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<mods:title id="0E3EF9DD4375FCB86E0458AEB4765168">The Lower Ordovician (upper Floian) bathyurid trilobite Aponileus Hu, with species from Utah, Texas, and Greenland 3293</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5252389" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5252389" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<subSubSection id="C372EDA1832DFFFCFF29F9375C5B06D3" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832DFFFCFF29F9375E7606B0" blockId="24.[151,778,1699,1758]" box="[151,778,1699,1726]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<heading id="D09F0946832DFFFCFF29F9375E7606B0" bold="true" box="[151,778,1699,1726]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832DFFFCFF29F9375E7606B0" ID-CoL="4NGTD" authority="Fortey and Droser, 1996" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[151,778,1699,1726]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFF29F9375E7606B0" bold="true" box="[151,778,1699,1726]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFF29F9375CA906B3" bold="true" box="[151,469,1700,1726]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Psephosthenaspis glabrior</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832DFFFCFE62F9305E7606B0" author="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L." box="[476,778,1699,1725]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref22688" refString="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L. (1996) Trilobites at the base of the Middle Ordovician, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1996">Fortey and Droser, 1996</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832DFFFCFF29F9555C5B06D3" blockId="24.[151,778,1699,1758]" box="[151,295,1734,1758]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Plates 19, 20</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372EDA1832DFFFCFF79F89D5EE5072E" box="[199,921,1806,1827]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832DFFFCFF79F89D5EE5072E" blockId="24.[199,921,1806,1827]" box="[199,921,1806,1827]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
1996
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832DFFFCFEB9F89D5FC1072E" authority="Fortey and Droser" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[263,701,1806,1827]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFEB9F89D5F7B072E" box="[263,519,1806,1827]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Psephosthenaspis glabrior</emphasis>
Fortey and Droser
</taxonomicName>
, p. 87, fig. 11.1–11.11.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372EDA1832DFFFCFF29F8DC587A0781" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832DFFFCFF29F8DC587A0781" blockId="24.[151,1436,1871,2004]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFF29F8DC5C7A0765" bold="true" box="[151,262,1871,1896]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">Material.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B00B477832DFFFCFEA8F8DC587E0781" collectionCode="SUI" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" location="Locality" municipality="Ibex area" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" specimenCode="SUI 129338-129357" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Utah">
Assigned specimens
<specimenCode id="DBCE1651832DFFFCFDBDF8DC5F8D076A" box="[515,753,1871,1895]" collectionCode="SUI" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/fx78-973d" name="The University of Iowa (formerly State University of Iowa)" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="University or college">SUI 129338–129357</specimenCode>
, from
<location id="8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFC85F8DC5EE4076A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6:8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFC85F8DC5EE4076A" box="[827,920,1871,1895]" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" municipality="Ibex area" name="Locality" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Utah">Locality</location>
K-1,
<location id="8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFC65F8DC59D1076A" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6:8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFC65F8DC59D1076A" box="[987,1197,1871,1895]" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" municipality="Ibex area" name="Kanosh Formation" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Utah">Kanosh Formation</location>
(Dapingian), base of
<location id="8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFF29F8E75D970781" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6:8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFF29F8E75D970781" box="[151,235,1908,1932]" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" municipality="Ibex area" name="Section" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Utah">Section</location>
K-South,
<location id="8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFEE1F8E75F650781" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6:8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFEE1F8E75F650781" box="[351,537,1908,1932]" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" municipality="Ibex area" name="Fossil Mountain" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Utah">Fossil Mountain</location>
,
<location id="8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFD9AF8E75F9B0781" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03C10F3C832DFFFEFF29F9375F9D02C6:8EB7E8F1832DFFFCFD9AF8E75F9B0781" box="[548,743,1908,1932]" country="United States of America" county="Millard County" municipality="Ibex area" name="Confusion Range" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" stateProvince="Utah">Confusion Range</location>
,
<collectingMunicipality id="6BB32450832DFFFCFD4AF8E75E220786" box="[756,862,1908,1932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Ibex area</collectingMunicipality>
,
<collectingCounty id="62B6C6A6832DFFFCFCD4F8E759640781" box="[874,1048,1908,1932]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Millard County</collectingCounty>
, western
<collectingRegion id="49AC70C8832DFFFCFB3CF8E759C70781" box="[1154,1211,1908,1932]" country="United States of America" name="Utah" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">Utah</collectingRegion>
,
<collectingCountry id="F37FFEBA832DFFFCFB78F8E7587E0781" box="[1222,1282,1908,1932]" name="United States of America" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">USA</collectingCountry>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C372EDA1832DFFFEFF79F8045F9D02C6" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832DFFFDFF79F804595601A6" blockId="24.[151,1436,1871,2004]" lastBlockId="25.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFF79F8045C3007BD" bold="true" box="[199,332,1943,1968]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" reason="1">Discussion.</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832DFFFCFEE7F80A5F0A07BD" author="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L." box="[345,630,1944,1969]" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref22688" refString="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L. (1996) Trilobites at the base of the Middle Ordovician, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1996">Fortey and Droser (1996)</bibRefCitation>
described
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832DFFFCFD51F80A5E1B07BD" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[751,871,1944,1968]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832DFFFCFD51F80A5E1B07BD" box="[751,871,1944,1968]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="25">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
on the basis of two cranidia, a librigena, and three pygidia from a single horizon high in the Juab Formation at Ibex Section J. They indicated (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832DFFFDFB7AF82F5DAE00A2" author="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L." lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="26" pageId="24" pageNumber="25" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref22688" refString="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L. (1996) Trilobites at the base of the Middle Ordovician, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1996">Fortey and Droser, 1996</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 2, left part) that it occurred at three higher horizons but did not illustrate material from these. The highest occurrence was about five metres below the contact with the overlying Kanosh Formation. At Section K-South (see
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFF72FF4C5C2300FA" author="Hintze, L. F." box="[204,351,223,247]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="3 - 36" refId="ref22850" refString="Hintze, L. F. (1973) Lower and Middle Ordovician stratigraphic sections in the Ibex area, Millard County, Utah. Brigham Young University Geology Studies, 20, 3 - 36." type="journal article" year="1973">Hintze, 1973</bibRefCitation>
) a silicified fauna occurs immediately above this contact. This is
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFBEEFF4C598900FA" author="Hintze, L. F." box="[1104,1269,223,247]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref22814" refString="Hintze, L. F. (1953) Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin, 48, 1 - 249. (for 1952)" type="journal article" year="1953">Hintze's (1953</bibRefCitation>
, p. 41) sample K-1 which he listed as occurring at five feet (1.5 m) above the contact. We have made new collections from this level. There is no outcrop of the bed containing the silicified fossils, but fossiliferous talus occurs as small lumps clearly arranged along strike, so there is little question the fossils are essentially in situ. The fauna is dominated by species of the bathyurid
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFE18FEE35F87018A" authority="Hintze, 1953" authorityName="Hintze" authorityYear="1953" box="[422,763,367,392]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Pseudoolenoides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFE18FEE35F180185" box="[422,612,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pseudoolenoides</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFDD4FEFC5F87018A" author="Hintze, L. F." box="[618,763,367,391]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="1 - 249" refId="ref22814" refString="Hintze, L. F. (1953) Lower Ordovician trilobites from western Utah and eastern Nevada. Utah Geological and Mineralogical Survey Bulletin, 48, 1 - 249. (for 1952)" type="journal article" year="1953">Hintze, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but rare sclerites belonging to
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFBE9FEE358620185" box="[1111,1310,368,392]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFBE9FEE358620185" box="[1111,1310,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Psephosthenaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
also occur. Following extensive sampling, enough are available to adequately treat the taxon.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF17EEA2832CFFFDFF29FC745C3D0482" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5250177" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5250177" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5250177/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" startId="25.[151,244,999,1020]" targetBox="[151,1436,483,975]" targetPageId="25">
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832CFFFDFF29FC745C3D0482" blockId="25.[151,1436,999,1167]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFF29FC745C7203F1" bold="true" box="[151,270,999,1020]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFEA2FC745CDA03F1" box="[284,422,999,1020]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
&quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFE9AFC745CE203F1" authorityName="Raymond" authorityYear="1925" box="[292,414,999,1020]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Acidiphorus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Acidiphorus</taxonomicName>
&quot;
</emphasis>
n. sp., from Section J 40.0 m, Wah Wah Formation (upper Floian; Blackhillsian; &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFB6FFC745DB10414" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Pseudocybele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFB6FFC7458E003F1" box="[1233,1436,999,1020]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pseudocybele nasuta</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
&quot;), southern Confusion Range, Ibex area, Millard County, western Utah, USA. This species and other undescribed species from the &quot;
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFF7BFBB15CB6043A" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[197,458,1058,1079]" class="Trilobita" family="Pliomeridae" genus="Pseudocybele" kingdom="Animalia" order="Phacopida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nasuta">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFF7BFBB15CEC043A" box="[197,400,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Pseudocybele nasuta</emphasis>
Zone
</taxonomicName>
&quot; are closely related to the younger
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFC9AFBB159F5043A" authority="Whittington, 1953" authorityName="Whittington" authorityYear="1953" box="[804,1161,1058,1079]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFC9AFBB15EB2043A" box="[804,974,1058,1079]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Psephosthenaspis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFC6BFBB159F5043A" author="Whittington, H. B." box="[981,1161,1058,1079]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="647 - 678" refId="ref23617" refString="Whittington, H. B. (1953) North American Bathyuridae and Leiostegiidae (Trilobita). Journal of Paleontology, 27, 647 - 678." type="journal article" year="1953">Whittington, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. It is illustrated to facilitate comparison and will be described in detail in a forthcoming work. See text for discussion. 1, 4. Cranidium, SUI 131853, dorsal and anterior views, x7.5. 2, 3, 6. Pygidium, SUI 131854, posterior, dorsal, and right lateral views, x6. 5. Right librigena, SUI 131855, external view, x5.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832CFFFDFF79FB7059E50752" blockId="25.[151,1437,1251,2032]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">
The sclerites appear to represent
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFD85FB775FCF04F6" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[571,691,1251,1275]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFD85FB775FCF04F6" box="[571,691,1251,1275]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and the material is important in supplementing knowledge of the species, in particular showing ventral and internal surfaces and providing insight into earlier holaspid ontogeny. The silicified pygidia are shorter (sag.) relative to their length than the
<typeStatus id="54D30088832CFFFDFC71FAB85948054E" box="[975,1076,1323,1347]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, but the
<typeStatus id="54D30088832CFFFDFB24FAB85980054E" box="[1178,1276,1323,1347]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
is very large, more than double the size of any other known specimen. When the largest silicified pygidium (Pl. 20, fig. 23) is compared with the second largest calcareous pygidium (
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFCB2FAE0595D0586" author="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L." box="[780,1057,1395,1419]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref22688" refString="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L. (1996) Trilobites at the base of the Middle Ordovician, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1996">Fortey and Droser, 1996</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 11. 7), which is only slightly larger, the proportions are almost the same. Smaller silicified pygidia (e.g., Pl. 20, fig. 31) suggest that the pygidium becomes increasingly longer with respect to its width through ontogeny. Differences that are less easy to dismiss involve the expression of furrows on the pygidium. The first pleural furrow is incised in the smaller silicified pygidia (Pl. 20, figs 16, 22) but it is weak on the largest (Pl. 20, fig. 23). The second pleural furrow is not deeply impressed on any specimens. Further, only the first and, more weakly, the second ring furrows are well expressed on the silicified specimens, and only abaxially. The type material shows a very deeply impressed first pleural furrow, a similarly deep second pleural furrow, and all of the ring furrows deep and well impressed. These differences cannot be due to either preservation (both sets of material are very well preserved) or ontogeny (as the pygidium of
<bibRefCitation id="EFF9C3DB832CFFFDFF29F92B5CD206C2" author="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L." box="[151,430,1719,1744]" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" pagination="73 - 99" refId="ref22688" refString="Fortey, R. A. &amp; Droser, M. L. (1996) Trilobites at the base of the Middle Ordovician, western United States. Journal of Paleontology, 70, 73 - 99." type="journal article" year="1996">Fortey and Droser, 1996</bibRefCitation>
, fig. 11.7 is similar in size to that of Pl. 20, fig. 23). Hence an argument could be made that the Kanosh species is diagnosibly distinct from
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFD62F94F5E2F06FE" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[732,851,1755,1779]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFD62F94F5E2F06FE" box="[732,851,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and should be named as a separate taxon. Although information is somewhat limited, there are no apparent differences between the cranidia and librigenae in either sample. We prefer to assign all of the material to one species, but the question could be further investigated were a more extensive sample of cranidial and librigenal material of the Juab
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832CFFFDFC12F8DB59580752" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[940,1060,1863,1887]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="25" pageNumber="26" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832CFFFDFC12F8DB59580752" box="[940,1060,1863,1887]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
available.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832CFFFEFF79F8F85C2500D9" blockId="25.[151,1437,1251,2032]" lastBlockId="26.[151,1437,151,716]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="27" pageId="25" pageNumber="26">Cranidia appear to change very little, despite the fact that the largest available specimen (Pl. 19, fig. 3) is nearly three times the size of the smallest (Pl. 19, fig. 1). Dense but relatively subdued tuberculate sculpture covers the glabella (the large specimen of Pl. 19, fig. 3 has clearly been effaced, with the tubercles cut across their bases). The relative size of the palpebral lobe also seems stable through ontogeny. Neither of the two calcareous cranidia have the posterior projections exposed or preserved. The largest silicified cranidium (Pl. 19, fig. 3) shows that it was very slender.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832FFFFEFF79FF4C5EA3018A" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Librigenae reveal that the Panderian notch is small and located near the posterior facial suture (Pl. 20, figs 5, 7). Across the size range represented, there is no obvious trend in the length of the genal spine. However, the librigenal field is markedly broader anteriorly in the largest specimens (Pl. 20, fig. 15) versus the smallest (Pl. 20, fig. 3). The silicified librigenae show that the genal spine, including its swollen base, is densely covered with subparallel raised lines (the single calcareous specimen is exfoliated in this region).</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BD7BE2A832FFFFEFF79FE075F9D02C6" blockId="26.[151,1437,151,716]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
The silicified librigenal material also confirms that
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFCBBFE075EB001A1" box="[773,972,404,428]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFCBBFE075EB001A1" box="[773,972,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Psephosthenaspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, despite the superficial similarity, is morphologically very different in detail to
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFDF7FE2B5FC501DD" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1963" box="[585,697,440,464]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Aponileus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFDF7FE2B5FC501DD" box="[585,697,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Aponileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The librigena of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFC35FE2A597801DD" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[907,1028,440,464]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFC35FE2A597801DD" box="[907,1028,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
retains a strong and complete socle, as does that of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFEEEFE4E5F7A01F9" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[336,518,477,500]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="microspinosa">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFEEEFE4E5F7A01F9" box="[336,518,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. microspinosa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. This feature is only faintly retained in the phylogenetically basal species of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFF29FD935C7B0215" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1963" box="[151,263,512,536]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Aponileus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFF29FD935C7B0215" box="[151,263,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Aponileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and lost in all later species. The Panderian notch of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFCE1FD925EA40215" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[863,984,512,536]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFCE1FD925EA40215" box="[863,984,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is small and crowded near the posterior facial suture. That of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFDBFFDB75F0D0231" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1963" box="[513,625,548,572]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Aponileus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFDBFFDB75F0D0231" box="[513,625,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Aponileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(e.g., Pl. 4, figs 2, 3, Pl. 8, figs 16, 20) is much larger and set further forward. The librigenal doublure of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFDADFDDA5FF7026D" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[531,651,584,608]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFDADFDDA5FF7026D" box="[531,651,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very wide posteriorly, more than double its anterior width. That of species of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFEB0FDFF5C020289" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1963" box="[270,382,620,644]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Aponileus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFEB0FDFF5C020289" box="[270,382,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Aponileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is of similar width along the cheek, expanded only slightly posteriorly. The librigenal lateral and posterior border furrows of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFDBEFD025F0502A5" authorityName="Fortey and Droser" authorityYear="1996" box="[512,633,656,680]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Psephosthenaspis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="glabrior">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFDBEFD025F0502A5" box="[512,633,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">P. glabrior</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are complete and connected in front of the genal spine. These furrows are effaced posteriorly in most species of
<taxonomicName id="4C68C5A9832FFFFEFDD4FD275FA602C1" authorityName="Hu" authorityYear="1963" box="[618,730,692,716]" class="Trilobita" family="Bathyuridae" genus="Aponileus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Proetida" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B91C6238832FFFFEFDD4FD275FA602C1" box="[618,730,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Aponileus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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