132 lines
16 KiB
XML
132 lines
16 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="83525EBEE59EBD207D113FEADAEB0D25">Diversity of schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida) revealed by new fossil genera and species from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber with implications for a Gondwanan origin of the Burma Terrane</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="13E14B7CA17AD392835C649C44FABE3C">Magnussen, Ilian De Francesco</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="1B57CAE4335B116B52938CB16CFD0438">Müller, Sandro P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="086C1B908E199C5BE670AFD24D66EC58">Hammel, Jörg U.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="4C4923088DBDAA7178C5C993E9369C9C">Kotthoff, Ulrich</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="78CC9BD4F49A6EC801E48F25C827210C">Harms, Danilo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="A7C5589B595DA33291FD8A1473E1A607">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="121DB078A29FFDF0EE40814829EE6F6B">2022</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="AB3C1C39861D2EDD03821801762C9F88">2022-05-24</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="B3B135C874E657318128F2BEB657FC81">196</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03E7173D3522E329FF23F6C1BD51DF1E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7187084" ID-GBIF-Taxon="208567051" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7187084" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E7173D3522E329FF23F6C1BD51DF1E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E7173D3522E329FF23F6C1BD51DF1E" lastPageNumber="795" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">
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<subSubSection id="C354F5A03522E329FF23F6C1BAC3DCF5" box="[227,678,1742,1767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BF1A62B3522E329FF23F6C1BAC3DCF5" blockId="3.[227,678,1742,1767]" box="[227,678,1742,1767]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">
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SUBFAMILY
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FEAAF6C1BAC3DCF5" ID-CoL="JPQ" authority="COOK, 1899" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[362,678,1742,1767]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hubbardiinae">HUBBARDIINAE COOK, 1899</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C354F5A03522E329FF51F6F9BD51DF1E" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BF1A62B3522E329FF51F6F9B89BDD1C" blockId="3.[145,254,1782,1806]" box="[145,254,1782,1806]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">
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<emphasis id="B93A7A393522E329FF51F6F9B89BDD1C" box="[145,254,1782,1806]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">Remarks</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF1A62B3522E329FF51F711BC17D96C" blockId="3.[145,760,1822,1906]" lastBlockId="3.[806,1426,197,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">
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There are three schizomid families:
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FDE3F711BA90DD26" box="[547,757,1822,1844]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoschizomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoschizomidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FF51F732B959DD41" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[145,316,1853,1875]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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and the extinct
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FDD1F732BAD8DD41" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1945" box="[529,701,1853,1875]" class="Arachnida" family="Calcitronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calcitronidae</taxonomicName>
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. The status of
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FECCF753B9D2DD60" authorityName="Petrunkevitch" authorityYear="1945" box="[268,439,1884,1906]" class="Arachnida" family="Calcitronidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Calcitronidae</taxonomicName>
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as a valid family is still contradictory because the tarsomere formula of 7:5:4:4 (Pierce, 1951) deviates from the general pattern of 7:3:3:3 shared by
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FB66F10DBDEFDB0A" box="[1190,1418,258,280]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoschizomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoschizomidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FCE9F12EBBB4DB25" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[809,977,289,311]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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and Thelyphonida (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDFDBDA3522E329FB0AF12EBBA0DB47" author="Cokendolpher JC & Reddell JR" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" pagination="31 - 74" refId="ref19038" refString="Cokendolpher JC, Reddell JR. 1992. Revision of the Protoschizomidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) with notes on the phylogeny of the order. Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs 3: 31 - 74." type="journal article" year="1992">Cokendolpher & Reddell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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). The presence of six tarsomeres on legI is a rare occurrence in Old and New World schizomids alike and has been interpreted as a randomly occurring malformation caused by regeneration of a limb after loss or damage (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDFDBDA3522E329FBABF1B5BD7FDBC2" author="Rowland JM" box="[1131,1306,442,464]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" pagination="1 - 24" refId="ref20830" refString="Rowland JM. 1973. A new genus and several new species of Mexican schizomids (Arachnida: Schizomida). Occasional Papers Museum of Texas Tech University 11: 1 - 24." type="journal article" year="1973">Rowland, 1973</bibRefCitation>
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). The two Recent families for schizomids can be distinguished by 29 morphological characters (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDFDBDA3522E329FB1EF1F7BB90D83E" author="Cokendolpher JC & Reddell JR" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" pagination="31 - 74" refId="ref19038" refString="Cokendolpher JC, Reddell JR. 1992. Revision of the Protoschizomidae (Arachnida: Schizomida) with notes on the phylogeny of the order. Texas Memorial Museum, Speleological Monographs 3: 31 - 74." type="journal article" year="1992">Cokendolpher & Reddell, 1992</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFDFDBDA3522E329FBC8F219BD1AD83E" author="Monjaraz-Ruedas R & Francke OF & SantibanezLopez CE" box="[1032,1407,534,556]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" pagination="99 - 111" refId="ref20508" refString="Monjaraz-Ruedas R, Francke OF, SantibanezLopez CE. 2017. The morphological phylogeny of the family Protoschizomidae revisited (Arachnida: Schizomida): setal characters, fossil and paraphyletic genera. Journal of Arachnology 45: 99 - 111." type="journal article" year="2017">
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Monjaraz-Ruedas
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<emphasis id="B93A7A393522E329FB31F218BD57D839" box="[1265,1330,534,556]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">et al.</emphasis>
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, 2017
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Out of these characters, only the symmetry of the tarsal spurs (symmetrical in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FB69F25BBDEED878" box="[1193,1419,596,618]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoschizomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoschizomidae</taxonomicName>
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, asymmetrical in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FC37F27DBCC4D89A" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[1015,1185,626,648]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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), body size (usually between 6 and
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in
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and ~
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in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FC19F2BFBCEBD8D7" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[985,1166,688,710]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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), male and female flagellum morphology and the setation of the base of the anterior process (present in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FB75F2E2BDE9D911" box="[1205,1420,749,771]" class="Arachnida" family="Protoschizomidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Protoschizomidae</taxonomicName>
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, absent in
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FC6CF303BC39D930" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[940,1116,780,802]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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) can be assessed in the amber fossils owing to fossil preservation, but all of the described fossil specimens align well with the diagnosis for
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FC08F367BC0AD96C" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[968,1135,872,894]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="795" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hubbardiidae</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BF1A62B3522E329FC81F389BD51DF1E" blockId="3.[806,1426,197,1292]" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">
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Within this family, the Megaschizominae (endemic to southern Africa) have a body size of ~
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, a row of eight or nine setae along the frontal margin of the propeltidium, and their tergites II–VII on the opisthosoma have two submarginal rows of setae, whereas
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FC50F42FBC55DE24" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[912,1072,1056,1078]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="824" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hubbardiinae">Hubbardiinae</taxonomicName>
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are smaller and have only one row. All fossil species align with
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<taxonomicName id="4C4EDDA83522E329FB5FF431BD5ADE46" authorityName="Cook" authorityYear="1899" box="[1183,1343,1086,1108]" class="Arachnida" family="Hubbardiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Schizomida" pageId="3" pageNumber="824" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hubbardiinae">Hubbardiinae</taxonomicName>
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rather than with Megaschizominae. The key provides basic diagnoses for all fossil genera described from Burmese amber. As the fossil schizomids are often altered and deformed by taphonomical processes, a schizomid body plan with labelling of body parts is given in
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<figureCitation id="1375BAAE3522E329FAEEF4D7BDF4DEFF" box="[1326,1425,1240,1262]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="4.[164,242,1659,1681]" captionTargetBox="[166,1446,198,1616]" captionTargetId="figure-99@4.[163,1449,195,1619]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Figure 2. Basic male schizomid body plan in dorsal (A) and in ventral (B) view. See Material and methods for explanation of abbreviations. Abbreviation: I-XII, tergites I-XII." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7187090" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7187090/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="795">Figure 2</figureCitation>
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for a better understanding of the morphology.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |