159 lines
16 KiB
XML
159 lines
16 KiB
XML
<document id="4416E5634224B6C539CA9C04495B723D" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1" ID-GBIF-Dataset="086efdb4-44cf-4c0b-a796-1eb81f2cdd24" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="245475" ID-ZooBank="BBFC3D93-6A7E-4862-84EF-021ADE2F4B3A" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461250260060" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Zuparko, Robert L." docDate="2015" docId="03CC87E4FF9A4345FF02C7998B88FA0A" docLanguage="en" docName="zt04017p126.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4017 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3.14:Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleId="5EBBA59367AD13919D70D935FA04F6A3" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.monograph" docStyleVersion="14" docTitle="Hexacnemus Timberlake 1926" docType="treatment" docVersion="13" lastPageNumber="31" masterDocId="FFF5FF9CFF84435BFF95C5638839FF90" masterDocTitle="Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)" masterLastPageNumber="126" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="31" updateTime="1698607410885" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="AA7D850134359068B9AE2C8F4C7CBE84" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="DF4DB1A0A6C15F6F3F709D186CA38453">
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<mods:title id="F8A4D9A87A06BCAD45FAB1B9B48B4F82">Annotated Checklist of California Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="905C0EC8F57C79726DC7C8E9CB266BCD" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="16396C08FDC54941E43D8BE73F50BD67">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="5BAF29EC56AB00ABE6D0B4C8D295AD7F">Zuparko, Robert L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="AD187EB89FEA499C684D3E4CDD330673">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="D60C230EE695687685BC0114D9AC0A73">
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<mods:title id="B0D512D10DA435B0C05959A14D573DCC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="851A1436ADD283DC88980495C45CBCDD">
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<mods:date id="2126F9033328A971B33A9DFFE5CAF377">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="3AC11CD164AE2FE025E4E9BE71749039" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="99C4A9645A9F4B9040FC63E0ECAC621A">4017</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="CDF4A0D4B6730E85E7F52EF93057F375" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="7C5D977EBE0B17608CE9C68B1324CD64">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="39559C4EFF9AF103168F3897527CD05D">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="C4C71BFB0AA96DCA3F453047C5AEA7CD">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="0178EF45CEA2B2E3718F81E85FEBB76E" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4017.1.1</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0C337EC7FF95B2015D1607F0EA16DD7A" type="ISSN">1175-5326</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="229DBA12275E79A0B69E212F3AD1F78E" type="Zenodo-Dep">245475</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03CC87E4FF9A4345FF02C7998B88FA0A" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6116947" ID-GBIF-Taxon="123206959" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6116947" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87E4FF9A4345FF02C7998B88FA0A" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87E4FF9A4345FF02C7998B88FA0A" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FF9A4345FF02C7998A2AFCCA" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF02C7998A29FC84" blockId="30.[151,528,762,788]" box="[151,528,762,788]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<heading id="D092819EFF9A4345FF02C7998A29FC84" bold="true" box="[151,528,762,788]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FF02C7998A29FC84" ID-CoL="4WXJ" authority="Timberlake 1926" authorityName="Timberlake" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,528,762,788]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C7998A29FC84" bold="true" box="[151,528,762,788]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C799890CFC84" bold="true" box="[151,309,762,788]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hexacnemus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FF9A4345FEA9C7998A29FC84" author="Timberlake" box="[316,528,762,788]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Timberlake, P. H. (1926) Miscellaneous new chalcid-flies of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.69 - 2629.1" type="journal article" year="1926">Timberlake 1926</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF02C6228A2AFCCA" blockId="30.[151,531,833,858]" box="[151,531,833,858]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C62288D8FCCA" bold="true" box="[151,225,833,858]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hosts.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FF7DC6218952FCC9" box="[232,363,834,857]" class="Insecta" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Neuroptera</taxonomicName>
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:
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FEE0C6228A2AFCCA" box="[373,531,833,858]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hemerobiidae</taxonomicName>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FF9A4345FF02C6E989CCFC32" box="[151,501,905,930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF02C6E989CCFC32" blockId="30.[151,1437,905,1434]" box="[151,501,905,930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB7511DCFF9A4345FF02C6E989CCFC32" box="[151,501,905,930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FF02C6E989CCFC32" ID-CoL="64XS2" authority="Timberlake 1926: 15" authorityName="Timberlake" authorityPageNumber="15" authorityYear="1926" box="[151,501,905,930]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Aenasioidea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armitagei">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C6E9893DFC31" box="[151,260,906,929]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">armitagei</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AC410E3FF9A4345FE9EC6EA89CCFC32" author="Timberlake" box="[267,501,905,930]" page="15" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" year="1926">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FF9A4345FE9EC6EA89F7FC32" author="Timberlake" box="[267,462,905,930]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Timberlake, P. H. (1926) Miscellaneous new chalcid-flies of the hymenopterous family Encyrtidae. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 69, 1 - 34. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.69 - 2629.1" type="journal article" year="1926">Timberlake 1926</bibRefCitation>
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: 15
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FF9A4345FF52C6CE8959FC56" box="[199,352,941,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF52C6CE8959FC56" blockId="30.[151,1437,905,1434]" box="[199,352,941,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<typeStatus id="54DE8850FF9A4345FF52C6CE8939FC56" box="[199,256,941,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF52C6CE8939FC56" bold="true" box="[199,256,941,966]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Type</emphasis>
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</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED74AE37FF9A4345FE9AC6CD8959FC56" LSID="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" box="[271,352,942,966]" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">USNM</collectionCode>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FF9A4345FF52C6B28AE6FB9D" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF52C6B28A0BFC7A" blockId="30.[151,1437,905,1434]" box="[199,562,977,1002]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF52C6B28959FC7A" bold="true" box="[199,352,977,1002]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Distribution.</emphasis>
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N (Lake, Ventura)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF52C6968AE6FB9D" blockId="30.[151,1437,905,1434]" box="[199,735,1013,1038]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF52C696895AFB9E" bold="true" box="[199,355,1013,1038]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Host/habitat.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FEFFC6968AADFB9E" box="[362,660,1013,1038]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Sympherobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="californicus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FEFFC6968AADFB9E" box="[362,660,1013,1038]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sympherobius californicus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FD36C6958A88FB9D" box="[675,689,1014,1037]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">S</emphasis>
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. sp.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C37F6579FF9A4345FF52C17A8B88FA0A" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BDA36F2FF9A4345FF52C17A8B88FA0A" blockId="30.[151,1437,905,1434]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF52C17A8902FBA2" bold="true" box="[199,315,1049,1074]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Gordh (1979) noted that
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FDFFC1798AC4FBA1" box="[618,765,1050,1073]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armitagei">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FDFFC1798A47FBA1" box="[618,638,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FD05C1798AC4FBA1" box="[656,765,1050,1073]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">armitagei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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has also been reported to parasitize mealybugs on citrus, probably based on a specimen from Florida (USNM) that has “Mealybug, citrus” on the collecting label.
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FF02C102890CFBEA" box="[151,309,1121,1146]" class="Insecta" family="Hemerobiidae" genus="Sympherobius" kingdom="Animalia" order="Neuroptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C102890CFBEA" box="[151,309,1121,1146]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Sympherobius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is predacious on mealybugs, and I suspect this is a mistaken host record, and the true host was an unrecognized hemerobiid.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FF9A4345FE5AC1E58A56FB0E" author="Noyes" box="[463,623,1158,1182]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Noyes, J. S. (2001) Interactive catalogue of world Chalcidoidea, Taxapad CD. Vancouver, Canada." type="book" year="2001">Noyes (2001)</bibRefCitation>
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reported that a record of the genus from South
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FB56C1E68D1AFB0E" box="[1219,1315,1157,1182]" class="Insecta" family="Cerambycidae" genus="America" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="80" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<collectingCountry id="F3727662FF9A4345FB56C1E68D1AFB0E" box="[1219,1315,1157,1182]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">America</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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(where it putatively attacked
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FEE8C1CA8AB2FB52" box="[381,651,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Aleyrodidae" genus="Aleurothrixus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="floccosus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FEE8C1CA8AB2FB52" box="[381,651,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Aleurothrixus floccosus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FD59C1CA8BAFFB51" box="[716,918,1193,1218]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Planococcus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="citri">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FD59C1CA8BAFFB51" box="[716,918,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Planococcus citri</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) was in error. In fact,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B03FF9A4345FB24C1CA8DA5FB52" box="[1201,1436,1193,1218]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" refString="Parker, H. L., Berry, P. A. & Silveira Guido, A. (1953) Host-parasite and parasite lists of insects reared in the South American Parasite Laboratory during the period 1940 - 46. Revista de la Asociacion (Federacion) Rural del Uruguay (Ingenieros Agronomos), 92, 1 - 101." type="journal article">
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Parker
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FA92C1C98D7CFB52" box="[1287,1349,1193,1218]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">et al.</emphasis>
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(1953)
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</bibRefCitation>
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reported an Argentinean
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FE25C1AD8A06FB75" box="[432,575,1230,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FE25C1AD8A06FB75" box="[432,575,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hexacnemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp. “ex material” of these two species, noting that the parasites were reared “in grosso modo” from lots of material, and that the precise role of the parasite is not available. I have seen a male specimen (USNM) of this parasitoid from
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FD12C0768AC0FABE" box="[647,761,1301,1326]" class="Insecta" family="Coccidae" genus="Alichtensia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="86" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="argentina">
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<collectingCountry id="F3727662FF9A4345FD12C0768AC0FABE" box="[647,761,1301,1326]" name="Argentina" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Argentina</collectingCountry>
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</taxonomicName>
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, and it is definitely a
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FC6BC0758CB4FABD" box="[1022,1165,1302,1325]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FC6BC0758CB4FABD" box="[1022,1165,1302,1325]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hexacnemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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species, although I am unable to determine if it is conspecific with
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FD21C0598B73FAC1" box="[692,842,1338,1361]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="armitagei">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FD21C0598AF1FAC1" box="[692,712,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">H</emphasis>
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.
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FD48C0598B73FAC1" box="[733,842,1338,1361]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">armitagei</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Additionally, the USNM has a female and male
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FF02C03D891FFAE5" box="[151,294,1374,1397]" class="Insecta" family="Encyrtidae" genus="Hexacnemus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FF02C03D891FFAE5" box="[151,294,1374,1397]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Hexacnemus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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sp., reared in association with nymphs of
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<taxonomicName id="4C654D71FF9A4345FC9AC03E8C3EFAE5" box="[783,1031,1373,1398]" class="Insecta" family="Pseudococcidae" genus="Phenacoccus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="gossypii">
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<emphasis id="B911EAE0FF9A4345FC9AC03E8C3EFAE5" box="[783,1031,1373,1398]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Phenacoccus gossypii</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, apparently from
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<collectingCountry id="F3727662FF9A4345FB43C03E8D7DFAE6" box="[1238,1348,1373,1398]" name="United States of America" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Columbia</collectingCountry>
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(CIAT- Palmira), that appear to represent an undescribed species of this genus.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |