261 lines
28 KiB
XML
261 lines
28 KiB
XML
<document id="19D6DF880FBD30C323B066BECB7ADF14" ID-DOI="10.1206/0003-0090(2001)263<0003:TMOPFG>2.0.CO;2" ID-ISSN="0003-0090" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5378847" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630286559541" checkinUser="marcus" docAuthor="VOSS, ROBERT S., LUNDE, DARRIN P. & SIMMONS, NANCY B." docDate="2001" docId="03B69D69FF8C371E86EAFDB2FCCAFE74" docLanguage="en" docName="B263-0003.pdf" docOrigin="Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2001 (263)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0090%282001%29263%3C0003%3ATMOPFG%3E2.0.CO%3B2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743.3:BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleId="2B34016C1EBFE58B07368F9517618743" docStyleName="BulAmeMusNatHis.2000-2010.journal_article.0cover.type1" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Saguinus midas" docType="treatment" docVersion="3" lastPageNumber="68" masterDocId="FF8FE511FFCE375D863EFF99FFA9FFE9" masterDocTitle="The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species" masterLastPageNumber="236" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="67" updateTime="1699214748838" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3C3F86F7EA8F2575B25526513E17337A">The Mammals Of Paracou, French Guiana: A Neotropical Lowland Rainforest Fauna Part 2. Nonvolant Species</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="C6DEEB50DEF8DDE59B81CEF983BFDF22">VOSS, ROBERT S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="995F76C7EF28627E5DD7CFE7D6DF34EF">LUNDE, DARRIN P.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="5DFD8E84C19C458177992F1C8FF6DE4B">SIMMONS, NANCY B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:part id="64D31F08DD83508B35C31F594C2CFE09">
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<mods:date id="A0965FAE549D2087C380D4FE4FAFE5C0">2001</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="44930E70C0EC336100CC8AC3230AE78D">2001-06-18</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="6F9EB10FA170A318996F5C8E38263DB5">2001</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="70C58103F6D0DC59A7ACE211854500E8">263</mods:number>
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<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FF8C371F86EAFDB2FF1BFD44" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F86EAFDB2FDBFFDA8" blockId="66.[212,534,554,578]" box="[212,534,554,578]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<heading id="D0E89B13FF8C371F86EAFDB2FDBFFDA8" box="[212,534,554,578]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F86EAFDB2FDBFFDA8" ID-CoL="4TZBY" authority="(Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[212,534,554,578]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F86EAFDB2FE27FDAB" box="[212,398,555,578]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Saguinus midas</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F86B4FDC5FF1BFD44" blockId="66.[109,638,604,1743]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<materialsCitation id="3B772622FF8C371F86B4FDC5FF61FD79" collectionCode="AMNH" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" specimenCode="AMNH 266481, 266482" specimenCount="1">
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VOUCHER MATERIAL:
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<specimenCode id="DBB98404FF8C371F8797FDC5FDD1FD9A" box="[425,632,604,627]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">AMNH 266481</specimenCode>
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,
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<specimenCode id="DBB98404FF8C371F8653FDE0FF61FD79" box="[109,200,633,656]" collectionCode="AMNH" country="USA" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">266482</specimenCode>
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B772622FF8C371F86E9FDE0FF07FD44" collectionCode="MNHN" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" specimenCode="MNHN 1998.699" specimenCount="3">
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<specimenCode id="DBB98404FF8C371F86E9FDE0FE02FD79" box="[215,427,633,656]" collectionCode="MNHN" country="France" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34988" name="Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">MNHN 1998.699</specimenCode>
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. Total =
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<specimenCount id="9D19E7F6FF8C371F8421FDE0FF07FD44" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="generic">3 specimens</specimenCount>
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FF8C371E86B4FD2DFE54FEAC" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F86B4FD2DFF42FAB9" blockId="66.[109,638,604,1743]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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IDENTIFICATION: Our three vouchers correspond exactly with Husson’s (1978) detailed description of this species, which was based on topotypic material from
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8C371F8787FC95FDB6FCCA" box="[441,543,780,803]" name="Suriname" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Surinam</collectingCountry>
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. In particular, the diagnostic external markings of goldenhanded tamarins—bright orange (sometimes reddish or yellow) hands and feet that contrast with the blackish limbs—are conspicuous in our vouchers as they are in all specimens referred to this taxon throughout the
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8C371F86E3FC40FE9FFC19" box="[221,310,985,1008]" name="Guyana" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Guiana</collectingCountry>
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subregion of Amazonia (Hershkovitz, 1977). For comparison with published measurement data (Husson, 1957, 1978; Napier, 1976; Hershkovitz, 1977), selected external and craniodental dimensions (mm) of our
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<specimenCount id="9D19E7F6FF8C371F8735FBF5FED2FB6A" box="[267,379,1132,1155]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" type="adult">two adult</specimenCount>
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female vouchers are: headandbody length 258, 285; length of tail 425, 440; length of hindfoot 77, 80; ear 36, 37; condylobasal length 38.9, 41.2; orbital breadth 28.7, 29.1; postorbital constriction 24.3, 25.6; zygomatic breadth 33.3, 34.8; maxillary toothrow (crown length C–M2) 12.8, 12.9.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F86B4FACFFB0CFEB8" blockId="66.[109,638,604,1743]" lastBlockId="66.[685,1214,195,337]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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The blackhanded tamarins that occur south of the Amazon and east of the Xingu (including
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8C371F86D3FA08FEB3FA41" box="[237,282,1425,1448]" name="Iceland" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Ilha</collectingCountry>
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de Marajo´) were long considered to be a distinct species from the goldenhanded tamarins of the
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<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8C371F8798FA55FE53FA0A" box="[422,506,1484,1507]" name="Guyana" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Guiana</collectingCountry>
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subregion (e.g., by Elliot, 1912; Cruz Lima, 1945; Hill, 1957; Cabrera, 1961). Hershkovitz (
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<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFF8C371F840FF99EFDD9F9F7" author="Princeton Univ" box="[561,624,1543,1566]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" refId="ref105994" refString="1977. Geographic variation, speciation, and clines. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press." type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
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), however, treated golden and blackhanded tamarins as no more than subspecifically distinct; according to this authority, the correct name for the goldenhanded Guianan tamarins is
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F86F1F902FDD0F95B" authority="midas (Linnaeus)" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" box="[207,633,1691,1714]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F86F1F902FE4FF95B" box="[207,486,1691,1714]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Saguinus midas midas</emphasis>
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(Linnaeus)
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</taxonomicName>
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, whereas the blackhanded tamarins of south eastern Amazonia should be called
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8266FF5AFC0EFF11" authority="(E. Geoffroy)" baseAuthorityName="E. Geoffroy" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="midas" subSpecies="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8266FF5AFD43FF11" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">S. midas niger</emphasis>
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(E. Geoffroy)
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</taxonomicName>
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. Apparently, the only published justification for treating these unequivocally diagnosable taxa as conspecific is the following (Hershkovitz, 1977: 207):
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F84F9FEF2FB28FDB0" blockId="66.[711,1213,363,601]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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The color of the cheiridia dictates the proffered hypothesis of racial differentiation. The pheomelanic or eumelanic cheiridia can be derived directly from the primitive agouti colored cheiridia... and either of the saturate patterns can switch to the other. Furthermore, presence of callitrichids on the Ilha de Marajó... discounts the probability of one
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8220FE64FB23FDF9" box="[1054,1162,509,528]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" rank="subSpecies" subSpecies="arising">race arising</taxonomicName>
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from the stock of another. It remains to be determined if tamarins with agouti cheiridia still persist on any of the innumerable islands of the lower Amazon.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F84F4FDF7FBF6FC22" blockId="66.[685,1214,622,1744]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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Apparently, Hershkovitz judged the chromatic differences between
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F85DBFD15FB83FD4A" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[997,1066,652,675]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F85DBFD15FB83FD4A" box="[997,1066,652,675]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(sensu stricto) and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8532FD33FCE0FD28" box="[780,841,682,705]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8532FD33FCE0FD28" box="[780,841,682,705]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be evolutionarily labile and predicted the existence of an extinct (or undiscovered) form that was (or is) intermediate in coloration and geography. However, the constancy of tamarin markings on opposite sides of the Amazon suggests that the character transformation in question is not evolutionarily labile, nor have populations with intermediate phenotypes yet been reported from any Amazonian islands.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371F84F4FC4BFBE4FA6E" blockId="66.[685,1214,622,1744]" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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According to Hershkovitz, only the coloration of the hands and feet distinguishes
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8493FB94FD5BFBCD" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[685,754,1037,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8493FB94FD5BFBCD" box="[685,754,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F857BFB94FC23FBCD" box="[837,906,1037,1060]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F857BFB94FC2CFBCD" box="[837,901,1037,1060]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">niger</taxonomicName>
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,
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</emphasis>
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but his monograph contains no explicit comparison of these taxa in nonpelage characters. By contrast, subsequent research has shown that
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8225FBFFFBC9FB94" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1051,1120,1126,1149]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8225FBFFFBC9FB94" box="[1051,1120,1126,1149]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F82A3FBFFFD7DFB73" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F82A3FBFFFD7DFB73" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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have divergent dental measurements (Natori and Hanihara, 1992) and β
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<subScript id="179B2E3AFF8C371F8214FB34FB9AFB52" attach="left" box="[1066,1075,1197,1211]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2</subScript>
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microglobulin DNA sequences (Canavez et al., 1999). Indeed, parsimony analysis of the β
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<subScript id="179B2E3AFF8C371F8271FB71FBF1FB1F" attach="left" box="[1103,1112,1256,1270]" fontSize="6" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">2</subScript>
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microglobulin data provides compelling evidence that
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F84DCFA8EFC8EFAC7" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[738,807,1303,1326]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F84DCFA8EFC8EFAC7" box="[738,807,1303,1326]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is more closely related to another species that occurs north of the Amazon,
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8299FAACFCFEFA80" authority="(Spix)" baseAuthorityName="Spix" class="Mammalia" family="Cricetidae" genus="Oecomys" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rodentia" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicolor">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8299FAACFCA8FA83" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">S. bicolor</emphasis>
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(Spix)
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</taxonomicName>
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, than it is to
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F85C4FACAFB9EFA83" box="[1018,1079,1363,1386]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F85C4FACAFB9EFA83" box="[1018,1079,1363,1386]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">niger</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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on the opposite bank (Canavez et al., 1999).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8C371E84F4FA17FE54FEAC" blockId="66.[685,1214,622,1744]" lastBlockId="67.[94,623,214,1763]" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
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In view of (1) the diagnosability of golden and blackhanded tamarins by bold and consistent pelage markings, (2) the existence of correlated divergence in nonpelage characters, and (3) clear indications from phylogenetic analysis that these taxa are not sister taxa, the currently accepted use of
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<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8278F9D8FB22F9B1" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" box="[1094,1163,1601,1624]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">
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<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8278F9D8FB22F9B1" box="[1094,1163,1601,1624]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">midas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371F8493F9C6FD43F99F" box="[685,746,1631,1654]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371F8493F9C6FD43F99F" box="[685,746,1631,1654]" italics="true" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as subspecies (Hershkovitz, 1977) or synonyms (Groves, 1993) is not defensible. Instead, we recognize the goldenhanded tamarins of the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8C371F8551F921FC6AF926" box="[879,963,1720,1743]" name="Guyana" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">Guiana</collectingCountry>
|
||
subregion,
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8C371E826CF920FF03FF07" italics="true" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" pageId="66" pageNumber="67">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8C371E826CF920FF0FFF07" baseAuthorityName="Linnaeus" baseAuthorityYear="1758" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" lastPageId="67" lastPageNumber="68" order="Primates" pageId="66" pageNumber="67" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="midas">Saguinus midas</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
as a species distinct from the blackhanded tamarins of southeastern Amazonia historically known by authors as
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E87D5FE88FF68FEAF" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E87D5FE88FDE3FEC1" box="[491,586,273,296]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">S. niger</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8466FE88FF14FEAF" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamarin">S. tamarin</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E86D3FEB6FECAFEAF" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1807" box="[237,355,303,326]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ursulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E86D3FEB6FECAFEAF" box="[237,355,303,326]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">S. ursulus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see below).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FF8D371E8645FED5FF6FFA32" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8D371E8645FED5FDA4FA6A" blockId="67.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
REMARKS: Whereas most early authors used the epithets
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8701FEF0FE4BFE69" authority="Link" authorityName="Link" box="[319,482,361,384]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="tamarin">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8701FEF0FE32FE69" box="[319,411,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">tamarin</emphasis>
|
||
Link
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8426FEF0FEA2FE74" authority="Hoffmannsegg" authorityName="Hoffmannsegg" authorityYear="1807" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ursulus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8426FEF0FDC7FE69" box="[536,622,361,384]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">ursulus</emphasis>
|
||
Hoffmannsegg
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
for the blackhanded tamarin of southeastern Amazonia, Hershkovitz (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF8E518EFF8D371E8658FE58FF0AFE31" author="Princeton Univ" box="[102,163,449,472]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" refId="ref105994" refString="1977. Geographic variation, speciation, and clines. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press." type="book" year="1977">1977</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) argued that the oldest applicable name for the zoological taxon in question is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8660FE65FE79FDFA" authority="E. Geoffroy. Confusingly" authorityName="E. Geoffroy. Confusingly" box="[94,464,508,531]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8660FE65FF32FDFA" box="[94,155,508,531]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">niger</emphasis>
|
||
E. Geoffroy. Confusingly
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFF8D371E8436FE65FDC7FDFA" box="[520,622,508,531]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E86B8FD80FF6AFDD9" box="[134,195,537,560]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E86B8FD80FF6AFDD9" box="[134,195,537,560]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was clearly stated to have come from Cayenne (Geoffroy, 1803), far from the known range of blackhanded tamarins. Although Hershkovitz reassigned the type locality to Belém, he did not examine Geoffroy’s specimen, the identity of which is obviously problematic. Unfortunately, the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFF8D371E8479FD50FF0EFD14" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E86E1FD7EFEB5FD17" box="[223,284,743,766]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E86E1FD7EFEB5FD17" box="[223,284,743,766]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(No. XXIV in Geoffroy’s catalog) is lost: it was not listed in Rode’s (1938) catalog of MNHN primate types, and it is not part of the current Paris museum collection (M. Tranier, personal commun.). Whether the original specimen of Geoffroy’s
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8660FC0EFF32FC47" box="[94,155,919,942]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8660FC0EFF32FC47" box="[94,155,919,942]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">niger</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was a melanistic individual of the goldenhanded species collected at Cayenne or was a mislabelled example of the blackhanded species is now impossible to determine. Nevertheless, the blackhanded species is now widely and consistently known by the epithet
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E868AFBDEFE2FFBB4" authority="E. Geoffroy" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" box="[180,390,1094,1118]" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Saguinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E868AFBDEFF58FBB7" box="[180,241,1095,1118]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">niger</emphasis>
|
||
E. Geoffroy
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, a usage that should be preserved in the interest of taxonomic stability. For that purpose, we hereby designate as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54A492DDFF8D371E86BBFB07FF48FB5C" box="[133,225,1182,1205]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="neotype">neotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C1F57FCFF8D371E8727FB06FF32FB3A" authority="E. Geoffroy, 1803" authorityName="E. Geoffroy" authorityYear="1803" class="Mammalia" family="Callitrichidae" genus="Sagouin" kingdom="Animalia" order="Primates" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="niger">
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8727FB06FE6CFB5F" box="[281,453,1183,1206]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Sagouin niger</emphasis>
|
||
E. Geoffroy, 1803
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, an adult male specimen represented by a wellpreserved skin and skull in the American Museum of Natural History, AMNH 96500, collected by A. M. Olalla on
|
||
<date id="FFA10ABFFF8D371E8418FA8DFF52FAA1" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" value="1931-11-02">2 November 1931</date>
|
||
at Cametá on the Rio
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49DBE29DFF8D371E8420FAA8FF22FA8C" country="Brazil" name="Tocantins" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Tocantins</collectingRegion>
|
||
, Para´,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8D371E86E4FAD7FE8DFA8C" box="[218,292,1358,1381]" name="Brazil" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
, from which locality a large series of topotypes is also available.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8D371E8645FA10FF6FFA32" blockId="67.[94,623,214,1763]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
OTHER SPECIMENS EXAMINED:
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E87D0FA10FDF8FA48" bold="true" box="[494,593,1417,1441]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3086CEFFF8D371E87D0FA10FDF8FA48" box="[494,593,1417,1441]" name="Guyana" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Guyana</collectingCountry>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
—
|
||
<emphasis id="B96BF06DFF8D371E8660FA3EFE9AFA57" box="[94,307,1446,1470]" italics="true" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">Cuyuni Mazaruni,</emphasis>
|
||
Kartabo (AMNH 65159, 142936).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C3057FF4FF8D371E8645FA78FCCAFE74" pageId="67" pageNumber="68" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BA02C7FFF8D371E8645FA78FCCAFE74" blockId="67.[94,623,214,1763]" lastBlockId="67.[670,1198,214,413]" pageId="67" pageNumber="68">FIELD OBSERVATIONS: This is the commonest primate species at Paracou. We saw groups of tamarins daily, in both swampy and welldrained primary forest and in roadside secondary growth. In primary forest, tamarins were invariably sighted in the canopy or subcanopy, but we often saw them descend to within a few meters of the ground in roadside secondary growth; occasionally, groups were seen crossing dirt roads on the ground when the gap between trees on either side was too wide to leap. Unlike other primate species at Paracou, tamarins did not noticeably decline in density from 1991 to 1994, probably because they are not locally hunted for meat.</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |