809" refString="Tsuihiji, T. 2004. The ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 24: 165 - 172." title="The ligament system in the neck of Rhea americana and its implication for the bifurcated neural spines of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2004">Tsuihiji, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and it is absent in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Qijianglong, Suuwassea" authorityName="Qijianglong, Suuwassea" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[602,770,826,848]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,223,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Qijianglong</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,344,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Suuwassea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[405,550,853,875]" class="Reptilia" family="Diplodocidae" genus="Amargasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[405,550,853,875]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Amargasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[565,697,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Harris, J. D. & P. Dodson" journalOrPublisher="Acta Palaeontologica Polonica" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="197 - 210" part="49" refId="ref33043" refString="Harris, J. D., and P. Dodson. 2004. A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 49: 197 - 210." title="A new diplodocoid sauropod dinosaur from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of Montana, USA" type="journal article" year="2004">Harris and Dodson, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xing, L & T. Miyashita & J. Zhang & D. Li & Y. Ye & T. Sekiya & F. Wang & P. J. Currie" box="[326,514,880,902]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="889701" part="35" refId="ref38017" refString="Xing, L, T. Miyashita, J. Zhang, D. Li, Y. Ye, T. Sekiya, F. Wang, and P. J. Currie. 2015. A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 35: e 889701. doi. org / 10. 1080 / 02724634.2014.889701" title="A new sauropod dinosaur from the Late Jurassic of China and the diversity, distribution, and relationships of mamenchisaurids" type="journal article" year="2015">Xing et al., 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The metapophyses of
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,232,906,928]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
are knob-like and subtriangular in dorsal view, robust rather than compressed transversely, and relatively short dorsoventrally (not elongated as in derived dicraeosaurids:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Janensch, W." box="[106,254,986,1008]" journalOrPublisher="Palaeontographica (Supplement VII)" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="37 - 133" part="2" refId="ref33512" refString="Janensch, W. 1929. Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus. Palaeontographica (Supplement VII) 2: 37 - 133." title="Die Wirbelsaule der Gattung Dicraeosaurus" type="journal article" year="1929">Janensch, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Xu, X. & P. Upchurch & P. D. Mannion & P. M. Barrett & O. R. Regalado- Fernandez & J. Mo & J. Ma & H. Liu" box="[267,413,986,1008]" journalOrPublisher="Nature Communications" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="2300" part="9" refId="ref38093" refString="Xu, X., P. Upchurch, P. D. Mannion, P. M. Barrett, O. R. Regalado- Fernandez, J. Mo, J. Ma, and H. Liu. 2018. A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs. Nature Communications 9: 2300. doi. org / 10. 1038 / s 41467 - 018 - 05128 - 1" title="A new Middle Jurassic diplodocoid suggests an earlier dispersal and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2018">Xu et al., 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[106,777,160,1968]" lastBlockId="9.[808,1478,160,1675]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The spinodiapophyseal fossa (SDF), posterior to the SPRL and anterior to the SPOL, is divided into three subtriangular coels by two accessory laminae or ridges (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[435,489,1066,1088]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Dong, Z." box="[508,674,1066,1088]" editor="Z. Dong" journalOrPublisher="China Ocean Press, Beijing" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="102 - 110" refId="ref32218" refString="Dong, Z. 1997. A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China; pp. 102 - 110 in Z. Dong (ed.), Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition. China Ocean Press, Beijing." title="A gigantic sauropod (Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum, gen. et sp. nov.) from the Turpan Basin, China" type="book" volumeTitle="Sino-Japanese Silk Road Dinosaur Expedition" year="1997">Dong (1997:103)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described these structures as forming “a V-shaped posterolaterally projecting lamina”: in lateral view, the two laminae meet each other at their posterior ends and diverge anteriorly. This ‘V’ is created from a lower horizontal lamina that extends from the PODL to the base of the SPRL, and an upper anterodorsally directed lamina that extends from the posterior end of the horizontal lamina to the posterior margin of the anterolateral branch of the SPRL (see above). Although both of these ridges are found separately on the presacral vertebrae of many sauropods (see below), the presence of both of them in this ‘V’-shaped configuration is only known in Cv18 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,235,1360,1381]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, X. - Q. & D. - Q. Li & Y. Xie & H. - L. You" box="[250,436,1360,1382]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
:figs. 16A, 17B) and
|
||
<emphasis box="[646,770,1360,1382]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
. The lower, horizontal, lamina is reminiscent of the ‘epipophysealprezygapophyseal lamina’ (EPRL) that occurs in the cervical vertebrae of several sauropods, such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[497,616,1440,1461]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Nigersaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Sereno, P. C. & J. A. Wilson & L. M. Witmer & J. A. Whitlock & A. Maga & O. Ide & T. A. Rowe" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1230" part="2" refId="ref36441" refString="Sereno, P. C., J. A. Wilson, L. M. Witmer, J. A. Whitlock, A. Maga, O. Ide, and T. A. Rowe. 2007. Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur. PLoS ONE 2: e 1230. doi. org / 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0001230" title="Structural extremes in a Cretaceous dinosaur" type="journal article" year="2007">Sereno et al., 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Wilson and Upchurch, 2009)" baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[222,654,1466,1488]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[222,329,1466,1488]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[347,644,1466,1488]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">Wilson and Upchurch, 2009</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as well as some other dinosaurs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[335,519,1493,1515]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Occasionally, this structure can also occur in the anterior-most dorsal vertebrae, such as Dv1 and 2 in
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[254,359,1546,1568]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[254,359,1546,1568]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, where it partially divides the SDF into lower and upper portions (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" box="[380,665,1573,1595]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[505,608,1573,1595]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Dv1 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[139,281,1600,1622]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[300,502,1600,1622]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al. (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
demonstrated that simply identifying this structure as the EPRL is problematic because it can be formed by either one or both of two separate components. One component is a more anteriorly placed ridge (termed the horizontal accessory lamina) that lies fully within the SDF and was probably formed by pneumatization. The other component is a more posteriorly placed ‘anterior epipophyseal’ epaxial muscle scar that lies on the lateral surface of the postzygapophyseal process and may project anteriorly into the posterior part of the SDF. Here, we identify the lower strut in
|
||
<emphasis box="[106,232,1866,1888]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
as the horizontal accessory lamina formed by pneumatization. Moore et al.’
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[316,394,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">s (2020)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
survey of these structures among sauropods suggests that, when considering just posterior cervical vertebrae, the pneumatic strut is currently only known in rebbachisaurids (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1058,1175,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Nigersaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1204,1333,160,181]" class="Reptilia" family="Rebbachisauridae" genus="Limaysaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1204,1333,160,181]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Limaysaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
),
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1370,1477,160,182]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1370,1477,160,182]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(where it lies below, and separate from, the anterior epipophyseal muscle scar), and some CMTs such as
|
||
<emphasis box="[1279,1421,213,235]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName=": Bonaparte" authorityYear="1986" box="[808,1124,240,262]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="hochuanensis">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1124,240,262]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(CCG V 20401; PU and PMB pers. observ., 2010). It can be confirmed as being absent in the posterior cervical vertebrae of some non-neosauropods such as
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[808,1054,320,342]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="youngi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,1054,320,342]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mamenchisaurus youngi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(where it only occurs in middle cervical vertebrae:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Zhang, X. - Q. & D. - Q. Li & Y. Xie & H. - L. You" box="[918,1103,346,368]" journalOrPublisher="Historical Biology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="802 - 822" part="32" refId="ref38391" refString="Zhang, X. - Q., D. - Q. Li, Y. Xie, and H. - L. You. 2020. Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013. Historical Biology 32 (6): 802 - 822." title="Redescription of the cervical vertebrae of the mamenchisaurid sauropod Xinjiangtitan shanshanesis Wu et al. 2013." type="journal article" year="2020">Zhang et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), as well as several macronarians in which it has previously been identified, including
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Tsuihiji" baseAuthorityYear="2004" box="[1333,1477,373,395]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Camarasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Camarasaurus</taxonomicName>
|
||
lewisi
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[878,1016,401,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Camarasauridae" genus="Europasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[878,1016,401,422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Europasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1032,1148,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Brachiosauridae" genus="Giraffatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1032,1148,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Giraffatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Salgado & De Souza Carvalho" authorityYear="2008" box="[1210,1339,400,422]" class="Reptilia" family="Titanosauria incertae sedis" genus="Uberabatitan" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1210,1339,400,422]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Uberabatitan</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The anterodorsally directed ridge within the SDFs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1299,1425,426,448]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,937,454,475]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Xinjiangtitan</emphasis>
|
||
is potentially a SPDL, though it contacts the PODL rather than the diapophysis directly. The SPDLs in Dv4 of
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,950,506,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
and Dv3 of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Wilson and Upchurch" baseAuthorityYear="2009" box="[1089,1196,506,528]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Euhelopus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1089,1196,506,528]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Euhelopus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
resemble this anterodorsal lamina, but no such structure occurs in the more anterior dorsal or posterior cervical vertebrae of these taxa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A. & P. Upchurch" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="199 - 239" part="7" refId="ref37719" refString="Wilson, J. A., and P. Upchurch. 2009. Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 7: 199 - 239." title="Redescription and reassessment of the phylogenetic affinities of Euhelopus zdanskyi (Dinosauria: Sauropoda) from the Early Cretaceous of China" type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Wilson and
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Barnes, and O. Mateus. 2013" authorityName="Upchurch & Mannion & Xu & Barrett" authorityYear="2021" box="[1371,1473,560,582]" pageId="9" pageNumber="29" rank="subSpecies" status="R. N." subSpecies="Upchurch">Upchurch</taxonomicName>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[867,1052,586,608]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite the presence of two ridges produced by pneumatization within the SDF (i.e., the?SPDL and horizontal accessory lamina),
|
||
<emphasis box="[1066,1192,640,662]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
lacks the 3–4 irregular coels in this region seen in several early-branching titanosauriforms and many CMTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & R. Allain & O. Moine" box="[964,1197,693,715]" journalOrPublisher="PeerJ" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="3217" part="5" refId="ref34331" refString="Mannion, P. D., R. Allain, and O. Moine. 2017. The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae. PeerJ 5: e 3217. doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 3217" title="The earliest known titanosauriform sauropod dinosaur and the evolution of Brachiosauridae" type="journal article" year="2017">Mannion et al., 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[1217,1425,693,715]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,932,720,742]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, the SDF is not roofed dorsally by a horizontal rugose line of epaxial muscle scars immediately below the spine summit, unlike the condition in some non-neosauropod sauropods (e.g.,
|
||
<emphasis box="[865,1006,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Klamelisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1094,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1110,1231,801,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mierasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1295,1431,800,822]" class="Reptilia" family="Macronaria incertae sedis" genus="Moabosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1295,1431,800,822]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Moabosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), as well as most diplodocids and many non-titanosaurian macronarians (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Tschopp, E. & O. Mateus" box="[814,1091,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="853 - 888" part="11" refId="ref36651" refString="Tschopp, E., and O. Mateus. 2013. The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 11: 853 - 888." title="The skull and neck of a new flagellicaudatan sauropod from the Morrison Formation and its implication for the evolution and ontogeny of diplodocid dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2013">Tschopp and Mateus, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mannion, P. D. & P. Upchurch & D. Schwarz & O. Wings" box="[1105,1329,853,875]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="784 - 909" part="85" refId="ref34494" refString="Mannion, P. D., P. Upchurch, D. Schwarz, and O. Wings. 2019 a. Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 784 - 909." title="Taxonomic affinities of the putative titanosaurs from the Late Jurassic Tendaguru Formation of Tanzania: phylogenetic and biogeographic implications for eusauropod dinosaur evolution" type="journal article" year="2019">Mannion et al., 2019a</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The prominent SPOLs of
|
||
<emphasis box="[1158,1284,879,901]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
extend anteromedially and dorsally to the summit of each metapophysis (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1405,1462,906,928]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="4.[107,196,1707,1727]" captionTargetBox="[146,1438,160,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-0@4.[146,1438,160,1683]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 2. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). A, right lateral view; B, left lateral view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations: acc.proc, accessory process; ACDL, anterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; CPOF, centropostzygapophyseal fossa; CPOL, centropostzygapophyseal lamina; CPRF, centroprezygapophyseal fossa; CPRL, centroprezygapophyseal lamina; dia, diapophysis; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; mp, metapophysis; mt, median tubercle; PCDL, posterior centrodiapophyseal lamina; POCDF, postzygapophyseal centrodiapophyseal fossa; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; poz, postzygapophysis; pp, parapophysis; PRCDF, prezygocentrodiapophyseal fossa; PRDL, prezygodiapophyseal lamina; PRDL.k, kink in PRDL; prz, prezygapophysis; SDF, spinodiapophyseal fossa; SPOF, spinopostzygapophyseal fossa; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina; TPOL, interpostzygapophyseal lamina; TPRL, interprezygapophyseal lamina. Scale bars equal 100 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839138" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839138/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
). At its posteroventral end (above the postzygapophysis), the SPOL splits into two ridges, with a small subtriangular fossa (SPOL-F) between them (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1087,1146,986,1008]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[107,196,982,1002]" captionTargetBox="[123,761,161,958]" captionTargetId="figure-985@6.[123,761,160,958]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Posterior cervical vertebra of Hudiesaurus sinojapanorum (IVPP V11120; holotype). Close-up on the right lateral side of the neural spine in dorsolateral view to show pneumatic coels and accessory laminae within the spinodiapophyseal fossa (not to scale). Abbreviations: AHL, accessory horizontal lamina; lig, ossified intervertebral ligament; PODL, postzygodiapophyseal lamina; SPOL, spinopostzygapophyseal lamina; SPRL, spinoprezygapophyseal lamina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5839142" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5839142/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
). Such a bifurcated SPOL and cavity is not known in the posterior cervical vertebrae of other sauropods, but SPOL bifurcation in dorsal vertebrae has been listed as a synapomorphy of a clade of eusauropods comprising
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1336,1472,1067,1088]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Barapasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1336,1472,1067,1088]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Barapasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Young" authorityYear="1939" box="[808,926,1093,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Omeisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[808,926,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Omeisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[938,1106,1093,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Euhelopodidae" genus="Mamenchisaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[938,1106,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Mamenchisaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName authority=", Jobaria" authorityName="Jobaria" box="[1119,1335,1093,1115]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Patagosaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1119,1249,1094,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Patagosaurus</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1262,1335,1093,1115]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Jobaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and neosauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[885,1018,1120,1142]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, the SPOL bifurcation noted by Wilson typically occurs in the middle and posterior dorsal vertebrae and has a very different structure. In the
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Neosauropoda" authorityName="Neosauropoda" box="[1212,1349,1174,1195]" class="Reptilia" family="Cetiosauridae" genus="Barapasaurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Saurischia" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1212,1349,1174,1195]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Barapasaurus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
+ Neosauropoda clade, each SPOL is a single structure close to the postzygapophysis and then bifurcates into a lateral SPOL (which usually merges with the SPDL) and a medial SPOL (which usually meets its partner on the midline within the SPOF:
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1271,1402,1280,1302]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="639 - 653" part="19" refId="ref37535" refString="Wilson, J. A. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19: 639 - 653." title="A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="1999">Wilson, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1416,1462,1280,1302]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Aside from occurring in a more anteriorly placed presacral vertebra, the condition in
|
||
<emphasis box="[1022,1148,1333,1355]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
also differs from other eusauropods in that the SPOL is single over most of the spine length and then bifurcates as it approaches the postzygapophysis. As such, irrespective of whether the
|
||
<emphasis box="[1041,1167,1413,1435]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">Hudiesaurus</emphasis>
|
||
specimen is a posterior cervical or anterior dorsal vertebra, it appears to possess an autapomorphic condition with regard to its SPOL bifurcation. The SPOF is large, ‘U’-shaped in transverse cross-section, and opens posterodorsally.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="9.[808,1478,160,1675]" pageId="9" pageNumber="9">
|
||
We could not observe the internal tissue structure of the vertebra. As such, we cannot determine whether the vertebra is camerate, as is the case in most eusauropods (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wedel, M. J." box="[1292,1427,1573,1595]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="344 - 357" part="23" refId="ref37477" refString="Wedel, M. J. 2003. The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 344 - 357." title="The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Wedel, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), or pneumatized by camellae, which characterizes the presacral vertebrae of titanosauriforms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wilson, J. A." box="[1091,1225,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="217 - 276" part="136" refId="ref37565" refString="Wilson, J. A. 2002. Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 136: 217 - 276." title="Sauropod dinosaur phylogeny: critique and cladistic analysis" type="journal article" year="2002">Wilson, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wedel, M. J." box="[1236,1361,1626,1648]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="344 - 357" part="23" refId="ref37477" refString="Wedel, M. J. 2003. The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 23: 344 - 357." title="The evolution of vertebral pneumaticity in sauropod dinosaurs" type="journal article" year="2003">Wedel, 2003</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and many CMTs (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Young, C. C. & X. - J. Chao" box="[887,1128,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A)" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 30" part="8" refId="ref38351" refString="Young, C. C., and X. - J. Chao. 1972. Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov. Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology Monographs (Series A) 8: 1 - 30." title="Mamenchisaurus hochuanensis sp. nov" type="journal article" year="1972">Young and Chao, 1972</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Moore, A. J. & P. Upchurch & P. M. Barrett & J. M. Clark & X. Xu" box="[1141,1332,1653,1675]" journalOrPublisher="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology" pageId="9" pageNumber="9" pagination="1299 - 1393" part="18" refId="ref34988" refString="Moore, A. J., P. Upchurch, P. M. Barrett, J. M. Clark, and X. Xu. 2020. Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 18: 1299 - 1393." title="Osteology of Klamelisaurus gobiensis (Dinosauria: Eusauropoda) and the evolutionary history of Middle - Late Jurassic Chinese sauropods" type="journal article" year="2020">Moore et al., 2020</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |