273 lines
37 KiB
XML
273 lines
37 KiB
XML
<document id="865504BA587A99783BB5DE8EAA477EF7" ID-DOI="10.6620/ZS.2018.57-03" ID-ISSN="1810-522X" ID-PMC="PMC6517760" ID-PubMed="31966243" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12825247" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1721915045099" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Ubare, Vibha V. & Mohan, P. M." docDate="2018" docId="03E95425C876FF80B15DFC2CFD0EFE4D" docLanguage="en" docName="ZoolStud.57.3.1-15.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Zoological Studies 57 (3)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2018.57-03" docStyle="DocumentStyle:CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6.3:ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleId="CB122E4603BA284FA287D3847868CAF6" docStyleName="ZoolStud.2016-2018.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Plakortis communis" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="12" masterDocId="FFD02C5DC87CFF8CB05CFFB0FFB4FFDB" masterDocTitle="New Records and Range Extensions of Some Marine Sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha) from the Andaman Islands, India; Part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot." masterLastPageNumber="15" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="11" updateTime="1721931092952" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="D3AE5EBFF6694C7A9E48F3954A5615D4">New Records and Range Extensions of Some Marine Sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae and Homoscleromorpha) from the Andaman Islands, India; Part of the Indo-Burma Biodiversity Hotspot.</mods:title>
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<mods:roleTerm id="A2EFF9DB0EBF5BF5A3947C330B0BC263">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D252698B4FF38C28A1CB3B76603A7628">Ubare, Vibha V.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="E3A6C63E8C557E30A16F4926519C966B" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8C36595F769AD60C0B64A22EA4C7B1F8">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="86B44C0EE9E0F612F75273A9B881EDF8">Mohan, P. M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="4F66A85FD5806B0C347D05E0068D7F0C">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="59B25C7DA5CD586AE6F70AD099AE4CC3">Zoological Studies</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="F9BA6909429405056EF5EE78B62F4979">
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<mods:date id="C960F382BC329C0D0FEE1AF038B78A98">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8334EFF044E189E1348768506E11805E">2018-02-07</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="083B6803AF5D63C3F6907EC3D532C654">57</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="FAB02E87BCE6A83FC6E723B3FEA3AABD" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="7B8979BB69B3764B0C776EC2BA5289B7">3</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="8556E2C7528ED50AA863CAA8C14421F3">http://dx.doi.org/10.6620/ZS.2018.57-03</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="77F2DB64E68F3A0F64E891C585915668">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="923F4B4298D645FDCB51B4F140EEB329" type="DOI">10.6620/ZS.2018.57-03</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="170187A36CA533BD4987DE8AF30D7C58" type="ISSN">1810-522X</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5AA2C3EDE27BAA644A70998CDCEBDE75" type="PMC">PMC6517760</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="353440492D432485E31110FF78CB9F76" type="PubMed">31966243</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="BDBD1742688BF304106A925CADAA39CA" type="Zenodo-Dep">12825247</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03E95425C876FF80B15DFC2CFD0EFE4D" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E95425C876FF80B15DFC2CFD0EFE4D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E95425C876FF80B15DFC2CFD0EFE4D" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C35AB6B8C876FF86B15DFC2CFD00FC6E" box="[257,692,924,949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B15DFC2CFD00FC6E" blockId="10.[257,692,892,981]" box="[257,692,924,949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0B7525FC876FF86B15DFC2CFD00FC6E" bold="true" box="[257,692,924,949]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B15DFC2CFD00FC6E" ID-CoL="4JJ2G" authority="(Muricy, 2011)" baseAuthorityName="Muricy" baseAuthorityYear="2011" box="[257,692,924,949]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B15DFC2CFD00FC6E" bold="true" box="[257,692,924,949]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B15DFC2CFE4AFC6E" bold="true" box="[257,510,924,949]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plakortis communis</emphasis>
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(Muricy, 2011)
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35AB6B8C876FF87B12AFC0CFD34FEED" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B12AFC0CFD8BFC0E" blockId="10.[257,692,892,981]" box="[374,575,956,981]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B121FC0CFE6AFC0E" box="[381,478,956,981]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-191@10.[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 14. Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B245FC0CFD8CFC0E" box="[537,568,956,981]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,170,1954,1974]" captionTargetBox="[137,1415,1403,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-461@11.[122,1424,1394,1943]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 15. Geographical extension of Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825279/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">15</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B0B6FC48FE98FBAA" blockId="10.[174,789,1016,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B0B6FC48FE63FBCA" box="[234,471,1016,1041]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Material examined</emphasis>
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:
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<specimenCount id="9D462EBAC876FF86B1B7FC48FD9EFBCA" box="[491,554,1016,1041]" count="1" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic">1 ex.</specimenCount>
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,
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<collectionCode id="ED517DF6C876FF86B263FC48FD11FBC9" box="[575,677,1016,1042]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">DOSMB</collectionCode>
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00233,
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<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C876FF86B0F2FBA8FF5BFBEA" box="[174,239,1048,1073]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
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:
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<collectingRegion id="49842BD1C876FF86B159FBA8FD17FBEA" box="[261,675,1048,1073]" country="India" name="Andaman and Nicobar Islands" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Andaman and Nicobar Islands</collectingRegion>
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: South Andaman: Chidiyatappu, Coll. Vibha Ubare,
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<date id="FFFEC3F3C876FF86B0F2FBE8FE97FBAA" box="[174,291,1112,1137]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" value="2013-03-09">9.iii.2013</date>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B0B6FBC8FE48FA6A" blockId="10.[174,789,1016,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B0B6FBC8FEDBFB4A" box="[234,367,1144,1169]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description</emphasis>
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: It is massive-globose or cushionshaped (
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B144FB28FE32FB6A" box="[280,390,1176,1201]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-191@10.[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 14. Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14A</figureCitation>
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), the size ranges around
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<quantity id="4CB848D6C876FF86B29DFB28FCA1FB6A" box="[705,789,1176,1201]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="2.9">2.9 cm</quantity>
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in length and
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<quantity id="4CB848D6C876FF86B10DFB08FE16FB0A" box="[337,418,1208,1233]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="0.8">0.8 cm</quantity>
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in thickness. The live colour of the specimen is greenish brown externally and light brown internally, which changes to a lighter brown after preservation. The surface is even, smooth with soft, friable consistency and compressible. Oscules are oval in shape, contracted after preservation and present in dorsal region of the sponge; sizes
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<quantity id="4CB848D6C876FF86B104FA28FE4CFA6A" box="[344,504,1432,1457]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="cm" value="0.13" valueMax="0.17" valueMin="0.09">0.09-0.17 cm</quantity>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B0B6FA08FF6FF969" blockId="10.[174,789,1016,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B0B6FA08FEE0FA0A" box="[234,340,1464,1489]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Spicules</emphasis>
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||
: Diods (
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||
<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B194FA08FD82FA0A" box="[456,566,1464,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-191@10.[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 14. Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B26AFA08FDF1FA0A" box="[566,581,1464,1489]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="1.[813,847,1888,1908]" captionTargetBox="[812,1413,1341,1861]" captionTargetId="figure-723@1.[805,1426,1330,1874]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="Fig. 1. Study Area." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825249" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825249/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">1</figureCitation>
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) - It is smooth, abundant, slightly curved. Some show protuberance with acerate ends in the middle portion. It measures between 91.0-118.0/4.0-4.5 µm. Triods (
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B23AF989FD68F989" box="[614,732,1593,1618]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-191@10.[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 14. Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14B</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B281F989FD58F989" box="[733,748,1593,1618]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="2.[850,889,1841,1861]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetId="figure-508@2.[850,1451,931,1815]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Fig. 2. Spheciospongia globularis (Dendy, 1922). (A) Specimen in situ. (B) Specimen after preservation. (C1) Large sized Tylostyles. (C2) Medium sized Tylostyles. (C3) Small sized Tylostyles. (C4) Spiraster. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Longitudinal section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825251" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825251/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">2</figureCitation>
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) - Irregular in shape, blunt ended and available in significant quantity. It measures 12.0-64.0/4.0-5.0 µm.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B0B6F908FEBDF849" blockId="10.[174,789,1016,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B0B6F908FEDCF90A" box="[234,360,1720,1745]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Skeleton</emphasis>
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: Ectosomal skeleton shows tangential reticulation, multispicular tracts that form elliptical meshes. The ectosome is well differentiated from the choanosome region. Subectosomal lacunae are present. Choanosomal skeleton is confused with irregular meshes (
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B290F8E8FF79F849" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" captionTargetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetId="figure-191@10.[850,1451,880,1842]" captionTargetPageId="10" captionText="Fig. 14. Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figs. 14</figureCitation>
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C-F).
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3FB5BBC876FF86B30EF8FDFBB9F86F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825277" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12825277" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825277/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" startId="10.[850,884,1869,1889]" targetBox="[850,1451,880,1842]" targetPageId="10" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B30EF8FDFBB9F86F" blockId="10.[850,1452,1868,1972]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B30EF8FDFC2AF8BA" bold="true" box="[850,926,1869,1889]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 14.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B3F1F8FDFB5FF8BA" authority="Muricy, 2011" authorityName="Muricy" authorityYear="2011" box="[941,1259,1869,1889]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B3F1F8FDFBDCF8BA" box="[941,1128,1869,1889]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plakortis communis</emphasis>
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Muricy, 2011
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</taxonomicName>
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. (A) Specimen after preservation. (B1) Diods. (B2) Y-shaped triods. (C) Longitudinal section. (D) Longitudinal section. (E) Transverse section. (F) Transverse section.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B0B6F828FCB2F86A" blockId="10.[174,789,1016,1970]" box="[234,774,1944,1970]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B0B6F828FEFCF86A" box="[234,328,1944,1969]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Habitat</emphasis>
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: Specimens were collected from
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B30EFF4DFB88FEED" blockId="10.[850,1452,253,822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">attached rocks; the species prefers sandy and dead coral habitats.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B3D3FE8DFBD2FE2D" blockId="10.[850,1452,253,822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B3D3FE8DFB8EFE8D" box="[911,1082,317,342]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">D i s t r i b u t i o n</emphasis>
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: I n d i a: S o u t h A n d a m a n: Chidiyatappu (present study) Elsewhere - Central and Southern Great Barrier Reef (Muricy 2011), Eastern
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<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C876FF86B39DFE2DFBF9FE6D" box="[961,1101,413,438]" name="Philippines" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Philippines</collectingCountry>
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(Muricy 2011),
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<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C876FF86B543FE2DFA1EFE6D" box="[1311,1450,413,438]" name="Fiji" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fiji Islands</collectingCountry>
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(Muricy 2011) and Houtman Abrolhos Islands (Muricy 2011) (
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<figureCitation id="137BF9B6C876FF86B45EFE6DFBEEFE2D" box="[1026,1114,477,502]" captionStart="Fig" captionStartId="11.[136,170,1954,1974]" captionTargetBox="[137,1415,1403,1927]" captionTargetId="figure-461@11.[122,1424,1394,1943]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="Fig. 15. Geographical extension of Plakortis communis Muricy, 2011." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12825279" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/12825279/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Fig. 15</figureCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF87B3D3FE4DFD56FECD" blockId="10.[850,1452,253,822]" lastBlockId="11.[136,738,253,310]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B3D3FE4DFBB4FDCD" box="[911,1024,509,534]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Remarks</emphasis>
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: This is the third species of this genus recorded from these islands and reported for the first time from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C876FF86B439FD8DFB11FD8D" box="[1125,1189,573,598]" name="India" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">India</collectingCountry>
|
||
, specifically from the Andaman Islands. Earlier
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B4C7FDEDFADBFDAD" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1880" box="[1179,1391,605,630]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B4C7FDEDFADBFDAD" box="[1179,1391,605,630]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plakortis simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C876FF86B3E1FDCDFB77FD4D" author="Krishnan P & Immanuel T & Raghunathan C & Sankar K & Dam-Roy S." box="[957,1219,637,662]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="102 - 109" refId="ref8280" refString="Krishnan P, Immanuel T, Raghunathan C, Sankar K, Dam-Roy S. 2012. Sponge diversity in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands: Status and Issues. In: National Seminar on Innovative Technologies for Conservation and Sustainable Utilization of Island Biodiversity, Central Island Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, pp. 102 - 109." type="book chapter" year="2012">Krishnan et al. (2012)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but he did not give
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B30EFD2DFC7BFD6D" authorityName="Schulze" authorityYear="1880" box="[850,975,669,694]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="simplex">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B30EFD2DFC7BFD6D" box="[850,975,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. simplex</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
a species description. A new species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B30EFD0DFBC0FD0D" authorityName="Ubare & Mohan" authorityYear="2016" box="[850,1140,701,726]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="badabaluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B30EFD0DFBC0FD0D" box="[850,1140,701,726]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Plakortis badabaluensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, was discovered later by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C876FF86B30EFD6DFB28FD2D" author="Ubare VV & Mohan PM" box="[850,1180,733,758]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref9526" refString="Ubare VV, Mohan PM. 2016. A new species of Genus Plakortis Schulze 1880 (Porifera: Homoscleromorpha) from Badabalu, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. Zool Stud 55: 2. doi: 10.6620 / ZS. 2016.55 - 02." type="journal volume" year="2016">Ubare and Mohan (2016)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The main difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B395FD4DFB16FCCD" authorityName="Ubare & Mohan" authorityYear="2016" box="[969,1186,765,790]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="badabaluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B395FD4DFB16FCCD" box="[969,1186,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. badabaluensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B4B5FD4DFA3FFCCD" authorityName="Muricy" authorityYear="2011" box="[1257,1419,765,790]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B4B5FD4DFA3FFCCD" box="[1257,1419,765,790]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. communis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is that the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C876FF86B3E5FCADFB32FCED" authorityName="Ubare & Mohan" authorityYear="2016" box="[953,1158,797,822]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="badabaluensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C876FF86B3E5FCADFB32FCED" box="[953,1158,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">P. badabaluensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D462EBAC876FF86B499FCADFA8DFCED" box="[1221,1337,797,822]" count="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="generic" typeStatus="types">two types</specimenCount>
|
||
of diods, microstrongyloid microrhabds and colour pigments,
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<footnote id="E85BF93DC876FF86B4C0F86DFA1FF834" box="[1180,1451,2013,2031]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C876FF86B4C0F86DFA1FF834" blockId="10.[1180,1451,2013,2031]" box="[1180,1451,2013,2031]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">© 2018 Academia Sinica, Taiwan</paragraph>
|
||
</footnote>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B0D4FEADFD34FEED" blockId="11.[136,738,253,310]" box="[136,640,285,310]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
all of which are absent in the
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B1BDFEADFD34FEED" box="[481,640,285,310]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B1BDFEADFDC8FEED" authorityName="Muricy" authorityYear="2011" box="[481,636,285,310]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">P. communis</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35AB6B8C877FF80B13EFECDFD0EFE4D" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B13EFECDFDBCFE4C" blockId="11.[354,520,381,407]" box="[354,520,381,407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B13EFECDFDBCFE4C" bold="true" box="[354,520,381,407]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">DISCUSSION</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B099FE0DFD85FCCD" blockId="11.[136,738,445,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Due to the lack of proper documentation of the distribution patterns of marine sponges in Indian waters, studies were unable to record the exact number of species present in the region. In the current study we have recorded seven species of sponges from the Andaman region. Of these seven species,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B11CFDCDFD6AFD4D" authority="(Lindgren, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Lindgren" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[320,734,637,662]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Cliothosa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="aurivillii">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B11CFDCDFDBAFD4D" box="[320,526,637,662]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Cliothosa aurivillii</emphasis>
|
||
(Lindgren, 1897)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B0D4FD2DFDBBFD6D" authority="(Topsent, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[136,527,669,694]" class="Demospongiae" family="Biemnidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Biemnida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B0D4FD2DFE81FD6D" box="[136,309,669,694]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biemna fortis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B114FD2DFDB3FD6D" author="Topsent E." box="[328,519,669,694]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B20AFD2DFE63FD0D" authority="(Bowerbank, 1873)" baseAuthorityName="Bowerbank" baseAuthorityYear="1873" class="Demospongiae" family="Phloeodictyidae" genus="Oceanapia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fistulosa">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B20AFD2DFF5EFD0D" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Oceanapia fistulosa</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B0A6FD0DFE65FD0D" author="Bowerbank JS" box="[250,465,701,726]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="3 - 25" refId="ref7403" refString="Bowerbank JS. 1873. Contributions to a General History of the Spongiadae. Part IV. Proc Zool Soc Lond 1873: 3 - 25." type="journal article" year="1873">Bowerbank, 1873</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have previously been recorded in the Indian region; the other four have not been documented in this region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B099FCADFD33FBED" blockId="11.[136,738,445,1335]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B099FCADFDF1FCED" authority="(Topsent, 1897)" baseAuthorityName="Topsent" baseAuthorityYear="1897" box="[197,581,797,822]" class="Demospongiae" family="Biemnidae" genus="Biemna" kingdom="Animalia" order="Biemnida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="fortis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B099FCADFEDBFCED" box="[197,367,797,822]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Biemna fortis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B1DEFCADFD8AFCED" author="Topsent E." box="[386,574,797,822]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="421 - 487" refId="ref9426" refString="Topsent E. 1897. Spongiaires de la Baie d'Amboine. (Voyage de MM. M. Bedot et C. Pictet dans l'Archipel Malais). Revue suisse de Zoologie 4: 421 - 487." type="journal article" year="1897">Topsent, 1897</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the most commonly observed species among these seven and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B0E3FCEDFDE4FCAD" authority="Muricy, 2011" authorityName="Muricy" authorityYear="2011" box="[191,592,861,886]" class="Homoscleromorpha" family="Plakinidae" genus="Plakortis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Homosclerophorida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="communis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B0E3FCEDFE18FCAD" box="[191,428,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Plakortis communis</emphasis>
|
||
Muricy, 2011
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the least studied from the Andaman Islands. To date, only three species in this genus were studied in Indian waters.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B0A9FC0DFD6FFC0D" authority="(Hentschel, 1912)" baseAuthorityName="Hentschel" baseAuthorityYear="1912" box="[245,731,957,982]" class="Demospongiae" family="Halichondriidae" genus="Axinyssa" kingdom="Animalia" order="Suberitida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mertoni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B0A9FC0DFE68FC0D" box="[245,476,957,982]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Axinyssa mertoni</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B1ACFC0DFD60FC0D" author="Hentschel E." box="[496,724,957,982]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="293 - 448" refId="ref7832" refString="Hentschel E. 1912. Kiesel- und Hornschwamme der Aru- und Kei-Inseln. Abhandlungen herausgegeben von der Senckenbergischen naturforschenden Gesellschaft 34: 293 - 448." type="journal article" year="1912">Hentschel, 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B0D4FC6DFD12FC2D" authority="(Dendy, 1922)" baseAuthorityName="Dendy" baseAuthorityYear="1922" box="[136,678,989,1015]" class="Demospongiae" family="Clionaidae" genus="Spheciospongia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Clionaida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="globularis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B0D4FC6DFE55FC2D" box="[136,481,989,1015]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Spheciospongia globularis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B1A8FC6DFD2AFC2D" author="Dendy A." box="[500,670,989,1014]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 164" refId="ref7686" refString="Dendy A. 1922. Report on the Sigmatotetraxonida collected by H. M. S. ' Sealark' in the Indian Ocean. In: Reports of the Percy Sladen Trust Expedition to the Indian Ocean in 1905, 7, Transaction of the Linnean Soc, pp. 1 - 164." type="book chapter" year="1922">Dendy, 1922</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C409EB0C877FF87B0D4FC4DFD2EFBCD" authority="Bergquist, 1965" authorityName="Bergquist" authorityYear="1965" box="[136,666,1021,1047]" class="Demospongiae" family="Phloeodictyidae" genus="Siphonodictyon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Haplosclerida" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Porifera" rank="species" species="mucosum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9343921C877FF87B0D4FC4DFE7DFBCD" box="[136,457,1021,1047]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Siphonodictyon mucosum</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B188FC4DFD2EFBCD" author="Bergquist PR" box="[468,666,1021,1046]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="123 - 204" refId="ref7378" refString="Bergquist PR. 1965. The Sponges of Micronesia, Part I. The Palau Archipelago. Pacif Sci XIX: 123 - 204." type="book chapter" year="1965">Bergquist, 1965</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were described in present study for the first time.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B099FB8DFB5DFDAD" blockId="11.[136,738,445,1335]" lastBlockId="11.[813,1414,253,1334]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
This study supports the idea that knowledge on species distribution relates to species’ temporal and spatial distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B1EAFBCDFD29FB4D" author="Hortal J & de Bello F & Diniz-Filho JAF & Lewinsohn TM & Lobo JM & Ladle RJ" box="[438,669,1149,1174]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="523 - 549" refId="ref7939" refString="Hortal J, de Bello F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Lewinsohn TM, Lobo JM, Ladle RJ. 2015. Seven Shortfalls that Beset Large-Scale Knowledge of Biodiversity. Annl Rev Eco Evol Syst 46: 523 - 549. doi: 10. 1146 / annurevecolsys- 112414 - 054400." type="journal article" year="2015">Hortal et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The Andaman and Nicobar Islands belong to the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F357A5A3C877FF87B2CFFB2DFD55FB6D" box="[659,737,1181,1206]" name="Myanmar" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Burma</collectingCountry>
|
||
plate, which is actually a part of the Eurasian plate. The
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FB5B91C877FF87B0E3FB6DFF45FB2D" box="[191,241,1245,1270]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">type</typeStatus>
|
||
localities of the studied species are from the Arabian, African, Indo-Australian and Eurasian plates, which was earlier part of Gondwanaland. Furthermore, all the existing distributional areas present in the archipelagic region exist in the Western Indo-Pacific region. Geographical separation of Andaman and Nicobar Islands from the major landmasses of South and Southeast Asia resulted in distinct diversity and endemism (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B36FFE0DFB67FE0D" author="Bandopadhyay PC & Carter A." box="[819,1235,445,471]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="9 - 18" refId="ref7309" refString="Bandopadhyay PC, Carter A. (eds) 2017. The Andaman- Nicobar Accretionary Ridge: Geology, Tectonics and Hazards. Geological Society, London, Memoirs, 47: 9 - 18." type="journal article" year="2017">Bandopadhyay and Carter 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). According to the ‘Plate Tectonic Theory,’ it is believed that these islands were isolated from the major continental land masses during the Continental Drift, possibly during the Early Tertiary or Late Cretaceous period (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B36FFDEDFC5FFDAD" author="Renvoize SA" box="[819,1003,605,630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="107 - 127" refId="ref8994" refString="Renvoize SA. 1979. In Plants and Islands In: Bremwell D. (eds.) The origins of Indian Ocean Island floras. Academic Press Inc., New York, pp. 107 - 127." type="book chapter" year="1979">Renvoize 1979</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B3AAFDEDFB6AFDAD" author="Mathew SP & Biju CK & Biju H." box="[1014,1246,605,630]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1127 - 1131" refId="ref8451" refString="Mathew SP, Biju CK, Biju H. 2015. Phytogeography of lesser known Mimusops andamanensis King & Gamble (Sapotaceae) with special reference to its occurrence in Little Andaman Island. Inter J Advan Res 3: 1127 - 1131." type="journal article" year="2015">Mathew et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF87B335FDCDFAC9FB4D" blockId="11.[813,1414,253,1334]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Similarly,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B3BEFDCDFB37FD4D" author="Burton M." box="[994,1155,637,662]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="487 - 546" refId="ref7477" refString="Burton M. 1930. Norwegians sponges from the Norman Collection. Proc Zool Soc London, pp. 487 - 546." type="book chapter" year="1930">Burton (1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
1932) demonstrated that there is relationship between distribution pattern and affinity to water current. He further mentions that the Indian seas, bound on the north and east sides by continents, have impassible cold-water currents from the Indian Ocean. The water flowing east to west moves the faunal distribution from the Pacific and Australian regions to the Andaman and Nicobar Islands’ environments. The species introduced in this area further migrated due to equatorial and monsoon currents, and this allowed the species to survive along the continental shelves of different areas. In the Southern Ocean too, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current and the past continent connectivity were responsible for sponges’ biogeographic and species distribution patterns (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C877FF87B4D9FBCDFAC6FB4D" author="Downey RV & Griffiths HJ & Linse K & Janussen D." box="[1157,1394,1149,1174]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref7791" refString="Downey RV, Griffiths HJ, Linse K, Janussen D. 2012. Diversity and Distribution Patterns in High Southern Latitude Sponges. PLoS ONE 7: e 41672. doi: 10.1371 / journal. pone. 0041672." type="journal volume" year="2012">Downey et al. 2012</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFFE533C877FF80B335FB2DFD0EFE4D" blockId="11.[813,1414,253,1334]" lastBlockId="12.[174,775,253,406]" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
The present work seems to support the above concept of species distribution, but further studies and observations from these islands are required to delineate the causality of sponge distribution. The uniqueness of this region makes proper documentation of sponges from these islands a necessity. Also, this study highlights the Wallacean shortfall (the gap in the knowledge involving species distribution) (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD198C2C870FF80B1F6FEEDFD35FEAD" author="Hortal J & de Bello F & Diniz-Filho JAF & Lewinsohn TM & Lobo JM & Ladle RJ" box="[426,641,349,374]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="523 - 549" refId="ref7939" refString="Hortal J, de Bello F, Diniz-Filho JAF, Lewinsohn TM, Lobo JM, Ladle RJ. 2015. Seven Shortfalls that Beset Large-Scale Knowledge of Biodiversity. Annl Rev Eco Evol Syst 46: 523 - 549. doi: 10. 1146 / annurevecolsys- 112414 - 054400." type="journal article" year="2015">Hortal et al. 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), which still prevails in this threatened island ecosystem.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |