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<document id="7AD04010D9E96904B5ADE02771A17B99" ID-CLB-Dataset="27700" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4543.3.2" ID-GBIF-Dataset="7520908e-3595-4ed3-96f8-9a0fffb45439" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="2617841" ID-ZooBank="58142B27-5E25-46EE-A1B0-71BB31DFB3E2" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1553928404141" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Davis, Steven R., Brav-Cubitt, Talia, Buckley, Thomas R. &amp; Leschen, Richard A. B." docDate="2019" docId="03DEC54AFFE9C91BFBA84081FC72FBFD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4543.3.2.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4543 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Etheophanus , Broun 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="349" masterDocId="FFE7BD32FFEBC913FB3F442FFFFDFFAF" masterDocTitle="Systematics of the New Zealand Weevil Etheophanus Broun (Curculionidae: Molytinae)" masterLastPageNumber="374" masterPageNumber="341" pageNumber="343" updateTime="1698715414758" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A84A8DA0B4DE8B5ED13578A83041440D">Systematics of the New Zealand Weevil Etheophanus Broun (Curculionidae: Molytinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="27F66DDCC2481C66A2ECADE41E81A480">Brav-Cubitt, Talia</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="33F8069E5B594797BBF3D3E48C18CFB1">Buckley, Thomas R.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="177DD442A61C16578D875C968296D9C7">Leschen, Richard A. B.</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03DEC54AFFE9C91BFBA84081FC72FBFD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5944053" ID-GBIF-Taxon="154529839" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5944053" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DEC54AFFE9C91BFBA84081FC72FBFD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DEC54AFFE9C91BFBA84081FC72FBFD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<subSubSection id="C36D27D7FFE9C911FBA84081FE25FB66" box="[151,472,1198,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE9C911FBA84081FE25FB66" blockId="2.[151,472,1198,1258]" box="[151,472,1198,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<heading id="D080C330FFE9C911FBA84081FE25FB66" bold="true" box="[151,472,1198,1225]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE9C911FBA84081FE25FB66" ID-CoL="8HJFF" authority="Broun, 1893" authorityName=", Broun" authorityYear="1893" box="[151,472,1198,1225]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE9C911FBA84081FE25FB66" bold="true" box="[151,472,1198,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE9C911FBA84081FEC5FB67" bold="true" box="[151,312,1198,1224]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Etheophanus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE9C911FA004080FE25FB66" author="Broun, T." box="[319,472,1199,1225]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" pagination="975 - 1504" refId="ref10298" refString="Broun, T. (1893) Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts F-FII. Government Printer, Wellington, XVII + 530 pp. [pp. I- XVII + 975 - 1504]" type="book chapter" year="1893">Broun, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
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<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE9C911FBA840FEFEE4FB45" blockId="2.[151,472,1198,1258]" box="[151,281,1233,1258]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
(
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE9C911FBA040FEFEEDFB45" box="[159,272,1233,1258]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1" captionStart-1="FIGURES 2" captionStart-10="FIGURES 11" captionStart-11="FIGURES 12" captionStart-12="FIGURES 13" captionStart-13="FIGURES 14" captionStart-14="FIGURES 15" captionStart-2="FIGURES 3" captionStart-3="FIGURES 4" captionStart-4="FIGURES 5" captionStart-5="FIGURES 6" captionStart-6="FIGURES 7" captionStart-7="FIGURES 8" captionStart-8="FIGURES 9" captionStart-9="FIGURES 10" captionStartId-0="3.[151,264,1973,1995]" captionStartId-1="4.[151,264,1962,1984]" captionStartId-10="16.[151,264,1996,2018]" captionStartId-11="17.[151,264,1974,1996]" captionStartId-12="18.[151,264,2013,2035]" captionStartId-13="21.[151,264,1956,1978]" captionStartId-14="22.[151,264,1993,2015]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,264,1993,2015]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" captionStartId-4="7.[151,264,1881,1903]" captionStartId-5="9.[151,264,1953,1975]" captionStartId-6="10.[151,264,2003,2025]" captionStartId-7="12.[151,264,1930,1952]" captionStartId-8="13.[151,264,1998,2020]" captionStartId-9="15.[151,264,1956,1978]" captionTargetBox-0="[278,1316,213,1942]" captionTargetBox-1="[189,1414,253,1889]" captionTargetBox-10="[151,1434,210,1966]" captionTargetBox-11="[151,1436,245,1872]" captionTargetBox-12="[150,1434,193,1990]" captionTargetBox-13="[150,1435,235,1891]" captionTargetBox-14="[150,1436,193,1972]" captionTargetBox-2="[330,1265,224,1944]" captionTargetBox-3="[160,1424,190,1834]" captionTargetBox-4="[174,1417,713,1866]" captionTargetBox-5="[151,1435,250,1894]" captionTargetBox-6="[151,1434,193,1980]" captionTargetBox-7="[151,1435,233,1877]" captionTargetBox-8="[151,1435,213,1959]" captionTargetBox-9="[150,1436,260,1864]" captionTargetId-0="figure@3.[260,1328,195,1956]" captionTargetId-1="figure@4.[151,1435,230,1908]" captionTargetId-10="figure@16.[151,1435,210,1966]" captionTargetId-11="figure@17.[151,1436,245,1872]" captionTargetId-12="figure@18.[150,1436,193,1990]" captionTargetId-13="figure@21.[150,1436,235,1891]" captionTargetId-14="figure@22.[150,1436,193,1972]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[280,1317,193,1979]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[160,1424,190,1835]" captionTargetId-4="figure@7.[151,1436,690,1870]" captionTargetId-5="figure@9.[151,1435,250,1894]" captionTargetId-6="figure@10.[151,1435,193,1980]" captionTargetId-7="figure@12.[151,1435,233,1877]" captionTargetId-8="figure@13.[151,1435,213,1959]" captionTargetId-9="figure@15.[150,1436,260,1864]" captionTargetPageId-0="3" captionTargetPageId-1="4" captionTargetPageId-10="16" captionTargetPageId-11="17" captionTargetPageId-12="18" captionTargetPageId-13="21" captionTargetPageId-14="22" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionTargetPageId-4="7" captionTargetPageId-5="9" captionTargetPageId-6="10" captionTargetPageId-7="12" captionTargetPageId-8="13" captionTargetPageId-9="15" captionText-0="FIGURES 1A–G. Dorsal habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." captionText-1="FIGURES 2A–G. Lateral habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." captionText-10="FIGURES 11A–D. Etheophanus optandus, female terminalia. A, sternite VIII; B, tergite VIII; C, gonocoxites; D, spermatheca." captionText-11="FIGURES 12A–D. Etheophanus pinguis, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." captionText-12="FIGURES 13A–D. Etheophanus pinguis, female terminalia. A, sternite VIII; B, tergite VIII; C, gonocoxites; D, spermatheca." captionText-13="FIGURES 14A–D. Etheophanus striatus, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." captionText-14="FIGURES 15A–D. Etheophanus striatus, female terminalia. A, sternite VIII; B, tergite VIII; C, gonocoxites; D, spermatheca." captionText-2="FIGURES 3A–B. Anterolateral view of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus." captionText-3="FIGURES 4A–D. Mouthparts of E. nitidellus. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate." captionText-4="FIGURES 5A–G. Key characters of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n., apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); B, E. nitidellus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); C, E. optandus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); D, E. pingius, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); E, E. striatus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); F, E. nitidellus (female), internal view of abdominal ventrites showing pair of apodemes on fifth ventrite; G, E. kuscheli, showing semi-lamellate process on procoxa (arrow)." captionText-5="FIGURES 6A–D. Etheophanus kuscheli, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." captionText-6="FIGURES 7A–D. Etheophanus kuscheli, female terminalia. A, sternite VIII; B, tergite VIII; C, gonocoxites; D, spermatheca." captionText-7="FIGURES 8A–D. Etheophanus nitidellus, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." captionText-8="FIGURES 9A–D. Etheophanus nitidellus, female terminalia. A, sternite VIII; B, tergite VIII; C, gonocoxites; D, spermatheca." captionText-9="FIGURES 10A–D. Etheophanus optandus, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/2617843/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/2617845/files/figure.png" httpUri-10="https://zenodo.org/record/2617863/files/figure.png" httpUri-11="https://zenodo.org/record/2617865/files/figure.png" httpUri-12="https://zenodo.org/record/2617867/files/figure.png" httpUri-13="https://zenodo.org/record/2617869/files/figure.png" httpUri-14="https://zenodo.org/record/2617871/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/2617847/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" httpUri-4="https://zenodo.org/record/2617851/files/figure.png" httpUri-5="https://zenodo.org/record/2617853/files/figure.png" httpUri-6="https://zenodo.org/record/2617855/files/figure.png" httpUri-7="https://zenodo.org/record/2617857/files/figure.png" httpUri-8="https://zenodo.org/record/2617859/files/figure.png" httpUri-9="https://zenodo.org/record/2617861/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Figs 1–15</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36D27D7FFE9C911FBA84136FB93FA80" box="[151,1134,1305,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE9C911FBA84136FB93FA80" blockId="2.[151,1134,1305,1327]" box="[151,1134,1305,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB675372FFE9C911FBA84136FB93FA80" box="[151,1134,1305,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE9C911FBA84136FE1EFA80" ID-CoL="8HJFF" authority="Broun, 1893: 1232" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityPageNumber="1232" authorityYear="1232" box="[151,483,1305,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE9C911FBA84136FEE6FA80" box="[151,283,1305,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Etheophanus</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0AD6524DFFE9C911FA1E4135FE1EFA80" author="Broun, T." box="[289,483,1305,1327]" page="1232" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" year="1893">
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE9C911FA1E4135FE5EFA80" author="Broun, T." box="[289,419,1305,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" pagination="975 - 1504" refId="ref10298" refString="Broun, T. (1893) Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts F-FII. Government Printer, Wellington, XVII + 530 pp. [pp. I- XVII + 975 - 1504]" type="book chapter" year="1893">Broun, 1893</bibRefCitation>
: 1232
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.
<typeStatus id="54CCCAFEFFE9C911FAD34135FDE3FA80" box="[492,542,1306,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Type</typeStatus>
species:
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE9C911F9434136FC25FA80" ID-CoL="3BKZT" authority="Broun, 1893" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1233" box="[636,984,1305,1327]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE9C911F9434136FCACFA80" box="[636,849,1305,1327]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Etheophanus pinguis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE9C911F8684135FC25FA80" author="Broun, T." box="[855,984,1305,1327]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" pagination="975 - 1504" refId="ref10298" refString="Broun, T. (1893) Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera. Parts F-FII. Government Printer, Wellington, XVII + 530 pp. [pp. I- XVII + 975 - 1504]" type="book chapter" year="1893">Broun, 1893</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by monotypy.
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</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C36D27D7FFE9C911FBA84173FC6CF876" pageId="2" pageNumber="343" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE9C911FBA84173FC6CF876" blockId="2.[151,1437,1372,2009]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE9C911FBA84173FEECFADA" bold="true" box="[151,273,1372,1397]" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
Body compact and often covered in encrustation. Colour light to dark red-brown, often with black pigments at the humeral, subapical and central areas of the elytra. Vestiture of thick narrow setae, that are white, golden or black, biseriate consisting of decumbent primary and scattered erect setae that often are widened or frayed apically. Mouthparts: labium (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE9C911F97941E7FD5CFA4F" box="[582,673,1480,1505]" captionStart="FIGURES 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,190,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[160,1424,190,1835]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 4A–D. Mouthparts of E. nitidellus. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 4A</figureCitation>
) with 3-segmented palpus; basal segment with one to two dorsal setae, middle segment lacking setae or with one dorsal seta, apical segment lacking setae, with 6 apical sensilla; prementum with two dorsal setae (one at each dorsolateral corner); ligula lightly sclerotized, acute; mandibles weakly falcate; left mandible (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE9C911FAC5421BFDA9F9E2" box="[506,596,1588,1613]" captionStart="FIGURES 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,190,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[160,1424,190,1835]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 4A–D. Mouthparts of E. nitidellus. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 4C</figureCitation>
) with three incisors and short molar region, middle incisor larger, inner incisor small, and one seta along outer dorsal margin; maxilla (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE9C911F8564277FC3CF9DF" box="[873,961,1624,1649]" captionStart="FIGURES 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,190,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[160,1424,190,1835]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 4A–D. Mouthparts of E. nitidellus. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="343">Fig. 4B</figureCitation>
) with 3-segmented palpus, basal segment with one seta near outer apical margin, middle and apical segments lacking setae; palpiger with two dorsal setae; galeolacinial complex with large, paddle-shaped setae along mesal margin. Rostrum with lateral carinae, often conjoined before eyes with an internal area subglabrous and not highly polished, length about as long as prothorax; antennae inserted apically, about 1/5 the total distance of rostrum from eye. Pronotum narrower than combined width of elytra with sides more or less parallel-sided and not strongly convex; anterior not strongly constricted and extended apically forming a hood; pronotum and elytra at different levels. Proventrite lacking groove for retraction of rostrum. Scutellar shield absent. Elytra with five deep to weakly impressed apunctate striae, apex rounded to attenuate. Mesoventrite lacking a rostral groove. Sclerolepidia present and squamiform. Total length of abdomen about 1/3 longer than meso- and metaventrites combined. Abdominal ventrite 5 of male with a pair of setae arising from a cluster of circular pores. Tibiae bearing a single apical spine.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF0824D4FFE8C910FBA8439AFF14F845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617843/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" startId="3.[151,264,1973,1995]" targetBox="[278,1316,213,1942]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE8C910FBA8439AFF14F845" blockId="3.[151,1437,1973,2026]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910FBA8439AFEB4F864" bold="true" box="[151,329,1973,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">FIGURES 1A–G</emphasis>
. Dorsal habiti of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910FAC4439AFD82F864" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[507,639,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910FAC4439AFD82F864" box="[507,639,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910F9EB4399FCBEF864" authority="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen, 2019" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[724,835,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910F9EB4399FCBEF864" box="[724,835,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910F876439AFC7FF864" bold="true" box="[841,898,1973,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2301535FFE8C910F876439AFC7FF864" box="[841,898,1973,1995]" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910F8934399FBDAF864" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[940,1063,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910F8934399FBDAF864" box="[940,1063,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910FF6E4399FB37F864" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" box="[1105,1226,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910FF6E4399FB37F864" box="[1105,1226,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">E. optandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; D,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910FFC94399FAA0F864" box="[1270,1373,1974,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingius">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910FFC94399FAA0F864" box="[1270,1373,1974,1995]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">E. pingius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE8C910FEB94399FF1EF845" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="344" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE8C910FEB94399FF1EF845" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="344">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0824D4FFEFC917FBA84385FF14F870" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617845/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" startId="4.[151,264,1962,1984]" targetBox="[189,1414,253,1889]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFEFC917FBA84385FF14F870" blockId="4.[151,1437,1962,2015]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917FBA84385FEB7F86F" bold="true" box="[151,330,1962,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">FIGURES 2A–G</emphasis>
. Lateral habiti of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917FAC14385FD7FF86F" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[510,642,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917FAC14385FD7FF86F" box="[510,642,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917F9E84384FCBBF86F" authority="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen, 2019" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[727,838,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917F9E84384FCBBF86F" box="[727,838,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917F8744385FC79F86F" bold="true" box="[843,900,1962,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2301535FFEFC917F8744385FC79F86F" box="[843,900,1962,1984]" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917F8914384FBD5F86F" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[942,1064,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917F8914384FBD5F86F" box="[942,1064,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; C,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917FF6C4384FB36F86F" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" box="[1107,1227,1962,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917FF6C4384FB36F86F" box="[1107,1227,1962,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">E. optandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; D,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917FFC84384FAA0F86F" box="[1271,1373,1963,1984]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingius">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917FFC84384FAA0F86F" box="[1271,1373,1963,1984]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">E. pingius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; E,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEFC917FEB94384FF1EF870" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="345" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEFC917FEB94384FF1EF870" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="345">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0824D4FFEEC916FBA843E6FB95F870" box="[151,1128,1993,2015]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617847/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" startId="5.[151,264,1993,2015]" targetBox="[330,1265,224,1944]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFEEC916FBA843E6FB95F870" blockId="5.[151,1128,1993,2015]" box="[151,1128,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEEC916FBA843E6FEB7F870" bold="true" box="[151,330,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">FIGURES 3A–B</emphasis>
. Anterolateral view of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEEC916F90A43E6FD44F870" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[565,697,1993,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEEC916F90A43E6FD44F870" box="[565,697,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEEC916F83043E5FC83F870" authority="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen, 2019" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[783,894,1993,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEEC916F83043E5FC83F870" box="[783,894,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEEC916F8BB43E6FC40F871" bold="true" box="[900,957,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2301535FFEEC916F8BB43E6FC40F871" box="[900,957,1993,2015]" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
; B,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEEC916F8D743E5FB9FF870" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[1000,1122,1993,2015]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="346" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEEC916F8D743E5FB9FF870" box="[1000,1122,1993,2015]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="346">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF0824D4FFEDC915FBA84314FA75F8FE" box="[151,1416,1851,1873]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" startId="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" targetBox="[160,1424,190,1834]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFEDC915FBA84314FA75F8FE" blockId="6.[151,1416,1851,1873]" box="[151,1416,1851,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEDC915FBA84314FEB1F8FE" bold="true" box="[151,332,1851,1873]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">FIGURES 4A–D</emphasis>
. Mouthparts of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEDC915FAD14313FD95F8FE" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[494,616,1851,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEDC915FAD14313FD95F8FE" box="[494,616,1851,1873]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C36D27D7FFEDC91BFBF84352FC72FBFD" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="349" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFEDC914FBF84352FC3DFD28" blockId="6.[151,1436,1917,2014]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1437,151,647]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="348" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEDC915FBF84352FEC6F839" bold="true" box="[199,315,1917,1942]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">Remarks.</emphasis>
Placement of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEDC915FADE4352FD8EF83A" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[481,627,1917,1941]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFEDC915FADE4352FD8EF83A" box="[481,627,1917,1941]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
within the
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFEDC915F9C84352FC97F839" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[759,874,1917,1942]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Molytinae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="342" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Molytinae</taxonomicName>
is supported by the form of the pharyngeal plate (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFEDC915FBA0438EFF05F815" box="[159,248,1953,1978]" captionStart="FIGURES 4" captionStartId="6.[151,264,1851,1873]" captionTargetBox="[160,1424,190,1834]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[160,1424,190,1835]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURES 4A–D. Mouthparts of E. nitidellus. A, labium, dorsal view; B, left maxilla; C, left mandible; D, pharyngeal plate." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617849/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="347">Fig. 4D</figureCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFEDC915FA3C438EFE78F815" author="Davis, S. R." box="[259,389,1953,1978]" pageId="6" pageNumber="347" pagination="1 - 76" refId="ref10867" refString="Davis, S. R. (2017) The weevil rostrum (Coleoptera: Curculionoidea): internal structure and evolutionary trends. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 416, 1 - 76. https: // doi. org / 10.1206 / 0003 - 0090 - 416.1.1" type="journal article" year="2017">Davis 2017</bibRefCitation>
) whereby the anterior arms are long and narrow, the plate is nearly divided medially by a long notch (and only narrowly connected posteriorly), and the posterior region of the plate possesses only a few small holes. Two additional characters supporting the molytine placement is the presence of a small spiculum relictum in the male (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFECC914FA394491FE94FF78" box="[262,361,190,215]" captionStart="FIGURES 6" captionStartId="9.[151,264,1953,1975]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,250,1894]" captionTargetId="figure@9.[151,1435,250,1894]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="FIGURES 6A–D. Etheophanus kuscheli, male terminalia. A, aedeagus, dorsal view; B, aedeagus, lateral view; C, tegmen, dorsal view; D, sternites VIII and IX, showing spiculum relictum." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617853/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Figs. 6D</figureCitation>
) and a pair of small internal apodemes on the anterolateral corners of the 5
<superScript id="7C02D914FFECC914FF8A4493FB3CFF65" attach="left" box="[1205,1217,188,202]" fontSize="6" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">th</superScript>
abdominal ventrite of the female (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFECC914FA0744CDFE73FF54" box="[312,398,226,251]" captionStart="FIGURES 5" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[174,1417,713,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,690,1870]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5A–G. Key characters of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n., apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); B, E. nitidellus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); C, E. optandus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); D, E. pingius, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); E, E. striatus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); F, E. nitidellus (female), internal view of abdominal ventrites showing pair of apodemes on fifth ventrite; G, E. kuscheli, showing semi-lamellate process on procoxa (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617851/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Fig. 5F</figureCitation>
). Although these latter two characters are not restricted to molytines and are found elsewhere (e.g., the spiculum relictum in
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9274529FD39FEB0" box="[536,708,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Nemonychidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nemonychidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9E74529FCCDFEB0" box="[728,816,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Belidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Belidae</taxonomicName>
, some
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F8B14529FBEFFEB0" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[910,1042,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Attelabidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Attelabidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FF1A4529FB68FEB0" authorityName="Billberg" authorityYear="1820" box="[1061,1173,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Brentidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Brentidae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FF974529FAFFFEB0" box="[1192,1282,262,287]" class="Insecta" family="Caridae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caridae</taxonomicName>
, and several curculionid subfamilies, and the internal abdominal apodemes at least in the curculionid subfamilies
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FE1E4505FA65FEEC" authorityName="Marseul" authorityYear="1863" box="[1313,1432,298,323]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hyperinae">Hyperinae</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FBA84561FEDCFEC8" box="[151,289,334,359]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Cyclominae">Cyclominae</taxonomicName>
, and Entiminae, S. Brown, pers. comm.), homoplasious characters are inherent in phylogenetics. After all, it is the distinct suite of traits that defines a taxon, not any particular trait in isolation. The spiculum relictum does appear in several curculionoid lineages and, as expected of any feature that is gained or lost several times through evolution, it displays slight differences in the various lineages. In molytines, the apex is narrow and strongly bifid.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFECC914FA0245F1FE3CFE58" author="Lyal, C. H. C." box="[317,449,478,503]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" pagination="529 - 570" refId="ref11969" refString="Lyal, C. H. C. (2014) Chapter 3.7. 7 Molytinae Schoenherr, 1823. In: Leschen, R. A. B. &amp; Beutel, R. G. (Eds.), Handbook of Zoology, Arthropoda: Insecta: Coleoptera. Fol. 3: Morphology and Systematics (Phytophaga). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, pp. 529 - 570." type="book chapter" year="2014">Lyal (2014)</bibRefCitation>
proposed that
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F95845F0FD04FE58" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[615,761,479,503]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F95845F0FD04FE58" box="[615,761,479,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was a member of monophyletic group containing
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FE0E45CFFF1DFDB5" authority="Broun" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exeiratus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FE0E45CFFA61FE58" box="[1329,1436,480,503]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Exeiratus</emphasis>
Broun
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FBD2462CFE34FDB5" authority="Broun" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1917" box="[237,457,515,538]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Inososgenes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FBD2462CFE8BFDB5" box="[237,374,515,538]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Inososgenes</emphasis>
Broun
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FAE8462CFD4DFDB5" authority="Pascoe" authorityName="Pascoe" authorityYear="1876" box="[471,688,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Paedaretus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FAE8462CFDA8FDB4" box="[471,597,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Paedaretus</emphasis>
Pascoe
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9CF462CFC58FDB5" authority="Broun" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1893" box="[752,933,515,539]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Phronira" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F9CF462CFCA8FDB4" box="[752,853,515,539]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Phronira</emphasis>
Broun
</taxonomicName>
supported by the presence of sclerolepidia, weak postocular lobes, an emarginate prosternal anterior margin, and an indication of a prosternal canal. These genera are mostly
<collectingCountry id="F36034CCFFECC914FA554664FDFFFDCC" box="[362,514,586,611]" name="New Zealand" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">New Zealand</collectingCountry>
endemics apart from
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9C24664FC95FDCD" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1914" box="[765,872,587,610]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Exeiratus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F9C24664FC95FDCD" box="[765,872,587,610]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Exeiratus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is shared with
<collectingCountry id="F36034CCFFECC914FF594665FB30FDCC" box="[1126,1229,586,611]" name="Australia" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Australia</collectingCountry>
and COI and 28S data (Leschen
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FA05465FFE96FD28" box="[314,363,623,647]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">et al</emphasis>
., in prep.) corroborate this hypothesis of monophyly.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF0824D4FFECC914FBA84376FE9CF845" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617851/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" startId="7.[151,264,1881,1903]" targetBox="[174,1417,713,1866]" targetPageId="7">
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFECC914FBA84376FE9CF845" blockId="7.[151,1437,1881,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FBA84376FEB1F8C0" bold="true" box="[151,332,1881,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">FIGURES 5A–G</emphasis>
. Key characters of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9274376FD61F8C0" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[536,668,1881,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F9274376FD61F8C0" box="[536,668,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. A,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9C94375FC9AF8C0" authority="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen, 2019" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[758,871,1881,1903]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F9C94375FC9AF8C0" box="[758,871,1881,1903]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F8504376FC57F8C0" bold="true" box="[879,938,1881,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2301535FFECC914F8504376FC57F8C0" box="[879,938,1881,1903]" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" rank="species">sp. n.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); B,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FEB94375FF08F822" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FEB94375FF08F822" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); C,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F9EC4356FCB3F822" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" box="[723,846,1911,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F9EC4356FCB3F822" box="[723,846,1911,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. optandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); D,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FE124356FA6BF821" box="[1325,1430,1913,1934]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pingius">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FE124356FA6BF821" box="[1325,1430,1913,1934]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. pingius</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); E,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F95343B8FD25F803" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" box="[620,728,1943,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F95343B8FD25F803" box="[620,728,1943,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); F,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914FF8643B8FACBF803" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[1209,1334,1942,1964]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914FF8643B8FACBF803" box="[1209,1334,1942,1964]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(female), internal view of abdominal ventrites showing pair of apodemes on fifth ventrite; G,
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFECC914F8E04399FBB0F864" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[991,1101,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="348" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFECC914F8E04399FBB0F864" box="[991,1101,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="348">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, showing semi-lamellate process on procoxa (arrow).
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE3C91BFBF844B8FD8EFDF2" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
There are five species of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFAC744B7FD77FF1F" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1232" box="[504,650,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BFAC744B7FD77FF1F" box="[504,650,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Etheophanus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, one described here, which have a wide range of colour and setal patterning (
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BFA274494FE98FF7B" box="[280,357,187,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 1" captionStartId="3.[151,264,1973,1995]" captionTargetBox="[278,1316,213,1942]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[260,1328,195,1956]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURES 1A–G. Dorsal habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617843/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
&amp;
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BFAB64493FE64FF7B" box="[393,409,188,212]" captionStart="FIGURES 2" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1962,1984]" captionTargetBox="[189,1414,253,1889]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,230,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2A–G. Lateral habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">2</figureCitation>
), characters that were used to name and recognise the species by Broun. However, we have found that there are few consistent size, colour and vestiture characters among the species.
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE3C91BFF8644CFFAB4FF57" author="Craw, R." box="[1209,1353,224,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" pagination="291 - 310" refId="ref10661" refString="Craw, R. (1988) Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. Systematic Biology, 37 (3), 291 - 310." type="journal article" year="1988">Craw (1988)</bibRefCitation>
scored characters for a cladistic analysis, some characters of which we could not use effectively include shape (the elytra subcordate versus subrounded, level of pronotal and elytral surfaces) and six male genitalic characters, and only two we have confirmed here. The other aedeagal characters may have been either scored in error or were not examined with a stereomicroscope because all species have an ostiolar canal present with valves (which are generally membranous and weakly pigmented in most specimens) and the sclerite of the internal sac appears not to be a sclerite, but rather a broad region of spines, with an overall shape that does not seem to correspond to the character states in Craw’s data matrix. The area consists of small, weakly pigmented elongate spines in
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFEBB45F5FF03FDBA" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BFEBB45F5FF03FDBA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. optandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, small, weakly pigmented and dense hair like processes in
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF89545D1FBE3FDBA" authorityName="Broun, 1893:" authorityYear="1233" box="[938,1054,510,533]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="pinguis">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF89545D1FBE3FDBA" box="[938,1054,510,533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. pinguis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFF6745D1FB30FDBA" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" box="[1112,1229,510,533]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BFF6745D1FB30FDBA" box="[1112,1229,510,533]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and small, dense toothlike processes in
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BFAA7460DFDD7FD96" box="[408,554,545,569]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFAA7460DFDDBFD96" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[408,550,545,569]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">E. nitidellus</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Nonetheless, differences in the size, pigmentation, and spatial orientation of these endophallic spines are indeed subtle.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE3C91BFBF84647FDBAFC49" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
Other than colour, vestiture, and body shape, there are few additional external characters reliable for separating the taxa that are included in the key and diagnoses for the species. Punctation, as used by
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE3C91BFFAD46A2FADCFD0A" author="Craw, R." box="[1170,1313,653,677]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" pagination="291 - 310" refId="ref10661" refString="Craw, R. (1988) Continuing the synthesis between panbiogeography, phylogenetic systematics and geology as illustrated by empirical studies on the biogeography of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands. Systematic Biology, 37 (3), 291 - 310." type="journal article" year="1988">Craw (1988)</bibRefCitation>
is a useful character. Two autapomorphies are the unusual process on the procoxae of
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF8D7469EFB99FD67" authorityName="Davis &amp; Brav-Cubitt &amp; Buckley &amp; Leschen" authorityYear="2019" box="[1000,1124,688,712]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kuscheli">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF8D7469EFB99FD67" box="[1000,1124,688,712]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. kuscheli</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BFF4B4680FB24FD67" box="[1140,1241,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURES 2" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1962,1984]" captionTargetBox="[189,1414,253,1889]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,230,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2A–G. Lateral habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BFFDA469FFAF4FD67" box="[1253,1289,688,712]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[330,1265,224,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[280,1317,193,1979]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3A–B. Anterolateral view of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">3A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BFE294680FAC4FD67" box="[1302,1337,687,712]" captionStart="FIGURES 5" captionStartId="7.[151,264,1881,1903]" captionTargetBox="[174,1417,713,1866]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,690,1870]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURES 5A–G. Key characters of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n., apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); B, E. nitidellus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); C, E. optandus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); D, E. pingius, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); E, E. striatus, apical half of median lobe (dorsal view); F, E. nitidellus (female), internal view of abdominal ventrites showing pair of apodemes on fifth ventrite; G, E. kuscheli, showing semi-lamellate process on procoxa (arrow)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617851/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">5G</figureCitation>
) and the absence of pronotal vibrissae in
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF92E46FBFD75FD44" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" box="[529,648,724,747]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF92E46FBFD75FD44" box="[529,648,724,747]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(presence of these are easily seen behind the eye and on the lower anterior margin of pronotum in
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BF93F46D8FD99FCBF" box="[512,612,759,784]" captionStart="FIGURES 2" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1962,1984]" captionTargetBox="[189,1414,253,1889]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1435,230,1908]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 2A–G. Lateral habiti of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus; C, E. optandus; D, E. pingius; E, E. striatus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617845/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Figs. 2A</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="134C68D9FFE3C91BF94D46D7FD6AFCBF" box="[626,663,760,784]" captionStart="FIGURES 3" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1993,2015]" captionTargetBox="[330,1265,224,1944]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[280,1317,193,1979]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 3A–B. Anterolateral view of Etheophanus spp. A, E. kuscheli sp. n.; B, E. nitidellus." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/2617847/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">3A</figureCitation>
). Indicated by our genetic study, there may be a complex of species among populations currently considered as
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF9AE4733FCE1FC9C" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[657,796,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF9AE4733FCE1FC9C" box="[657,796,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. nitidellus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF8664733FC1EFC9C" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" box="[857,995,795,819]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF8664733FC1EFC9C" box="[857,995,795,819]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. optandus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and more dissections are required to determine species status and variation in the genitalia. Further collecting is needed to evaluate exact population limits because of gaps in genetic sampling along the entire range of the species; particularly, the
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BFFFA474CFA61FCD4" box="[1221,1436,867,891]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFFFA474CFAD4FCD4" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1923" box="[1221,1321,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nitidellus">nitidellus</taxonomicName>
/
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BFE08474CFA61FCD4" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1921" box="[1335,1436,867,891]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="optandus">optandus</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
complex which extends from Westland south to Stewart Island and
<taxonomicName id="4C770FDFFFE3C91BF8AE47A8FBF8FC31" authorityName="Broun" authorityYear="1910" box="[913,1029,903,926]" class="Insecta" family="Curculionidae" genus="Etheophanus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="striatus">
<emphasis id="B903A84EFFE3C91BF8AE47A8FBF8FC31" box="[913,1029,903,926]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">E. striatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is present in eastern portions of the South Island and as far south as Dunedin. We fully describe one new species and provide diagnostic descriptions for the remaining species.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BC8745CFFE3C91BFBF847DEFC72FBFD" blockId="8.[151,1437,151,1106]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">
The biology of the genus is poorly known, beyond that all species are associated with leaf litter. The lack of collections of specimens in Lynfield,
<collectingRegion id="49B3BABEFFE3C91BF95F403AFD30FB81" box="[608,717,1045,1070]" country="New Zealand" name="Auckland" pageId="8" pageNumber="349">Auckland</collectingRegion>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFE609ADFFE3C91BF9DB403AFC74FB81" author="Kuschel, G." box="[740,905,1045,1070]" pageId="8" pageNumber="349" pagination="1 - 118" refId="ref11567" refString="Kuschel, G. (1990) Beetles in a suburban environment: a New Zealand case study. The identity and status of Coleoptera in the natural and modified habitats of Lynfield, Auckland (1974 - 1989). DSIR Plant Protection Report, 3, 1 - 118." type="journal article" year="1990">Kuschel 1990</bibRefCitation>
) may indicate special habitat or food plant requirements, or that they do not thrive well in urban environments.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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