258 lines
52 KiB
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258 lines
52 KiB
XML
<document id="00C632C145C04FA692342382F612F4C5" ID-DOI="10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5437607" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630437499139" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Strong, Ellen E." docDate="2003" docId="03B6B923EE2EFFF88CD964CD3F7B6BE3" docLanguage="en" docName="j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 137 (4)" docSource="https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x" docStyle="DocumentStyle:0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8.2:ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleId="0DD8C314D74634CE09062A86991413F8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2002-2009.journal_article" docStyleVersion="2" docTitle="Cypraea robertsi Hidalgo 1906" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="473" masterDocId="FF8FC15BEE36FFE28F4B66213B1A6964" masterDocTitle="Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda" masterLastPageNumber="554" masterPageNumber="447" pageNumber="471" updateTime="1699271261741" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0" zenodo-license-figures="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="B243FB81650E7B0F2A965564CCCE9BA6">Refining molluscan characters: morphology, character coding and a phylogeny of the Caenogastropoda</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C27B6E3EE44907C35DF7A60DCEEF8057">Strong, Ellen E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F92984354FCE88BB0B2DE4E6CA365B72">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="A382441EC6D4A5423EF0133E3EEC1127">Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="CF4FD7EEA90829509DF163EAC2988597">
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<mods:date id="B11E55E3D794263682571D00EE0919A6">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="27071B76B15DCBE78C2915B7C6D3ED95">2003-04-30</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="23AAE4CC5D5639A13B7698BEF8CF7EF0">137</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="96E3B594559A3326737D3195627BA824">https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article-lookup/doi/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="76F93923F7026DB6BEACEB8F5349EE17">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="B704193B72DD348C01E63397598F2173" type="DOI">10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00058.x</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="5C46A35D21612513285BA53633ADC3F8" type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="54914FDD2FEE0243194ED3B858CD1225" type="Zenodo-Dep">5437607</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03B6B923EE2EFFF88CD964CD3F7B6BE3" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03B6B923EE2EFFF88CD964CD3F7B6BE3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03B6B923EE2EFFF88CD964CD3F7B6BE3" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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<subSubSection id="C3055BBEEE2EFFFA8CD964CD3E386A60" box="[914,1314,748,772]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8CD964CD3E386A60" blockId="24.[914,1314,716,772]" box="[914,1314,748,772]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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<heading id="D0E8BF59EE2EFFFA8CD964CD3E386A60" box="[914,1314,748,772]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="24" pageNumber="471" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2EFFFA8CD964CD3F6B6A67" ID-CoL="33H5Z" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[914,1137,748,772]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="24" pageNumber="539" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2EFFFA8CD964CD3F6B6A67" box="[914,1137,748,772]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">CYPRAEA ROBERTSI</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<collectingRegion id="49DBC6D7EE2EFFFA8B3264CD3FF86A67" box="[1145,1250,748,772]" country="Mexico" name="Hidalgo" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">HIDALGO</collectingRegion>
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1906
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3055BBEEE2EFFF88C6D65343F7B6BE3" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="24" pageNumber="471" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D653438E26A4E" blockId="24.[806,1255,789,842]" box="[806,1016,789,810]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2EFFFA8C6D653438E26A4E" box="[806,1016,789,810]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Material examined</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D65153FFD6A2E" blockId="24.[806,1255,789,842]" box="[806,1255,820,842]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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Playa Bique,
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<collectingCountry id="F30848A5EE2EFFFA8C8B65153F046A2D" box="[960,1054,820,841]" name="Panama" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Panama</collectingCountry>
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(
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<collectionCode id="ED0E90F0EE2EFFFA8B6665153F676A2D" box="[1069,1149,820,841]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34871" name="Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History" pageId="24" pageNumber="471" type="Museum">USNM</collectionCode>
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890940).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D65BB3FA46AD4" blockId="24.[806,1422,922,1129]" box="[806,1214,922,944]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2EFFFA8C6D65BB3FA46AD4" box="[806,1214,922,944]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">External anatomy and mantle cavity</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D65983F836D0D" blockId="24.[806,1422,922,1129]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Anterior pedal gland opening to deep propodial groove. Mantle surface pustulose with conical papillae; short siphonal fringe. Anterior kidney chamber extending into pallial roof. Osphradium triradiate. Hypobranchial gland extensive, comprising large, pendulous folds. Operculum absent.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D62993F126DA9" blockId="24.[806,1423,1208,1905]" box="[806,1032,1208,1229]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2EFFFA8C6D62993F126DA9" box="[806,1032,1208,1229]" italics="true" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Reproductive system</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFA8C6D62F63E1B6FFE" blockId="24.[806,1423,1208,1905]" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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Gonad occupying terminal whorls, anteriorly bounding digestive gland and midgut on right. Gonopericardial canal absent. Vestigial gonopericardial canal present, forming small, blind pericardial diverticulum. Oviduct entering capsule gland near base of mantle cavity. Capsule gland (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2EFFFA8B3463513FC86CE1" box="[1151,1234,1392,1414]" captionStart="Figure 2" captionStartId="42.[142,220,1619,1638]" captionTargetBox="[319,1244,198,1585]" captionTargetId="figure-210@42.[319,1245,198,1587]" captionTargetPageId="42" captionText="Figure 2. Female reproductive morphology. (A) Lampanella minima. Note connective tissue between renal oviduct and pericardium. (B) Crepidula plana. (C) Petaloconchus varians. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Note egg groove from capsule gland down side of foot. Dotted line indicates double-groove portion of albumen gland. (E) Cypraea robertsi. Note duct of receptacle at posterior end of albumen gland. (F) Panarona clavatula. (G) Prunum apicinum. Note that base of mantle cavity lies between the capsule and albumen glands. (H) Urosalpinx cinerea. Ventro-lateral lobe of capsule gland is shown by transparency. Note blind diverticulum off renal oviduct and small aperture connecting vestibule and bursa copulatrix. Base of mantle cavity indicated by arrow. (I) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Note shallow pocket in distal end of capsule gland, perhaps functioning as bursa. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ag, albumen gland; bc, bursa copulatrix; cg, capsule gland; fo, female opening; gpc, gonopericardial canal; igl, ingesting gland; mc, base of mantle cavity; per, pericardium; rcs, seminal receptacle; spb, spermatophore bursa; u, uterine ball; v, vagina." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437611" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437611/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Fig. 2E</figureCitation>
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, cg) long and crescentic, narrow posteriorly, expanding anteriorly. Albumen gland (dg) lying along dorsal margin of capsule gland, opening to capsule gland anteriorly via narrow duct. Large, lobate seminal receptacle (rcs) opening to blind posterior end of albumen gland. Finely grooved tract extending anteriorly from aperture of albumen gland, expanding at distal end of capsule gland, continuous with narrow vagina (v). Vagina terminating at small female opening (fo).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2EFFFB8C7460823A08699D" blockId="24.[806,1423,1208,1905]" lastBlockId="25.[155,770,196,249]" lastPageId="25" lastPageNumber="472" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">
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Vas deferens forming large and complexly coiled seminal vesicle. Seminal vesicle narrowing anteriorly and opening to closed, narrow, glandular, basophilic prostate at base of mantle cavity (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2EFFFA8BE360DE3FE16E70" box="[1192,1275,1791,1813]" captionStart="Figure 3" captionStartId="44.[142,220,1712,1731]" captionTargetBox="[277,1288,197,1677]" captionTargetId="figure-151@44.[277,1288,166,1683]" captionTargetPageId="44" captionText="Figure 3. Male reproductive morphology. (A) Lampanella minima. Note connective tissue between renal vas deferens and pericardium and accessory lobe of prostatic tissue on mantle cavity floor alongside proximal prostate. (B) Petaloconchus varians. (C) Crepidula plana. Note terminal papilla. (D) Strombus mutabilis. Note seminal groove continuous along ventral aspect of penis. (E) Cypraea robertsi. Note seminal groove continuous along ventral aspect of penis. (F) Prunum apicinum. Penial duct not shown. Arrow indicates slit-like communication between proximal prostate and mantle cavity. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Arrow indicates fused, tube-like communication between proximal prostate and mantle cavity. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: ped, penial duct; pe, penis; per, pericardium; pr, prostate; pvd, pallial vas deferens; sg, seminal groove." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437613" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437613/files/figure.png" pageId="24" pageNumber="471">Fig. 3E</figureCitation>
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, pr). Vas deferens emerging from pallial roof, opening to large pocket and open seminal groove lined with acidophilic cells. Seminal groove extending across neck and along ventral surface of long, simple, narrowly triangular penis (pe).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD0671F3A736830" blockId="25.[155,771,318,831]" box="[155,361,318,340]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8FD0671F3A736830" box="[155,361,318,340]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Alimentary system</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD0677F39376A5B" blockId="25.[155,771,318,831]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8FD0677F3BE36817" box="[155,249,350,371]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Foregut.</emphasis>
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Radula taenioglossate. Foregut modified into muscular, acrembolic proboscis (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8D65675D399868F6" box="[558,642,380,402]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="50.[142,220,1701,1720]" captionTargetBox="[289,1276,198,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-144@50.[289,1278,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437619/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
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, ps). Jaw absent; buccal cavity uncuticularized. Subradular membrane completely covering ventral surface of odontophore; subradular organ absent (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8D1067F939AB688A" box="[603,689,472,494]" captionStart="Figure 4" captionStartId="46.[142,220,1755,1774]" captionTargetBox="[274,1290,197,1722]" captionTargetId="figure-144@46.[274,1291,197,1722]" captionTargetPageId="46" captionText="Figure 4. Morphology of odontophore; subradular organ (indicated by arrows). Except when noted, view is from the side and ventral is to the right. (A) Theodoxus fluviatilis, ventral view. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (B) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Marisa cornuarietis. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (E) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (F) Neverita duplicata. Scale bar = 100 Mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Subradular organ absent. Scale bar = 1 mm. (H) Panarona clavatula. Ventral is down. Scale bar = 100 Mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437615" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437615/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 4G</figureCitation>
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). Short mid-ventral fold (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8E2B67D63AA96B69" box="[352,435,503,525]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="53.[155,233,1725,1744]" captionTargetBox="[296,1293,197,1693]" captionTargetId="figure-144@53.[296,1294,197,1693]" captionTargetPageId="53" captionText="Figure 8. Histology of anterior oesophagus; ventral fold. (A) Macleaniella moskalevi. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Theodoxus fluviatilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Strombus mutabilis. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (F) Littorina littorea. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Cypraea robertsi. Note that ventral fold is offset to the right. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; bg, buccal ganglion; c., radular cartilage; ceg, cerebral ganglion; df, dorsal fold; e.g. oesophageal gland; r, radula; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary gland; vf, ventral fold; vlf, ventro-lateral fold." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437623/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 8G</figureCitation>
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) present forming dorsal lip of radular sac. Paired muscular, non-glandular pouches present opening to anterior oesophagus. Shallow ridge running transversely across floor of oesophagus between pouches; ventro-lateral folds absent. Salivary gland ducts passing through broad nerve ring, under long pedal connectives. Salivary gland massive, filling left side of cephalic haemocoel and overlying oesophageal gland. Radular sac long and coiled. Midoesophagus with well-developed, septate oesophageal gland and open dorsal food groove.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD065763A706CB7" blockId="25.[155,771,855,1491]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8FD065763BEC6A08" box="[155,246,855,876]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Midgut.</emphasis>
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Oesophagus opening to left limb of large, Ushaped midgut (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8E2B65573AF86AEF" box="[352,482,886,908]" captionStart="Figure 16" captionStartId="65.[155,233,1816,1835]" captionTargetBox="[265,1310,197,1784]" captionTargetId="figure-82@65.[265,1323,197,1784]" captionTargetPageId="65" captionText="Figure 16. Midgut morphology. White arrows indicate direction of ciliary currents. (A) Neverita duplicata, dorsal view. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Cypraea robertsi, dorsal view. Abbreviations: cf, ciliated fold; dgd, digestive gland duct; e, oesophagus; ig, intestinal groove; pyc, pyloric caecum; sa, sorting area; ss, style sac; t1, major typhlosole; t2, minor typhlosole." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437641" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437641/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 16B, e</figureCitation>
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). Gastric shield absent. One digestive gland duct (dgd) opening near oesophagus, draining small posterior lobe of digestive gland. Second digestive gland duct draining large anterior lobe of digestive gland, forming caecum. Broad mouth of caecum opening ventrally, along anterior wall of midgut. Anterior extension of major typhlosole (t1) bounding caecum on right. Style sac region characterized by single (major) typhlosole and transversely folded epithelium bearing uniform cilia; minor typhlosole absent. Ciliated strip on major typhlosole absent. Ciliary currents flowing clockwise within style sac region. Major typhlosole turning to right at distal end of style sac. Transverse lip of major typhlosole bounding deep pyloric caecum (pyc), extending posteriorly under style sac. Minor typhlosole beginning within pyloric caecum, paralleling major typhlosole straight out of caecum. Posterior digestive gland lobe occupying terminal visceral whorls; anterior lobe extending into pallial cavity.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD063CA3A286F5A" blockId="25.[155,771,1515,1598]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8FD063CA3A186F64" box="[155,258,1515,1536]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Hindgut.</emphasis>
