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<document id="495B04B5080002BE89A5E0B9AD5AFBE8" ID-CLB-Dataset="45279" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3827.3.10" ID-GBIF-Dataset="20bb278b-7769-405e-b735-97d9af7403aa" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="231369" ID-ZooBank="B15E1DFE-9CF0-41A9-8C46-F21C585159BB" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460450511231" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Oliveira, Otto M. P., Feliú, Guillermo &amp; Palma, Sergio" docDate="2014" docId="03CC87B5D679FFFB57E77E1DFDFEF92D" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03827p400.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3827 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Beroe gracilis Kunne 1939" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="399" masterDocId="FFF5FFCDD678FFF957707F3FFFEDFFEB" masterDocTitle="Beroe gracilis (Ctenophora) from the Humboldt Current System: first occurrence of this species in the southern hemisphere" masterLastPageNumber="400" masterPageNumber="397" pageNumber="398" updateTime="1698338199559" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="F556BE97DD343CA7B8E636082B805748">Beroe gracilis (Ctenophora) from the Humboldt Current System: first occurrence of this species in the southern hemisphere</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="B5229F32AA4D66E4C56D1835C04400E0">Oliveira, Otto M. P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="D4670A23ED851BFD2DEBD3E8A483FDD5">Feliú, Guillermo</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="BE4393B707EB9C13F003DB75DCB385B9">Palma, Sergio</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="EAAD66FD8AC411015395538BC082276F">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="3F81DF7FA63141C93D3E7EC605403CCD">2014</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CC87B5D679FFFB57E77E1DFDFEF92D" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6140946" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119510381" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6140946" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CC87B5D679FFFB57E77E1DFDFEF92D" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CC87B5D679FFFB57E77E1DFDFEF92D" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<subSubSection id="C37F6528D679FFF857E77E1DFEAFFEB7" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77E1DFE2BFED2" blockId="1.[151,454,290,348]" box="[151,454,290,314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<heading id="D09281CFD679FFF857E77E1DFE2BFED2" bold="true" box="[151,454,290,314]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" reason="2">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF857E77E1DFE2BFED2" ID-CoL="5WK5L" authority="Kunne, 1939" authorityName="Kunne" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,454,290,314]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77E1DFE2BFED2" bold="true" box="[151,454,290,314]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77E1DFEDDFED1" bold="true" box="[151,304,290,314]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF856477E1DFE2BFED2" author="Kunne" box="[311,454,290,313]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Kunne, C. (1939) Die Beroe (Ctenophora) der sudlichen Nordsee, Beroe gracilis n. sp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1939">Künne, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77E7AFEAFFEB7" blockId="1.[151,454,290,348]" box="[151,322,325,348]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
(
<figureCitation id="135E2A26D679FFF857EF7E7AFF33FEB7" box="[159,222,325,348]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,254,879,902]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,194,854]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[204,1383,194,854]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe gracilis Künne, 1939: preserved specimen from Dichato, Chile (ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO 201401). View of whole specimen in stomodeal plane. Legend: cc, circular canal; mo, mouth; pc, paragastric canal; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231370/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
,
<tableCitation id="C6E70318D679FFF8579B7E7AFED4FEB7" box="[235,313,325,348]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,239,768,791]" captionText="TABLE 1. Measurements of a formalin-preserved specimen of Beroe gracilis Künne, 1939 (ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO 201401), 11.0 mm total length, in stomodeal plane." pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Table 1</tableCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6528D679FFF857E77EB5FD70FE0A" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77EB5FC96FE2A" blockId="1.[151,1435,393,481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF857E77EB5FE25FE4A" ID-CoL="5WK5L" authority="Kunne, 1939" authorityName="Kunne" authorityYear="1939" box="[151,456,393,417]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77EB5FEDFFE4A" box="[151,306,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe gracilis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF8564D7EB5FE25FE4A" author="Kunne" box="[317,456,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Kunne, C. (1939) Die Beroe (Ctenophora) der sudlichen Nordsee, Beroe gracilis n. sp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1939">Künne, 1939</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
—
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF856957EB5FD8BFE4A" author="Greve" box="[485,614,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Greve, W. (1975) Ctenophora. Fiches d'Identification du Zooplancton 146. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 6 pp." type="book" year="1975">Greve 1975</bibRefCitation>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF855027EB5FD47FE4A" author="Greve" box="[626,682,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Greve, W. (1981) Invertebrate predator control in a coastal marine ecosystem: the significance of Beroe gracilis. Kieler Meeserforschung, 5, 211 - 217." type="journal article" year="1981">1981</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF855C97EB5FC57FE4A" author="Greve" box="[697,954,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Greve, W. &amp; Reiners, F. (1988) Plankton time-space dynamics in German Bight-a systems approach. Oecologia, 77, 487 - 496. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00377264" type="journal article" year="1988">Greve &amp; Reiners 1988</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF854B97EB5FB7EFE4A" author="Greve" box="[969,1171,393,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Greve, W., Reiners, F., Nast, J. &amp; Hoffmann, S. (2004) Helgoland Roads meso- and macrozooplankton time-series 1974 to 2004: lessons from 30 years of single spot, high frequency sampling at the only off-shore island of the North Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 58, 274 - 288. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 004 - 0191 - 5" type="journal article" year="2004">
Greve
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF853667EB5FBBDFE4A" box="[1046,1104,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF853D27EB5FA7AFE4A" author="Tamm" box="[1186,1431,394,417]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993">Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF857B77E95FE5DFE2A" author="Wrobel" box="[199,432,426,449]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates-A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF856CA7E95FD59FE2A" author="Mills" box="[442,692,426,449]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Mills, C. E. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D. (2007) Ctenophores. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 189 - 199." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills &amp; Haddock 2007</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF855CE7E95FC9AFE2A" author="Hosia" box="[702,887,425,449]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Hosia, A., Titelman, J., Hansson, L. J. &amp; Haraldsson, M. (2011) Interactions between native and alien ctenophores: Beroe gracilis and Mnemiopsis leidyi in Gullmarsfjorden. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 422, 129 - 138. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.3354 / meps 08926" type="journal article" year="2011">
Hosia
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF854747E95FCD4FE2A" box="[772,825,425,449]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">et al.</emphasis>
2011
</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77EF5FD70FE0A" blockId="1.[151,1435,393,481]" box="[151,669,458,481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF857E77EF5FF3BFE0A" ID-CoL="7NQPN" box="[151,214,458,481]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77EF5FF3BFE0A" box="[151,214,458,481]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.—
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF856627EF5FE7AFE0A" author="Palma" box="[274,407,458,481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Palma, S. (1994) Distribucion del macroplancton gelatinoso en un area de desove de peces frente a la costa central de Chile (32 ° - 33 ° S). Revista de Biologia Marina, 29, 23 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Palma 1994</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF856D27EF5FD74FE0A" author="Palma" box="[418,665,458,481]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Palma, S. &amp; Rosales, S. (1995) Composicion, distribucion y abundancia estacional del macroplancton de la bahia de Valparaiso. Investigaciones Marinas, 23, 49 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0717 - 71781995002300003" type="journal article" year="1995">Palma &amp; Rosales 1995</bibRefCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6528D679FFFB57E77D32FDE8FB93" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="399" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77D32FCF7FD3A" blockId="1.[151,1436,525,721]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77D32FE9BFDCF" bold="true" box="[151,374,525,548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Material examined.</emphasis>
<date id="FFDB1063D679FFF8560D7D32FDC2FDCF" box="[381,559,525,548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" value="1989-09">September 1989</date>
: Off Central
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D679FFF855CB7D32FD15FDCF" box="[699,760,525,548]" name="Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Chile</collectingCountry>
. 32°–33° S, few specimens, reported in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF853D77D32FAD5FDCF" author="Palma" box="[1191,1336,525,548]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Palma, S. (1994) Distribucion del macroplancton gelatinoso en un area de desove de peces frente a la costa central de Chile (32 ° - 33 ° S). Revista de Biologia Marina, 29, 23 - 45." type="journal article" year="1994">Palma (1994)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF8522D7D32FA71FDCF" box="[1373,1436,525,548]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF8522D7D32FA71FDCF" box="[1373,1436,525,548]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. (as
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF857987D0FFEB6FDAC" box="[232,347,559,583]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857987D0FFEB6FDAC" box="[232,347,559,583]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in figure 9).
<date id="FFDB1063D679FFF856837D0FFCE4FDAC" box="[499,777,560,583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" value="1990-10" valueMax="1990-11-31" valueMin="1990-10-00">October–November 1990</date>
: Valparaíso Bay,
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D679FFF854BB7D0FFBEAFDAC" box="[971,1031,560,583]" name="Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<specimenCount id="9D63FD2AD679FFF853657D0FFB46FDAC" box="[1045,1195,560,583]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="generic">17 specimens</specimenCount>
, reported in
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D679FFF8524A7D0FFED5FD82" author="Palma" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" refString="Palma, S. &amp; Rosales, S. (1995) Composicion, distribucion y abundancia estacional del macroplancton de la bahia de Valparaiso. Investigaciones Marinas, 23, 49 - 66. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.4067 / s 0717 - 71781995002300003" type="journal article" year="1995">Palma &amp; Rosales (1995)</bibRefCitation>
as
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF8562D7D6DFE71FD82" box="[349,412,594,617]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF8562D7D6DFE71FD82" box="[349,412,594,617]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp.
<date id="FFDB1063D679FFF856B97D6DFD76FD82" box="[457,667,594,617]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" value="2013-11-11">11 November 2013</date>
: Off Dichato, Tomé,
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D679FFF854F07D6DFC51FD82" box="[896,956,594,617]" name="Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Chile</collectingCountry>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE515064D679FFF854B77D6DFBC5FD82" box="[967,1064,594,617]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" precision="925" value="-36.5">36°30’ S</geoCoordinate>
,
<geoCoordinate id="EE515064D679FFF853457D6DFB72FD82" box="[1077,1183,594,617]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" precision="925" value="-73.083336">73°05’ W</geoCoordinate>
, R. Riquelme collector,
<specimenCount id="9D63FD2AD679FFF857E77D4AFEC7FD67" box="[151,298,629,652]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" type="generic">11 specimens</specimenCount>
,
<figureCitation id="135E2A26D679FFF856477D4AFE9AFD67" box="[311,375,629,652]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,254,879,902]" captionTargetBox="[204,1382,194,854]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[204,1383,194,854]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Beroe gracilis Künne, 1939: preserved specimen from Dichato, Chile (ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO 201401). View of whole specimen in stomodeal plane. Legend: cc, circular canal; mo, mouth; pc, paragastric canal; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231370/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
, fixed in 4% formalin (Ctenophora collection of ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography, access number ZOOTIMO201401).
<date id="FFDB1063D679FFF8556F7DA7FD19FD44" box="[543,756,664,687]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" value="2013-11-14">14 November 2013</date>
: Off Dichato, Tomé,
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D679FFF854AB7DA7FBFAFD44" box="[987,1047,664,687]" name="Chile" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Chile</collectingCountry>
, 36°30’° S,
<geoCoordinate id="EE515064D679FFF853EC7DA7FAE5FD44" box="[1180,1288,664,687]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" precision="925" value="-73.083336">73°05’ W</geoCoordinate>
, R. Riquelme collector, three specimens observed and photographed alive.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1A662BD679FFF857E77C3FFB2BFCD2" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857E77C3FFB2BFCD2" blockId="1.[151,1436,767,825]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857E77C3FFEE3FCFC" bold="true" box="[151,270,768,791]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
Measurements of a formalin-preserved specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D679FFF854177C3FFB73FCFC" authority="Kunne, 1939" authorityName="Kunne" authorityYear="1939" box="[871,1182,767,791]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF854177C3FFBEEFCFC" box="[871,1027,767,791]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Beroe gracilis</emphasis>
Künne, 1939
</taxonomicName>
(ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO201401), 11.0 mm total length, in stomodeal plane.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7C6AFBAEFC81" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" box="[159,1091,853,874]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Total length of body 11.0 mm</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7C42FBD5FC79" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" box="[159,1080,893,914]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
Maximum width of body
<quantity id="4C9D9B46D679FFF8549F7C42FBD5FC79" box="[1007,1080,893,914]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="5.2">5.2 mm</quantity>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7C9AFBDAFBE1" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
Length of subtentacular ctene rows
<quantity id="4C9D9B46D679FFF8549F7C9AFB8CFC51" box="[1007,1121,933,954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" metricValueMax="4.8" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="4.2" valueMax="4.8" valueMin="3.6">3.6–4.8 mm</quantity>
Length of substomodeal ctene rows 4.1–5.0 mm Width of mouth
<quantity id="4C9D9B46D679FFF8549F7CCAFBDAFBE1" box="[1007,1079,1013,1034]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" pageId="1" pageNumber="398" unit="mm" value="4.6">4.6 mm</quantity>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7B22FBC6FBD9" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" box="[159,1067,1053,1074]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Number of ctene plates in subtentacular ctene rows 29–32</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7B7AFBC6FBB1" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" box="[159,1067,1093,1114]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Number of ctene plates in substomodeal ctene rows 36–41</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7B52FC16FB41" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Length of polar field 1,080 Μm Number of papillae 8</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D679FFF857EF7B82FE53F84A" blockId="1.[159,1135,853,1514]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1436,1584,1953]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">
Length of papillae up to 160 Μm Diameter of meridional canals up to 490 Μm Diameter of paragastric canals up to 165 Μm Diameter of circular canal up to 98 Μm Width of ctene plates 115–510 Μm Length of ctene plates up to 552 Μm Distance between ctene plates 112–131 Μm Diameter of statocyst dome 233 Μm
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D679FFF857B7790FFDA2F9AC" bold="true" box="[199,591,1584,1607]" pageId="1" pageNumber="398">Description of Dichato specimens.</emphasis>
Sac-shaped body, elongated in the oral-aboral axis, rounded both at oral and aboral ends. Body compressed in the tentacular plane. Eight meridional canals extending from the aboral region towards the mouth, directly connected with a circular canal around the mouth. No lateral diverticula observed along the meridional canals. Ctene rows located above the meridional canals, arising at the aboral region. Substomodeal and subtentacular ctene rows of almost equal length, extending for about 1/3 to half the length of the meridional canals to the oral region. Mouth wide, semicircular, extending the whole oral region, opening into a large pharynx that occupies most of the central inner part of the animal. Two opposite paragastric canals, extending from the aboral pole of the pharynx to the circular canal around the mouth at the tentacular plane. Apical organ composed of a statolith at the center of the polar fields, with unbranched aboral papillae, not longer than the statolith dome. Male gonads formed at the lateral walls of the meridional canals. No female gonads present in the specimens observed. Macrocilia arranged in a broad band along the oral portion of the pharynx.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1A662BD67AFFFB57E77C50FEBCFC05" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/231370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" targetBox="[204,1382,194,854]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D67AFFFB57E77C50FEBCFC05" blockId="2.[151,1435,878,1006]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB57E77C50FEF6FC6D" bold="true" box="[151,283,879,902]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB56557C50FDB4FC6D" authority="Kunne, 1939" authorityName="Kunne" authorityYear="1939" box="[293,601,878,902]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB56557C50FE52FC6D" box="[293,447,878,902]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Beroe gracilis</emphasis>
Künne, 1939
</taxonomicName>
: preserved specimen from Dichato, Chile (ZooTaxa Millennium Institute of Oceanography collection, ZOOTIMO201401). View of whole specimen in stomodeal plane. Legend: cc, circular canal; mo, mouth; pc, paragastric canal; sscr, substomodeal ctene row; stcr, subtentacular ctene row; stmc, subtentacular meridional canal.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D67AFFFB57B77B23FDE8FB93" blockId="2.[151,1436,1052,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB57B77B23FE6DFBD8" bold="true" box="[199,384,1052,1075]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Biological notes.</emphasis>
The specimens observed alive were fast swimmers, apparently always searching for potential prey. In the same plankton sample, many
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB55647B01FD11FBBD" box="[532,764,1086,1110]" class="Tentaculata" family="Pleurobrachiidae" genus="Pleurobrachia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cydippida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="bachei">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB55647B01FD11FBBD" box="[532,764,1086,1110]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Pleurobrachia bachei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
specimens were observed, some of them damaged, possibly by the predatory action of
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB56FF7B5EFE13FB93" box="[399,510,1120,1144]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB56FF7B5EFE13FB93" box="[399,510,1120,1144]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6528D67AFFFB57B77BBBFE79F9D0" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D67AFFFB57B77BBBFBC9FA65" blockId="2.[151,1436,1052,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB57B77BBBFED8FB70" bold="true" box="[199,309,1156,1179]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Remarks.</emphasis>
The Chilean specimens of
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB55047BBBFD05FB70" box="[628,744,1155,1179]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB55047BBBFD05FB70" box="[628,744,1155,1179]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are not as slender as those described from other areas. The descriptions provided by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB56C27B98FDA3FB55" author="Kunne" box="[434,590,1191,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Kunne, C. (1939) Die Beroe (Ctenophora) der sudlichen Nordsee, Beroe gracilis n. sp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1939">Künne (1939)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB552D7B98FD1FFB55" author="Greve" box="[605,754,1191,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Greve, W. (1975) Ctenophora. Fiches d'Identification du Zooplancton 146. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 6 pp." type="book" year="1975">Greve (1975)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB54727B98FBEBFB55" author="Wrobel" box="[770,1030,1191,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates-A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB53327B98FAB5FB55" author="Mills" box="[1090,1368,1191,1214]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Mills, C. E. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D. (2007) Ctenophores. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 189 - 199." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills &amp; Haddock (2007)</bibRefCitation>
show specimens three times longer than their maximum width. The specimens observed in this study are no longer than two and a half times their maximum width. However, other characteristics like the absence of diverticula and the shape of the oral and aboral ends match the descriptions of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB55FB7A30FCCEFACD" author="Kunne" box="[651,803,1295,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Kunne, C. (1939) Die Beroe (Ctenophora) der sudlichen Nordsee, Beroe gracilis n. sp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1939">Künne (1939)</bibRefCitation>
,
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB545E7A30FBCBFACD" author="Wrobel" box="[814,1062,1295,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates-A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills (2003)</bibRefCitation>
and
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB532B7A30FA85FACD" author="Mills" box="[1115,1384,1295,1318]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Mills, C. E. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D. (2007) Ctenophores. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 189 - 199." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills &amp; Haddock (2007)</bibRefCitation>
. The specimens observed in this study also present a broad band of macrocilia inside the lips, just as described by
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB524B7A0EFE83FA80" author="Tamm" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="p">Tamm &amp; Tamm (1993, p. 80)</bibRefCitation>
for
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB56EC7A6BFDE1FA80" box="[412,524,1363,1387]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB56EC7A6BFDE1FA80" box="[412,524,1363,1387]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but different from the patterns expected for the juveniles of other sympatric species, like
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB57B57A48FED7FA65" box="[197,314,1399,1422]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="cucumis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB57B57A48FED7FA65" box="[197,314,1399,1422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. cucumis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB561E7A48FE08FA65" box="[366,485,1398,1422]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="forskalii">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB561E7A48FE08FA65" box="[366,485,1398,1422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. forskalii</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB56847A49FDEAFA65" box="[500,519,1398,1422]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">cf</emphasis>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB55657A48FD10FA65" author="Tamm" box="[533,765,1399,1422]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Tamm, S. L. &amp; Tamm, S. (1993) Diversity of macrociliary size, tooth patterns, and distribution in Beroe (Ctenophora). Zoomorphology, 113, 79 - 89. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / bf 00403086" type="journal article" year="1993">Tamm &amp; Tamm 1993</bibRefCitation>
; Oliveira &amp; Migotto 2014).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D67AFFFB57B77AA6FE79F9D0" blockId="2.[151,1436,1052,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
We found this species in plankton samples collected in
<date id="FFDB1063D67AFFFB547F7AA6FC41FA5B" box="[783,940,1433,1456]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" value="1989" valueMax="1990">1989 and 1990</date>
and collected it again in 2013. We believe that this species is an only-recently-recognized normal member of the superficial zooplankton off
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D67AFFFB53E17A83FB23FA38" box="[1169,1230,1468,1491]" name="Chile" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Chile</collectingCountry>
, and should not be construed as an alien, introduced species. The absence of other records of
<taxonomicName id="4C654D20D67AFFFB54A77AE0FBA7FA1D" box="[983,1098,1502,1526]" class="Nuda" family="Beroidae" genus="Beroe" kingdom="Animalia" order="Beroida" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" phylum="Ctenophora" rank="species" species="gracilis">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB54A77AE0FBA7FA1D" box="[983,1098,1502,1526]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">B. gracilis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
for the Pacific coast of South
<collectingCountry id="F3727633D67AFFFB57E7793EFF1EF9F3" box="[151,243,1537,1560]" name="United States of America" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">America</collectingCountry>
in the exhaustive revision of Oliveira
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB55E8793EFD22F9F3" box="[664,719,1536,1560]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
(in press) can possibly be attributed to the absence of ctenophore taxonomists in the area.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C37F6528D67AFFFB57B77978FDFEF92D" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8BDA36A3D67AFFFB57B77978FDFEF92D" blockId="2.[151,1436,1052,1734]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB57B77978FEB4F9B5" bold="true" box="[199,345,1607,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">Distribution.</emphasis>
This species was originally described from the North Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB54857978FB93F9B5" author="Kunne" box="[1013,1150,1607,1630]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Kunne, C. (1939) Die Beroe (Ctenophora) der sudlichen Nordsee, Beroe gracilis n. sp. Zoologischer Anzeiger, 127, 172 - 174." type="journal article" year="1939">Künne 1939</bibRefCitation>
) and is also found in the northern Atlantic (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB562E7956FE0CF96B" author="Greve" box="[350,481,1641,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Greve, W. (1975) Ctenophora. Fiches d'Identification du Zooplancton 146. Conseil International pour l'Exploration de la Mer, 6 pp." type="book" year="1975">Greve 1975</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB569E7956FD43F96B" author="Greve" box="[494,686,1640,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Greve, W., Reiners, F., Nast, J. &amp; Hoffmann, S. (2004) Helgoland Roads meso- and macrozooplankton time-series 1974 to 2004: lessons from 30 years of single spot, high frequency sampling at the only off-shore island of the North Sea. Helgoland Marine Research, 58, 274 - 288. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 10152 - 004 - 0191 - 5" type="journal article" year="2004">
Greve
<emphasis id="B911EAB1D67AFFFB55487956FD82F96B" box="[568,623,1640,1664]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="399">et al.</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
) and Pacific oceans (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB54E67956FB68F96B" author="Wrobel" box="[918,1157,1641,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates-A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills 2003</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB53E17956FA7CF96B" author="Mills" box="[1169,1425,1641,1664]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Mills, C. E. &amp; Haddock, S. H. D. (2007) Ctenophores. In: Carlton, J. T. (Ed.), Light and Smith's Manual: Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast. Fourth Edition. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 189 - 199." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills &amp; Haddock 2007</bibRefCitation>
). Although
<bibRefCitation id="EFF44B52D67AFFFB567479B3FDEFF948" author="Wrobel" box="[260,514,1676,1699]" pageId="2" pageNumber="399" refString="Wrobel, D. &amp; Mills, C. (2003) Pacific Coast Pelagic Invertebrates-A Guide to the Common Gelatinous Animals. Second printing with corrections. Sea Challengers and the Monterey Bay Aquarium, Monterey, California, 108 pp." type="book" year="2003">Wrobel &amp; Mills (2003)</bibRefCitation>
recorded the species as “probably worldwide in cold water”, this is the first official record for the southern hemisphere.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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