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<document id="A37B24EA0AD684365E7335FA0CB7A5EE" ID-CLB-Dataset="3532" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5684751" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5ce30349-be7d-41d9-b9c3-3f089552d894" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5684751" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633566623593" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="03CC87EC9122FB53FA50F497F632DD2A" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Mephitidae_0532.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Mephitis mephatis" docType="treatment" docVersion="10" lastPageNumber="559" masterDocId="FFF5FF949127FB55FF93FFCCFFC9D551" masterDocTitle="Mephitidae" masterLastPageNumber="562" masterPageNumber="532" pageNumber="558" updateTime="1700280156500" updateUser="plazi">
<mods:mods id="BE8652E180CD322159ED05E4D1CAF84A" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="B80E4A4A44ADB452A28114655B2AE6F4">
<mods:title id="17AF0AEB8FE98A3D340FB5D58C90D719">Mephitidae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="96705EA605CE9DA471F370AED6122FEF" type="personal">
<mods:role id="79F6D0E16B097B2D63488F2290EA4E4F">
<mods:roleTerm id="2EF5DD7D268187372DC8783D00D15714">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="44DEA31DD2CC7B92935BCF620741FB51">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="13AF93A53F8A092F18633BCD5A2060F8" type="personal">
<mods:role id="C128355B281B02306909850B195D400F">
<mods:roleTerm id="0EC5461B537FE1DD4C3AA483B16D898B">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="56427975C75DE175F306878912CD9A69">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="5E8699BC366D09D2BB8D809B68D812A8">text</mods:typeOfResource>
<mods:relatedItem id="3F3E0B51D8D1DB5C8EBAD1BBA4B1E52D" type="host">
<mods:originInfo id="5D8290AD6B1C36CAD8694D0463071AC0">
<mods:dateIssued id="A84DB50327052A9DB9C4C3F0EDE50FA7">2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="9FA4727327072A667DEDE0F15DEBA88F" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="5DB88025CC7BFE338940124D289318C3">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="CD5333CA6DE469BFF3CF605EBB6158EC">
<mods:placeTerm id="7566095FC96B243ABFD164AF1E275AC9">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="C592B32375E13ACA252E1A8BF8B65BAB">
<mods:title id="9BE10B26D2AB611ABB6FECFFC2A974A2">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="D02E5EE0C57B049263A03967561AAC92">
<mods:extent id="EDDC54AFEABB300FB3FE78F8987B5DBD" unit="page">
<mods:start id="E8E31A3DBBFE6F414F8366F26EE4B563">532</mods:start>
<mods:end id="8747A21595F6E9F9039CC461BD787184">562</mods:end>
</mods:extent>
</mods:part>
</mods:relatedItem>
<mods:classification id="6C9075F875A6E107BE9DCD95C3D0C5F9">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="30D70AB4BAE48F8D71C610C1C27B7F5D" type="CLB-Dataset">3532</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="B16991993C6234C9B9F21868780E0F7C" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5684751</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="D528FAB67FB6B3CFBA2F477EAE462C4D" type="GBIF-Dataset">5ce30349-be7d-41d9-b9c3-3f089552d894</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="532D3A87F643C7ADEBE8586FC2410FA4" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="A64AECD4B5DE43EAC8632B73CCD13324" type="Zenodo-Dep">5684751</mods:identifier>
</mods:mods>
<treatment id="03CC87EC9122FB53FA50F497F632DD2A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6582133" ID-GBIF-Taxon="193985250" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6582133" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87EC9122FB53FA50F497F632DD2A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87EC9122FB53FA50F497F632DD2A" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50FA50F497FA2BDED8" box="[1475,1506,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50FA50F497FA2BDED8" blockId="5.[1473,2237,2907,2993]" box="[1475,1506,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<heading id="D09281969122FB50FA50F497FA2BDED8" box="[1475,1506,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<figureCitation id="135E2A7F9122FB50FA50F497FA2BDED8" box="[1475,1506,2907,2953]" captionStart="Plate 31: Mephitidae" captionStartId="2.[163,193,3410,3435]" captionTargetBox="[18,2811,15,3635]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="1. Sunda Stink Badger (Mydaus javanensis), 2. Palawan Stink Badger (Mydaus marchei), 3. American Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus leuconotus), 4. Molina’s Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus chinga), 5. Striped Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus semistriatus), 6. Humboldt’s Hog-nosed Skunk (Conepatus humboldti), 7. Hooded Skunk (Mephitis macroura), 8. Striped Skunk (Mephitis mephatis), 9. Pygmy Spotted Skunk (Spilogale pygmaea), 10. Eastern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale putorius), 11. Western Spotted Skunk (Spilogale gracilis), 12. Southern Spotted Skunk (Spilogale angustifrons)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6353179" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6353179/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">8.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50FA67F497F8D2DED8" box="[1524,1819,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50FA67F497F8D2DED8" blockId="5.[1473,2237,2907,2993]" box="[1524,1819,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<heading id="D09281969122FB50FA67F497F8D2DED8" box="[1524,1819,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<vernacularName id="056646D49122FB50FA67F497F8D2DED8" box="[1524,1819,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Striped Skunk</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50F8B9F497F7BBDED8" box="[1834,2162,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F8B9F497F7BBDED8" blockId="5.[1473,2237,2907,2993]" box="[1834,2162,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<heading id="D09281969122FB50F8B9F497F7BBDED8" box="[1834,2162,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799122FB50F8B9F497F7BBDED8" baseAuthorityName="Schreber" baseAuthorityYear="1776" box="[1834,2162,2907,2953]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mephatis">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50F8B9F497F7BBDED8" box="[1834,2162,2907,2953]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Mephitis mephatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50FA51F456F775DEFE" box="[1474,2236,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50FA51F456F775DEFE" blockId="5.[1473,2237,2907,2993]" box="[1474,2236,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<heading id="D09281969122FB50FA51F456F775DEFE" box="[1474,2236,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50FA51F456F9C6DEFE" box="[1474,1551,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D49122FB50F98BF456F97BDEFE" box="[1560,1714,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Moufette rayée</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50F954F456F8EBDEFE" box="[1735,1826,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D49122FB50F8B8F456F87ADEFE" box="[1835,1971,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Streifenskunk</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50F85AF456F7EDDEFE" box="[1993,2084,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="056646D49122FB50F7BDF456F775DEFE" box="[2094,2236,2970,2991]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Mofeta rayada</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50F7BBF416F7BBD975" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F7BBF416F7BBD975" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50F7BBF416F70ADEAA" box="[2088,2243,3034,3067]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799122FB50F778F416F7A4D975" ID-CoL="5P76" authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Viverra" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mephitis">Viverra mephitis Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50F710F3CBF7A7D91B" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F710F3CBF7A7D91B" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<materialsCitation id="3B0D3CA79122FB50F710F3CBF7A7D91B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3704616312" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
eastern
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9122FB50F765F3CBF6A9D975" box="[2294,2400,3079,3108]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Canada</collectingCountry>
[Province of
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189122FB50F5BCF3CBF7A9D91B" country="Canada" name="Quebec" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Quebec</collectingRegion>
].
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB50F7BBF39DF6F5D990" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F7BBF39DF6F5D990" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">A complete taxonomic revision has not been done since 1901. Thirteen subspecies are recognized.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719122FB53F7B9F307FAC9D688" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" type="synonymic_list">
<caption id="DF1A66729122FB53F7B9F307FAC9D688" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5684767" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5684767" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5684767/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="559" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" targetBox="[1473,2057,3048,3457]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F7B9F307F670D9B9" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" box="[2090,2489,3275,3304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89122FB50F7B9F307F670D9B9" box="[2090,2489,3275,3304]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F7B8F33DF5B9D85F" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" box="[2091,2672,3313,3342]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799122FB50F7B8F33DF609D85F" authority="Schreber, 1776" authorityName="Schreber" authorityYear="1776" box="[2091,2496,3313,3342]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="mephitis">M. m. mephitis Schreber, 1776</taxonomicName>
— E
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9122FB50F593F33DF5A5D85F" box="[2560,2668,3313,3342]" name="Canada" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Canada</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9122FB50F7BFF2D8F6C9D8D4" blockId="5.[2087,2677,3034,3464]" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799122FB50F7BFF2D8F6AED864" authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[2092,2407,3348,3381]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="5" pageNumber="558" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="avia">M. m. avia Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
— Midwestern
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9122FB50F5A5F2D8F5BCD864" box="[2614,2677,3348,3381]" name="United States of America" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">USA</collectingCountry>
(Most of
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189122FB50F720F28DF6DDD80F" box="[2227,2324,3393,3422]" country="United States of America" name="Illinois" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Illinois</collectingRegion>
, N half of
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189122FB50F62AF28DF5E6D80F" box="[2489,2607,3393,3422]" country="United States of America" name="Missouri" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Missouri</collectingRegion>
&amp; E half of
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189122FB50F71DF2A4F73AD8D4" box="[2190,2291,3432,3461]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="5" pageNumber="558">Kansas</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF30FED0FEA2D430" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF30FED0FDDBD46C" authority="Bangs, 1895" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1895" box="[163,530,284,317]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="elongata">M. m. elongata Bangs, 1895</taxonomicName>
— E &amp; SE
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FD33FED0FD16D46C" box="[672,735,284,317]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD67FED0FCACD46C" box="[756,869,284,317]" country="United States of America" name="Virginia" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Virginia</collectingRegion>
S to E
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC5AFED0FBF3D46C" box="[969,1082,284,317]" country="United States of America" name="Georgia" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Georgia</collectingRegion>
, Florida, S
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FB4BFED0FA9DD46C" box="[1240,1364,284,317]" country="United States of America" name="Alabama" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Alabama</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FF50FE88FE97D430" box="[195,350,324,353]" country="United States of America" name="Mississippi" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Mississippi</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF30FEA2FD48D4E0" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF30FEA2FDC3D4DA" authority="Merriam, 1890" authorityName="Merriam" authorityYear="1890" box="[163,522,366,395]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="estor">M. m. estor Merriam, 1890</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDC5FEA2FD5CD4DA" box="[598,661,366,395]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(S
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD54FEA2FCC3D4DA" box="[711,778,366,395]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Utah</collectingRegion>
through
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC01FEA2FBC9D4DA" box="[914,1024,366,395]" country="United States of America" name="Arizona" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Arizona</collectingRegion>
and W
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FBE1FEA2FAE9D4DA" box="[1138,1312,366,395]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
) to N
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FF50FE58FEE0D4E0" box="[195,297,404,433]" name="Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Mexico</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FED3FE58FE6CD4E0" box="[320,421,404,433]" country="Mexico" name="Sonora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Sonora</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FE42FE58FDBDD4E0" box="[465,628,404,433]" country="Mexico" name="Chihuahua" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Chihuahua</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF30FE70FC4ED488" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" box="[163,903,444,473]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF30FE70FDD6D488" authority="Mearns, 1897" authorityName="Mearns" authorityYear="1897" box="[163,543,444,473]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="holzerni">M. m. holzerni Mearns, 1897</taxonomicName>
— SW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDEAFE70FD71D488" box="[633,696,444,473]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(S
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD7BFE70FCB3D488" box="[744,890,444,473]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">California</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF30FE28FD47D776" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF30FE28FDB8D750" authority="Richardson, 1829" authorityName="Richardson" authorityYear="1829" box="[163,625,484,513]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="hudsonica">M. m. hudsonica Richardson, 1829</taxonomicName>
— C &amp; W
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FD61FE28FC92D750" box="[754,859,484,513]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Canada</collectingCountry>
and NC
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FC44FE28FBDFD750" box="[983,1046,484,513]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(from NE
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FB39FE28FA99D750" box="[1194,1360,484,513]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Washington</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FF56FDC6FE9AD776" box="[197,339,522,551]" country="United States of America" name="Wisconsin" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Wisconsin</collectingRegion>
and S into
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FE65FDC6FD49D776" box="[502,640,522,551]" country="United States of America" name="Colorado" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Colorado</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF31FDFEFB12D71E" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" box="[162,1243,562,591]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF31FDFEFE35D71E" authority="Howell, 1901" authorityName="Howell" authorityYear="1901" box="[162,508,562,591]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="major">M. m. major Howell, 1901</taxonomicName>
— NW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDF2FDFEFD69D71E" box="[609,672,562,591]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(N
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD4BFDFEFC89D71E" box="[728,832,562,591]" country="United States of America" name="Nevada" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Nevada</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FCFAFDFEFC65D71E" box="[873,940,562,591]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Utah</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC4EFDFEFB80D71E" box="[989,1097,562,591]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Oregon</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FBE6FDFEFB04D71E" box="[1141,1229,562,591]" country="United States of America" name="Idaho" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Idaho</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF31FD96FEF4D7CD" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF31FD96FD5CD726" authority="Lichtenstein, 1832" authorityName="Lichtenstein" authorityYear="1832" box="[162,661,602,631]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="mesomelas">M. m. mesomelas Lichtenstein, 1832</taxonomicName>
— S
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FD73FD96FCD6D726" box="[736,799,602,631]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(W
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FCF6FD96FC7BD726" box="[869,946,602,631]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Texas</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC76FD96FBB0D726" box="[997,1145,602,631]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
to
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FB23FD96FAE4D726" box="[1200,1325,602,631]" country="United States of America" name="Arkansas" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Arkansas</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FF31FDB3FEF9D7CD" box="[162,304,639,668]" country="United States of America" name="Louisiana" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Louisiana</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF31FD65FEE8D643" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF31FD65FCE0D797" authority="Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois, 1796" authorityName="Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois" authorityYear="1796" box="[162,809,681,710]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="nigra">M. m. nigra Peale &amp; Palisot de Beauvois, 1796</taxonomicName>
— SE
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FC13FD65FC20D797" box="[896,1001,681,710]" name="Canada" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Canada</collectingCountry>
(
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FB91FD65FB12D797" box="[1026,1243,681,710]" country="Canada" name="New Brunswick" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">New Brunswick</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FA98FD65FF3CD7BC" country="Canada" name="Nova Scotia" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Nova Scotia</collectingRegion>
) and E
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FEE6FD00FE7AD7BC" box="[373,435,716,749]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(from New
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDFFFD00FD28D7BC" box="[620,737,716,749]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">England</collectingCountry>
to Ohio &amp; Indiana and S to Mississippi &amp; Alabama.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF32FCD2FC50D66A" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" box="[161,921,798,827]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF32FCD2FDCAD66A" authority="Howell, 1901" authorityName="Howell" authorityYear="1901" box="[161,515,798,827]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="notata">M. m. notata Howell, 1901</taxonomicName>
— NW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDFAFCD2FD6ED66A" box="[617,679,798,827]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(C
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD4EFCD2FC45D66A" box="[733,908,798,827]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Washington</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF33FC89FBA8D633" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" box="[160,1121,837,866]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF33FC89FDE6D633" authority="Baird, 1858" authorityName="Baird" authorityYear="1858" box="[160,559,837,866]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="occidentalis">M. m. occidentalis Baird, 1858</taxonomicName>
— W
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FDE4FC89FD7FD633" box="[631,694,837,866]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(N
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FD7CFC89FCB3D633" box="[751,890,837,866]" country="United States of America" name="California" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">California</collectingRegion>
to SW
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC73FC89FB9AD633" box="[992,1107,837,866]" country="United States of America" name="Oregon" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Oregon</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF32FCA0FC03D6D8" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" box="[161,970,876,905]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF32FCA0FDF8D6D8" authority="Bangs, 1898" authorityName="Bangs" authorityYear="1898" box="[161,561,876,905]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="spissigrada">M. m. spissigrada Bangs, 1898</taxonomicName>
— NW
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FD00FCA0FD1BD6D8" box="[659,722,876,905]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(W
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FC9EFCA0FC75D6D8" box="[781,956,876,905]" country="United States of America" name="Washington" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Washington</collectingRegion>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF33FC54FAC9D688" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D799121FB53FF33FC54FE37D6E0" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[160,510,920,945]" class="Mammalia" family="Mephitidae" genus="Mephitis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="mephatis" subSpecies="varians">M. m. varians Gray, 1837</taxonomicName>
— S Great Plains
<collectingCountry id="F372766A9121FB53FD68FC54FCF3D6E0" box="[763,826,920,945]" name="United States of America" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">USA</collectingCountry>
(E
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FCE0FC54FBEDD6E0" box="[883,1060,920,945]" country="United States of America" name="New Mexico" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">New Mexico</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FBA4FC54FB4FD6E0" box="[1079,1158,920,945]" country="United States of America" name="Texas" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Texas</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FB09FC54FAE4D6E0" box="[1178,1325,920,945]" country="United States of America" name="Oklahoma" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Oklahoma</collectingRegion>
&amp;
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53FF33FC0CFF36D688" box="[160,255,960,985]" country="United States of America" name="Kansas" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Kansas</collectingRegion>
) S to NW Mexico (Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas).
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FF0CFC2FFD55D240" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF0CFC2FFD55D240" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FF0CFC2FFE51D151" box="[159,408,995,1024]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FDC3FC2FFD1CD151" box="[592,725,995,1024]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.15" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="2.3" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="cm" value="31.5" valueMax="40.0" valueMin="23.0">23-40 cm</quantity>
(males),
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FCF3FC2FFC2AD151" box="[864,995,995,1024]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.55" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="1.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="cm" value="25.5" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="17.0">17-34 cm</quantity>
(females), tail length
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FAB3FC2FFF38D179" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.35" metricValueMax="4.7" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="cm" value="33.5" valueMax="47.0" valueMin="20.0">20- 47 cm</quantity>
(males),
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FEEBFBC7FDDDD179" box="[376,532,1035,1064]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.565" metricValueMax="3.63" metricValueMin="1.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="cm" value="25.65" valueMax="36.3" valueMin="15.0">15-36.3 cm</quantity>
(females); weight
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FC84FBC7FC6FD179" box="[791,934,1035,1064]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.4499999999999997" metricValueMax="4.1" metricValueMin="0.8" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="kg" value="2.4499999999999997" valueMax="4.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8-4.1 kg</quantity>
(males),
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FBB9FBC7FB73D179" box="[1066,1210,1035,1064]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="2.1" metricValueMax="3.6" metricValueMin="0.6" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="kg" value="2.1" valueMax="3.6" valueMin="0.6">0.6-3.6 kg</quantity>
(females). Striped Skunks are about the size of house cats, with small triangularshaped heads. The basic color of skunksis black and white, but other colors, such as brown and red, have been observed in the wild. The typical pattern seen in Striped Skunksis the white “V7” down the back and a white bar running between the eyes from the forehead to the middle of the rostrum. Color pattern in Striped Skunksis highly variable and can range from completely black to completely white (non-albino). The striping pattern cannot be used to determine the sex of the animal, nor can it be used to predict how much snow will fall. Skunks are born with theirstripes before they have hair. The nose pad is relatively small, and the ears are small and rounded. Striped Skunks have short stocky legs and five toes on each foot. They walk on the soles (plantigrade) of their feet. Occasionally, the heel of the hindfeet will be lifted off the ground when they walk. The claws on the front feet are longer than those of the back feet. The tail is less than half the total body length, with long flowing hairs. The skull is heavy and squarish and widest at the attachment of the zygomata, and the forehead is convex. The dental formula for Striped Skunks is 13/3, C1/1,P 3/3, M 1/2, for a total of 34 teeth. The anal secretions of this animal are composed of several major volatile components. These components include: E)-2-butene-1-thiol, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, S-(E)-2-butenyl thioacetate, $-3-methylbutanyl thioacetate, 2-methylquinoline, 2-quinolinemethanethiol, and $2-quinolinemethyl thioacetate.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FF08F8D5FCFEDDCA" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF08F8D5FCFEDDCA" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FF08F8D5FEC3D26B" box="[155,266,1817,1850]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Habitat.</emphasis>
Striped Skunks use a variety of habitats and tend to be more numerous where good cover and abundant food are available. They can be found in open, exposed arcas, but prefer brushy, weedy stream and gulch bottoms or canyons. In open areas they will burrow into banks or even level ground and as a result are able to occupy many habitats. Other habitats where they can be found include a mixture of woodlands, brushy corners, and open fields broken by wooded ravines and rocky outcrops. They will also utilize cultivated areas, pasture, and hay crops. In other parts of their range they use wetlands surrounded by agricultural areas, grasslands, woodlot edges, fencelines, and refuse piles. Striped Skunks may not have a preference for any particular habitat as long as food and shelter are available.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FF0BF76BFEF0DF72" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF0BF76BFEF0DF72" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FF0BF76BFE52DD95" box="[152,411,2215,2244]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Striped Skunks are opportunistic omnivores. With the exception of lima beans, most skunks will eat almost anything. They will feast primarily on insects, such as beetles, grasshoppers, crickets, moths, cutworms, caterpillars, bees, and wasps. They also will eat earthworms, snakes, snails, clams, crayfish, fish, frogs, mice, moles, rats, squirrels, wild fruits, grains, corn, nuts, birds’ eggs, carrion, and garbage. Striped Skunks use their long foreclawsto dig for insects and grubs. They will search in rotten or fallen logs for mice and insects. Around gardens they will forage forripe fruits and vegetables, but they primarily are looking for insects, and benefit gardeners by eating insects that can damage garden crops. They also will take advantage of any pet food left outside.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FF05F5FCFC22D9C8" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="activity">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF05F5FCFA8DD975" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FF05F5FCFEB6DF1C" box="[150,383,2608,2637]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Striped Skunks are crepuscular or nocturnal. In the northern part of their range they may go into a torpor (they are not true hibernators) during cold spells or when snow coveris particularly deep. However, in the southern parts of the range, they may actually be more active during the milder winters. When a Striped Skunk perceives a threat,its first responseis to run away. If that does not work, it will spray a noxious chemical from the anal scent glands. However, before spraying, skunks use a series of threat behaviors. They will stomp the ground with both front feet. Sometimes they will charge forward a few paces and then stomp or will edge backwards while dragging their front feet, all the while with the tail up in the air. Each scent gland has a nipple associated with it and skunks can aim and direct the spray with highly coordinated muscle control. When a skunk is being chased by a predator, but cannot see the predator, the spray is emitted as an atomized cloud that the predator must run through. This is the “shotgun” method and usually is enough to deter most predators.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF07F3E6FC22D9C8" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">When the skunk has a target to focus on the spray is emitted as a stream directed at the predator’s face. This is the “357 Magnum” technique. Trapped or cornered skunks will curl into a “U” shape so that both ends face the predator.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FF07F368F6BFD77F" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF07F368FA8AD9B8" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FF07F368FC80D990" box="[148,841,3236,3265]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Home ranges of Striped Skunks can be quite variable depending on the available resources (food and shelter primarily).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FF07F33FF6BFD77F" blockId="6.[147,1364,284,3474]" lastBlockId="6.[1426,2637,293,2176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
Where there is plenty of food, skunks will tend to have smaller ranges. Home ranges are reported for anywhere from
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FDCDF2DAFD72D866" box="[606,699,3350,3383]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="0.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="km" value="2.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="0.0">0-5 km</quantity>
? to over
<quantity id="4C9D9B1F9121FB53FCACF2DAFC5BD866" box="[831,914,3350,3383]" metricMagnitude="4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" unit="km" value="12.0">12 km</quantity>
?. Although Striped Skunks are often found dead on the road, they tend to avoid crossing roads with heavy traffic, and these roads can set the boundaries for some home ranges. During the winter months in the northern part of their range, Striped Skunks become more sedentary and cover less area on their nightly forays. In the southern part of their range, their home ranges remain about the samesize year-round. Striped Skunks are solitary most of the time. In the winter females (and occasionally a single male) may den together to conserve heatand body fat. Most malesare solitary during the winter. In the southern partof the range communal dens are rarely found during the winter months. During the summer femalesraise their young, and by early fall the young have left the den.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FA09FDF5F5F7D1A2" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FA09FDF5F5F7D1A2" blockId="6.[1426,2637,293,2176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FA09FDF5F9D7D707" box="[1434,1566,569,598]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Breeding.</emphasis>
Striped Skunk usually breed from February through March and the young are born starting in April, but births can continue until early June. These skunks usually only go into estrus once a year. However,if a litter is lost early a second litter may be produced. Striped Skunks will breed in their first year, and young males will exhibit breeding behavior in mid- to late summerof their first year, although they are not yet in reproductive condition. Females are usually in estrus for about a week and a half. Striped Skunks are induced ovulators. Ovulation occurs between 40 and 50 hours after first insemination. Males will breed with many females given the opportunity. Most of the females become pregnant by the end ofthe breeding season. Gestation usually lasts from 59-77 days. Females that breed early in the season may undergo a short period of delayed implantation. Striped Skunks can have as many as twelve offspring perlitter, but the average is about 5-7. Females usually have twelve mammae, but the number can range from ten to15. Young skunks are born blind, deaf, and naked. Within a couple of days the black and white hairs cover the pink and white skin. They are born with their scent glands intact and are capable of spraying within the first week of birth. The early scent is more a gas than a liquid. The eyes and ears open after about 28 days (sometimes earlier). After about 6-8 weeks the young are weaned. They begin to forage and explore with mom at this time. By the end of summer or early fall the young begin to disperse.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FA04FB31F5E2D2E7" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FA04FB31F5E2D2E7" blockId="6.[1426,2637,293,2176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FA04FB31F933D04B" box="[1431,1786,1277,1306]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern in The IUCN Red List. Striped Skunks are not considered for any kind of protection as they appear to be doing well throughout their range. Some of the earliest legislation to protect skunks, in the form of closed trapping seasons, was in
<collectingRegion id="49A1F8189121FB53F8E8FABFF836D0C1" box="[1915,2047,1395,1424]" country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">New York</collectingRegion>
in 1894. Farmers recognized that skunks were the only effective predators of the hop grub and their service in combating the grub made them valuable assets. Striped Skunks are known to harbor numerous ectoparasites and endoparasites, including fleas, lice, ticks, mites, and various helminth infestations. Intestinal roundworms, nematodes, and lung flukes have been reported. Parasite loads can be a major contributor to mortality. Skunks are a primary vector of rabies in some parts of their range. They also have been found to be infected with canine distemper, histoplasmosis, leptospirosis, listerosis, mycoplasma, pulmonary aspergillosis, sarcocystis, streptococcus, toxoplasma, tularemia, and West Nile Virus. Natural mammalian predators for skunks include humans, domestic dogs, coyotes, red foxes, lynx, bobcats, badgers, mountain lions, and fishers. Various birds of prey including great horned owls, eagles, crows, and vultures also will eat skunks. Turnover in skunk populations is high, so a large percentage of animals in any population consist of young of the year. The average lifespan for wild skunksis about 2-3-5 years. However, Striped Skunks kept in captivity live on average to about 8-12 years of age.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F65719121FB53FA07F805F632DD2A" pageId="6" pageNumber="559" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="8BDA36FA9121FB53FA07F805F632DD2A" blockId="6.[1426,2637,293,2176]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">
<emphasis id="B911EAE89121FB53FA07F805F9E3D28F" box="[1428,1578,1993,2014]" pageId="6" pageNumber="559">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Bailey (1931), Baird (1857), Bangs (1895, 1898a), Bentler et al. (2007), Blanton et al. (2006), Doty &amp; Dowler (2006), Ganley-Leal et al. (2007), Gehrt (2005), Gehrt et al. (2006), Gray (1837), Greenwood &amp; Sargeant (1994), Hall (1981), Hass (2003), Hass &amp; Dragoo (2006), Howell (1901), Hwang et al. (2007), Kelker (1937), Lantz (1923), Mearns (1897a, 1897b), Merriam (1890b), Neiswenter &amp; Dowler (2007), Neiswenter etal. (2006), Rosatte (1988), Verts (1967), Wade-Smith &amp; Richmond (1978a, 1978b), Wade-Smith &amp; Verts (1982), Wood (1990).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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