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Major and minor typhlosoles continuing only short distance within proximal intestine. Intestine straight.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD060A53ABC6FFD" blockId="25.[155,771,1668,1905]" box="[155,422,1668,1689]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8FD060A53ABC6FFD" box="[155,422,1668,1689]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Reno-pericardial system</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8FD060823E6E6817" blockId="25.[155,771,1668,1905]" lastBlockId="25.[819,1435,196,371]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
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Kidney large, differentiated into posterior and anterior, histologically distinct lobes (
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<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8D6960E0399F6FB3" box="[546,645,1729,1751]" captionStart="Figure 23" captionStartId="78.[142,220,1620,1639]" captionTargetBox="[323,1232,198,1588]" captionTargetId="figure-190@78.[310,1256,198,1616]" captionTargetPageId="78" captionText="Figure 23. Kidney morphology; derived caenogastropods with two differentiated lobes of lamellae. (A) Neverita duplicata, dorsal view. Kidney opened between lobes of differentiated lamellae. (B) Cypraea robertsi, dorsal view. Intestine removed to reveal internal details. (C) Panarona clavatula, dorsal view, posterior chamber on left, anterior chamber on right. Kidney roof opened between lobes of primary and secondary lamellae. Note meronephridial condition (no interdigitation of lamellae) and that dorsal branch of afferent renal vessel supplies both primary and secondary tubules. (D) Prunum apicinum, dorsal view. Note small region of secondary tubules within kidney roof supplied by dorsal branch of afferent renal vessel. (E) Ilyanassa obsoletus, dorsal view. Note pycnonephridial condition (interdigitation of lamellae). Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: al, anterior kidney lobe; arv, afferent renal vessel; au, auricle; darv, dorsal branch of afferent renal vessel; int, intestine; ng, nephridial gland; np, nephropore; per, pericardium; pl, posterior kidney lobe; rpc, reno-pericardial canal; ve, ventricle." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437657" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437657/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 23B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Posterior lobe (pl) overlying visceral kidney lumen. Anterior lobe (al) long and narrow, extending within pallial roof under intestine (int), along digestive gland and pallial gonoduct. Nephridial gland present (ng). Afferent renal vessel entering kidney posteriorly, extending anteriorly along floor, producing numerous small branches supplying lamellae along ventral surface of digestive gland. Afferent renal vessel splitting near nephropore (np) into two large branches of equal size. Ventral branch supplying anterior lobe of kidney. Dorsal branch supplying anterior and posterior lobes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8C78679B3FFB68AB" blockId="25.[819,1435,441,1015]" box="[819,1249,441,463]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8C78679B3FFB68AB" box="[819,1249,441,463]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Nervous system and sensory structures</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8C7867F938946A93" blockId="25.[819,1435,441,1015]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
|
||
Nervous system epiathroid, left zygoneurous, possibly right dialyneurous (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8B7B67D63F8E6B69" box="[1072,1172,503,525]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="81.[155,233,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[306,1287,200,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-148@81.[301,1290,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 24. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring morphology. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Cypraea robertsi. Upper diagram depicts cerebral, pleural, supra-esophageal, and sub-oesophageal ganglia; lower diagram depicts pedal ganglia and pedal cords. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Nitidiscala tinctum. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (F) Prunum apicinum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bg, buccal ganglion; ceg, cerebral ganglion; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; pc, pedal cord; pdg, pedal ganglion; plg, pleural ganglion; ppg, propodial ganglion; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sc, statocone; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437659/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Circum-oesophageal nerve ring (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8CFC64343F106B4F" box="[951,1034,533,555]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="50.[142,220,1701,1720]" captionTargetBox="[289,1276,198,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-144@50.[289,1278,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437619/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
, nr) lying obliquely within cephalic haemocoel, with concentrated cerebro-pleural complex near left cephalic tentacle. Buccal ganglia present just anterior to buccal pouches (bp). Tentacular nerve (tn) dividing into nerve plexus upon entering tentacle. Long pedal connectives passing over anterior oesophagus. Pedal ganglia (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8B6164EC3F976B86" box="[1066,1165,717,739]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="81.[155,233,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[306,1287,200,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-148@81.[301,1290,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 24. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring morphology. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Cypraea robertsi. Upper diagram depicts cerebral, pleural, supra-esophageal, and sub-oesophageal ganglia; lower diagram depicts pedal ganglia and pedal cords. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Nitidiscala tinctum. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (F) Prunum apicinum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bg, buccal ganglion; ceg, cerebral ganglion; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; pc, pedal cord; pdg, pedal ganglion; plg, pleural ganglion; ppg, propodial ganglion; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sc, statocone; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437659/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
|
||
, pdg) large with pedal cords (pc) forming numerous cross connections. Supraoesophageal (sp) connective very short; suboesophageal (sb) connective long. Single large visceral ganglion (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8CE8656938EC6A3A" box="[931,1014,840,862]" captionStart="Figure 6" captionStartId="50.[142,220,1701,1720]" captionTargetBox="[289,1276,198,1663]" captionTargetId="figure-144@50.[289,1278,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="50" captionText="Figure 6. Morphology of cephalic haemocoel among basal caenogastropods. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 1 mm. (C) Cypraea robertsi. For simplicity, large salivary glands removed. Scale bar = 1 mm. (D) Bithynia tentaculata. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (E) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 1 mm. Abbreviations: bp, buccal pouch; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; eg, oesophageal gland; nr, circum-oesophageal nerve ring; os, osphradium; osg, osphradial ganglion; ps, proboscis sheath; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sgd, salivary gland duct; sgl, salivary glands; sp., supra-oesophageal ganglion; tn, tentacular nerve; vg, visceral ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437619" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437619/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 6C</figureCitation>
|
||
, vg) lying within cephalopedal sinus. Four smaller accessory visceral ganglia (vg) present straddling posterior oesophagus and along left side of cephalic haemocoel. Statocysts with single statolith (
|
||
<figureCitation id="132414B0EE2FFFFB8C7165E238876ABC" box="[826,925,963,985]" captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="81.[155,233,1702,1721]" captionTargetBox="[306,1287,200,1669]" captionTargetId="figure-148@81.[301,1290,192,1674]" captionTargetPageId="81" captionText="Figure 24. Circum-oesophageal nerve ring morphology. (A) Neocyclotus dysoni ambiguum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (B) Lampanella minima. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (C) Crepidula plana. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (D) Cypraea robertsi. Upper diagram depicts cerebral, pleural, supra-esophageal, and sub-oesophageal ganglia; lower diagram depicts pedal ganglia and pedal cords. Scale bar = 1 mm. (E) Nitidiscala tinctum. Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (F) Prunum apicinum. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (G) Ilyanassa obsoletus. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: bg, buccal ganglion; ceg, cerebral ganglion; d, dialyneury; e, oesophagus; pc, pedal cord; pdg, pedal ganglion; plg, pleural ganglion; ppg, propodial ganglion; sb, sub-oesophageal ganglion; sc, statocone; sp, supra-oesophageal ganglion; z, zygoneury." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5437659" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5437659/files/figure.png" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Fig. 24D</figureCitation>
|
||
, sc) present on dorsal surface of pedal ganglia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8C78621F38B06D37" blockId="25.[819,1435,1086,1905]" box="[819,938,1086,1107]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8C78621F38B06D37" box="[819,938,1086,1107]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Discussion</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFFB8C78627D3E4A6FFE" blockId="25.[819,1435,1086,1905]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
|
||
The foregut of cypraeoideans is modified to form a muscular, acrembolic proboscis (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8BED625A3E466DF4" author="Vayssiere A" box="[1190,1372,1147,1169]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref80760" refString="Vayssiere A. 1923. Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeides. 1 re Partie. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 18: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1923">Vayssière, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8A22625A38776DCB" author="Kay EA" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The position, number and glandular development of pouches within the anterior oesophagus is variable. They may be paired (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8BFD62F63E2B6D89" author="Kay EA" box="[1206,1329,1239,1261]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study) or unpaired and thin-walled or glandular (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8C71633538E36C4D" author="Amaudrut A" box="[826,1017,1300,1322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref71641" refString="Amaudrut A. 1898. La partie anterieure du tube digestif et la torsion chez les Mollusques Gasteropodes. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie 8: 1 - 291." type="journal article" year="1898">Amaudrut, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8B4C63353FA16C4D" author="Vayssiere A" box="[1031,1211,1300,1322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref80760" refString="Vayssiere A. 1923. Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeides. 1 re Partie. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 18: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1923">Vayssière, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8B8363353E426C4D" author="Thiele J" box="[1224,1368,1300,1322]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" refId="ref80648" refString="Thiele J. 1929. Handbuch der Systematischen Weichtierkunde. Teil 1. Jena: Fischer." type="book" year="1929">Thiele, 1929</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8A2E633538766C2C" author="Rau A" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="83 - 168" refId="ref78983" refString="Rau A. 1934. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen an Cypraeen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 69: 83 - 168." type="journal article" year="1934">Rau, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8C3063123F0F6C2C" author="Fretter V" box="[891,1045,1330,1352]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="14 - 20" refId="ref73818" refString="Fretter V. 1951. Some observations on the British cypraeids. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 29: 14 - 20." type="journal article" year="1951">Fretter, 1951</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8B6F63123E516C2D" author="Fretter V & Graham A" box="[1060,1355,1331,1353]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" refId="ref73894" refString="Fretter V, Graham A. 1962. British prosobranch molluscs; their functional anatomy and ecology. London: Ray Society." type="book" year="1962">Fretter & Graham, 1962</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Such unpaired mucus diverticulae have been described as opening to the oesophagus at the origin of the oesophageal gland, slightly posterior to that described here. It seems likely that these glandular and nonglandular diverticulae are homologues (
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8A4A63ED3E006C85" box="[1281,1306,1484,1505]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">cf.</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8A6963ED3E896C86" author="Kay EA" box="[1314,1427,1484,1506]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) despite slight differences in position within the anterior oesophagus. In fact, given that twisting of the anterior oesophagus brings the left pouch into a hidden ventral position, it suggests that many of the described single diverticulae may be paired with asymmetrical development of glandular tissue.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2FFFF88C00608239D5688A" blockId="25.[819,1435,1086,1905]" lastBlockId="26.[142,759,196,1905]" lastPageId="26" lastPageNumber="473" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">
|
||
Cypraeoideans display an extraordinary conservatism of midgut morphologies. The structure and development of such features as the digestive caecum, the major typhlosole, and the intestinal groove are remarkably similar in many species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8A4B613C3E8D6E56" author="Haller B" box="[1280,1431,1821,1843]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8C78611D38BD6E35" author="Rau A" box="[819,935,1852,1873]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="83 - 168" refId="ref78983" refString="Rau A. 1934. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen an Cypraeen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 69: 83 - 168." type="journal article" year="1934">Rau, 1934</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2FFFFB8CF8611D3F3F6E36" author="Kay EA" box="[947,1061,1852,1874]" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay, 1960</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2FFFFB8B7C611D3FEE6E35" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[1079,1268,1852,1873]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="25" pageNumber="472" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2FFFFB8B7C611D3FEE6E35" box="[1079,1268,1852,1873]" italics="true" pageId="25" pageNumber="472">Cypraea robertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs in that it lacks both the gastric shield and the ciliated strip on the major typhlosole, which might otherwise confound attempts to interpret midgut homologies. However, the ovulid
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88E5A67233AF46872" baseAuthorityName="Lightfoot" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[273,494,257,279]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Jenneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88E5A67233AF46872" box="[273,494,257,279]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">Jenneria pustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a midgut that is similar in overall organization, and also possesses both the shield and the ciliated strip (pers. obs.). Owing to this basic conservatism, midgut morphology of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88FE4675C3A2C68F5" baseAuthorityName="Lightfoot" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[175,310,380,402]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Jenneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88FE4675C3A2C68F5" box="[175,310,380,402]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">J. pustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
permits an interpretation of cypraeoidean midgut homologies and a reinterpretation of the hypotheses offered by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88E8C679B395368AB" author="Kay EA" box="[455,585,441,463]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, even in those taxa lacking structures such as the gastric shield.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2CFFF88FEC67D63AD36DF5" blockId="26.[142,759,196,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">
|
||
As stated above,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88E2F67D639206B68" baseAuthorityName="Lightfoot" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[356,570,503,524]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Jenneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88E2F67D639206B68" box="[356,570,503,524]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">Jenneria pustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
possesses a gastric shield and a ciliated strip on the major typhlosole. The gastric shield and a prominent horizontal fold distal to the shield (= lip of style sac) in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88D09647239D26B0C" baseAuthorityName="Lightfoot" baseAuthorityYear="1786" box="[578,712,595,616]" class="Gastropoda" family="Ovulidae" genus="Jenneria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="pustulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88D09647239D26B0C" box="[578,712,595,616]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">J. pustulata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are similar to style-bearing caenogastropods in their position and connection to other landmarks. This suggests that the portion of the midgut along the major typhlosole referred to as the ‘cuticular area’ by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88D3B64EF39E86B87" author="Kay EA" box="[624,754,717,739]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="175 - 196" refId="ref76387" refString="Kay EA. 1960. The functional morphology of Cypraea caputserpentis L. & an interpretation of the relationships among the Cypraeacea. Internationale Revue der Gesamten Hydrobiologie 45: 175 - 196." type="journal article" year="1960">Kay (1960)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, represents the style sac region of other caenogastropods. Kay suggested instead that the region of the gut distal to the transverse segment of the major typhlosole is comparable to the style sac region. This reinterpretation indicates that the transverse segment of the major typhlosole lies at the distal end of the style sac, not at the proximal end as suggested by Kay, confirming the identification of a pyloric caecum at the distal end of the style sac in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88EAC65C339466A92" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[487,604,993,1015]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88EAC65C339466A92" box="[487,604,993,1015]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">C. robertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Kay did not describe a pyloric caecum under the transverse segment of the major typhlosole. However, a depression appears to be visible in the appropriate position.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88FC5627D3A566D15" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[142,332,1116,1137]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88FC5627D3A566D15" box="[142,332,1116,1137]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">Cypraea robertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is unique in lacking a minor typhlosole in the style sac region.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2CFFF88FEC62BB3ADA6C85" blockId="26.[142,759,196,1905]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">
|
||
As in naticids, the excretory tissue of cypraeids is subdivided into two lobes that are histologically and macroscopically distinct (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88EE562F639266D88" author="Haller B" box="[430,572,1239,1261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88D0C62F639FD6D89" author="Simroth H" box="[583,743,1239,1261]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" refId="ref79936" refString="Simroth H. 1896 - 1907. Gastropoda prosobranchia. H. G. Bronn's Klassen und Ordnungen Des Thierreichs, Wissenschaftlich Dargestellt in Wort und Bild, Vol. 3. Mollusca, Abteilung II. Leipzig: CF Winter'sche Verlagshandlung." type="book" year="1896">Simroth, 1896</bibRefCitation>
|
||
– 1907). Haller’s detailed description of the kidney in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88FC563353A2D6C4D" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[142,311,1300,1321]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="testudinaria">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88FC563353A2D6C4D" box="[142,311,1300,1321]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">C. testudinaria</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also clearly documented the branching of the afferent renal vessel to supply the anterior and posterior lobes.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88E0F63733AD86C03" author="Rau A" box="[324,450,1361,1383]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="83 - 168" refId="ref78983" refString="Rau A. 1934. Anatomisch-histologische Untersuchungen an Cypraeen. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 69: 83 - 168." type="journal article" year="1934">Rau (1934)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
provided a largely erroneous interpretation of the reno-pericardial system of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88FC563AE3A506CC0" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[142,330,1423,1444]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="arabica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88FC563AE3A506CC0" box="[142,330,1423,1444]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">Cypraea arabica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, referring to the anterior kidney lobe as the right kidney, complete with a rudimentary nephropore near the anus.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA00835EE2CFFF88FEC63CA3F7B6BE3" blockId="26.[142,759,196,1905]" lastBlockId="26.[806,1422,196,647]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">
|
||
Cypraeoidean nervous systems are displaced to the left of the buccal mass, with highly concentrated cerebral and pleural ganglia; the supra-oesophageal and left pleural ganglia are in close proximity, and the suboesophageal ganglion is widely separated from the others (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88FBA60A53A916FFD" author="Haller B" box="[241,395,1668,1690]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88EE960A539716FFD" author="Amaudrut A" box="[418,619,1668,1690]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 291" refId="ref71641" refString="Amaudrut A. 1898. La partie anterieure du tube digestif et la torsion chez les Mollusques Gasteropodes. Annales des Sciences naturelles, Zoologie 8: 1 - 291." type="journal article" year="1898">Amaudrut, 1898</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88DC960A53BDD6FDC" author="Vayssiere A" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref80760" refString="Vayssiere A. 1923. Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeides. 1 re Partie. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 18: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1923">Vayssière, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88F9F60823A436FDD" author="Riese K" box="[212,345,1699,1721]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="361 - 486" refId="ref79132" refString="Riese K. 1931. Phylogenetische Betrachtungen uber das Nervensystem von Cypraea moneta auf Grund seiner Morphologie und Histologie. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 65: 361 - 486." type="journal article" year="1931">Riese, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88E25608239166FDD" author="Riese K" box="[366,524,1699,1721]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="361 - 486" refId="ref79132" refString="Riese K. 1931. Phylogenetische Betrachtungen uber das Nervensystem von Cypraea moneta auf Grund seiner Morphologie und Histologie. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 65: 361 - 486." type="journal article" year="1931">Riese’s (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
detailed analysis of the nervous system of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88ED460E339466FB3" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[415,604,1730,1751]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="moneta">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88ED460E339466FB3" box="[415,604,1730,1751]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">Cypraea moneta</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
described at least two anastomoses of the sub-oesophageal and supra-oesophageal ganglia that pass through the mantle roof; presence or absence of these dialyneuries could not be confirmed in sections of the highly glandular mantle roof of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88ED7617A390B6E14" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[412,529,1883,1904]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88ED7617A390B6E14" box="[412,529,1883,1904]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">C. robertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pedal cords with numerous cross connections are present (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88BB066E53E9069BD" author="Haller B" box="[1275,1418,196,218]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88C6D66C238B6699C" author="Shaw HON" box="[806,940,227,249]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="561 - 565" refId="ref79859" refString="Shaw HON. 1909. Cypraea and Trivia. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 8: 561 - 565." type="journal article" year="1909">Shaw, 1909</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88CF066C23F59699D" author="Riese K" box="[955,1091,227,249]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="361 - 486" refId="ref79132" refString="Riese K. 1931. Phylogenetische Betrachtungen uber das Nervensystem von Cypraea moneta auf Grund seiner Morphologie und Histologie. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 65: 361 - 486." type="journal article" year="1931">Riese, 1931</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). In contrast to the present findings, the tentacular nerve typically is shown as a simple, unbranched nerve (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88B3867013E126851" author="Haller B" box="[1139,1288,288,310]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller, 1890</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88A516701387A6831" author="Vayssiere A" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="1 - 120" refId="ref80760" refString="Vayssiere A. 1923. Recherches zoologiques et anatomiques sur les mollusques de la famille des Cypraeides. 1 re Partie. Annales du Musee d'Histoire Naturelle de Marseille, Zoologie 18: 1 - 120." type="journal article" year="1923">Vayssière, 1923</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The number of visceral ganglia is somewhat inconsistent among existing descriptions. For example,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88C18675D38F068F6" author="Haller B" box="[851,1002,380,402]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="259 - 299" refId="ref74676" refString="Haller B. 1890. Die Morphologie der Prosobranchier, gesammelt auf einer Erdumsegelung durch die Konigl. italienische Korvette ' Vettor Pisani'. II. Cypraea testudinara L. Morphologisches Jahrbuch 17: 259 - 299." type="journal article" year="1890">Haller (1890)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
depicted a single main ganglion with only a single accessory ganglion, while
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E75C4EE2CFFF88BB667BA3E9468D5" author="Riese K" box="[1277,1422,411,433]" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" pagination="361 - 486" refId="ref79132" refString="Riese K. 1931. Phylogenetische Betrachtungen uber das Nervensystem von Cypraea moneta auf Grund seiner Morphologie und Histologie. Jenaische Zeitschrift fur Naturwissenschaft 65: 361 - 486." type="journal article" year="1931">Riese (1931)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described one main and three accessory ganglia. The position of the accessory ganglia is also variable. This inconsistency may be due to differing interpretations of the swellings along the visceral loop, several of which were only visible in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F73B6EE2CFFF88B2964153FCD6B2D" authorityName="Hidalgo" authorityYear="1906" box="[1122,1239,564,585]" class="Gastropoda" family="Cypraeidae" genus="Cypraea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Littorinimorpha" pageId="26" pageNumber="473" phylum="Mollusca" rank="species" species="robertsi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BD427EE2CFFF88B2964153FCD6B2D" box="[1122,1239,564,585]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="473">C. robertsi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with the aid of histological sections; these are highly variable in size and not all produce nerves.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |