317 lines
40 KiB
XML
317 lines
40 KiB
XML
<document id="3A7BF9FD0D7532FBD99FE302FACD39D7" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3931.3.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="50f33f54-1cfe-40ed-bb15-0baf1b12ceba" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="239996" ID-ZooBank="312881AF-18AC-4EC1-BD11-FD680376E74B" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1461011041809" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Saiz, José I., Bustamante, Maria, Tajadura, Javier, Vijapure, Tejal & Sukumaran, Soniya" docDate="2015" docId="03AF87CB660DFFC0E6CDFE0BFD9EFB5F" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03931p437.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3931 (3)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Phascolion pacificum subsp. denticulatum Saiz, Bustamante, Tajadura, Vijapure & Sukumaran, 2015, new subspecies" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="436" masterDocId="FF96FFB3660CFFC3E65AFFA6FFCDFFE1" masterDocTitle="A new subspecies of Phascolion Théel, 1875 (Sipuncula: Golfingiidae) from Indian waters" masterLastPageNumber="437" masterPageNumber="433" pageNumber="434" updateTime="1698567295554" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="034D378725FD943B07C944F1EBEB3512">A new subspecies of Phascolion Théel, 1875 (Sipuncula: Golfingiidae) from Indian waters</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="E84098ACBD2E63AE41D0D8BFB6652B63">Saiz, José I.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EAF6C52B540298631C1B0F2F01D1E481">Bustamante, Maria</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DF45C19CE8992880F5D7CF2B51397BB0">Tajadura, Javier</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="65379B99DE8956AEFA9EC3A2CC4A4CC2">Vijapure, Tejal</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="EE79F3E15B5DAE00D48125D2A9697D2B">Sukumaran, Soniya</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="C0C1417C680ADEEC2B16D083ACD5760B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="24461A627CCB74CCEF249B1C84D6D47F">2015</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="753B4DD7576AFD3E6F7B1C4D3CB6CF4B">3931</mods:number>
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<treatment id="03AF87CB660DFFC0E6CDFE0BFD9EFB5F" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6096914" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119600112" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6096914" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03AF87CB660DFFC0E6CDFE0BFD9EFB5F" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AF87CB660DFFC0E6CDFE0BFD9EFB5F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="436" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<subSubSection id="C31C6556660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFEBBFE09" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFCC2FE26" blockId="1.[151,783,429,488]" box="[151,783,429,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<heading id="D0F181B1660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFCC2FE26" bold="true" box="[151,783,429,455]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" reason="1">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFCC2FE26" bold="true" box="[151,783,429,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFD89FE26" box="[151,580,429,455]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="subSpecies" species="pacificum" status="subsp. nov." subSpecies="denticulatum">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E6CDFE0BFD89FE26" bold="true" box="[151,580,429,455]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion pacificum denticulatum</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24157B4660DFFC2E409FE0BFCC2FE26" box="[595,783,429,455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E6CDFE69FEBBFE09" blockId="1.[151,783,429,488]" box="[151,374,463,488]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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(
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E6C5FE69FF2AFE09" box="[159,231,463,488]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Figs. 1</figureCitation>
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A–F, 2A–B)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31C6556660DFFC2E6CDFDB1FDF3FD04" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E6CDFDB1FB4DFDB4" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E6CDFDB1FEB0FDD1" bold="true" box="[151,381,535,560]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Material examined</emphasis>
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. Malvan,
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<collectingCountry id="F311764D660DFFC2E7AFFDB1FDFFFDD1" box="[501,562,535,560]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">India</collectingCountry>
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; geographical coordinates: 16˚02'23.97"N 73˚26'15.3"E; depth:
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<quantity id="4CFE9B38660DFFC2E34DFDB1FA9BFDCE" box="[1303,1366,535,560]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" unit="m" value="15.0">15 m</quantity>
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||
; date:
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<date id="FFB8101D660DFFC2E6CDFD9AFED8FDB5" box="[151,277,572,596]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" value="2012-03-21">21.03.2012</date>
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and
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<date id="FFB8101D660DFFC2E711FD9AFE00FDB5" box="[331,461,572,596]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" value="2013-02-04">02.04.2013</date>
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; bottom ecology: silty substratum; Vijapure leg.
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<specimenCount id="9D00FD54660DFFC2E5B4FD9AFBB6FDB4" box="[1006,1147,572,597]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="generic">9 specimens</specimenCount>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFDF9FC88FD7C" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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Ratnagiri,
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<collectingCountry id="F311764D660DFFC2E718FDF9FEB2FD99" box="[322,383,607,632]" name="India" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">India</collectingCountry>
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; geographical coordinates: 17˚00'08.64"N 73˚13'47.11"E.; depth:
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||
<quantity id="4CFE9B38660DFFC2E2DBFDC6FB0EFD96" box="[1153,1219,608,632]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" unit="m" value="20.0">20 m</quantity>
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||
; date:
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<date id="FFB8101D660DFFC2E34CFDC6FA55FD99" box="[1302,1432,608,632]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" value="2013-08-04">08.04.2013</date>
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; bottom ecology: silty substratum; Vijapure leg.
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<specimenCount id="9D00FD54660DFFC2E4EEFD22FC8CFD7C" box="[692,833,644,669]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFD01FDFEFD21" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" box="[199,563,679,704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E69DFD01FDFEFD21" bold="true" box="[199,563,679,704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<typeStatus id="54BD887F660DFFC2E69DFD01FEFBFD21" box="[199,310,679,704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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||
.
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||
<collectionCode id="ED17AE18660DFFC2E718FD01FEBBFD21" box="[322,374,679,704]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/28s9-nw6y" name="National Institute of Oceanography" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">NIO</collectionCode>
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/
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<collectionCode id="ED17AE18660DFFC2E725FD01FE05FD21" box="[383,456,679,704]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x70x-8kdg" name="Micoteca da Universidade do Minho" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">MUM</collectionCode>
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||
/
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||
<date id="FFB8101D660DFFC2E78BFD01FDFEFD21" box="[465,563,679,704]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" value="2012-03-01">3/2012/1</date>
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</emphasis>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFD6AFDF3FD04" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" box="[199,574,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E69DFD6AFDF3FD04" bold="true" box="[199,574,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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||
<typeStatus id="54BD887F660DFFC2E69DFD6AFE8CFD04" box="[199,321,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="paratype">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="ED17AE18660DFFC2E716FD6AFE4DFD04" box="[332,384,716,741]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/28s9-nw6y" name="National Institute of Oceanography" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">NIO</collectionCode>
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||
/
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||
<collectionCode id="ED17AE18660DFFC2E7D3FD6AFE1CFD04" box="[393,465,716,741]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/x70x-8kdg" name="Micoteca da Universidade do Minho" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">MUM</collectionCode>
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||
/
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<date id="FFB8101D660DFFC2E781FD6AFDF3FD04" box="[475,574,716,741]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" value="2012-03-02">3/2012/2</date>
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</emphasis>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C31C6556660DFFC2E69DFD49FAF7FAE1" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFD49FAF7FAE1" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
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<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E69DFD49FE94FCE9" bold="true" box="[199,345,751,776]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Description.</emphasis>
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This description is based on observations of nine specimens with the aid of dissecting microscope; three were mounted in toto for overall observation under the compound microscope; two were dissected for internal anatomy.
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<typeStatus id="54BD887F660DFFC2E7ADFC9EFDE2FCB1" box="[503,559,824,848]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Type</typeStatus>
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series are small worms with a length of
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<quantity id="4CFE9B38660DFFC2E5A2FC91FB9AFCAE" box="[1016,1111,823,848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" unit="mm" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5 mm</quantity>
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, including the introvert (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E335FC91FF6FFC95" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A). Introvert slightly longer than the trunk. Skin smooth and translucent. Colour cream in preserved worms, somewhat darker at both ends of the trunk. Elongated bulbous papillae, 17–35 µm tall (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E23EFCD9FB6FFC79" box="[1124,1186,895,920]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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E) on the anterior part of the trunk. Triangular shaped holdfast papillae (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E492FC02FCC5FC5D" box="[712,776,932,957]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B, D) 50–100 µm tall, scattered in the middle of the trunk region. The free edges of the holdfast papillae are pigmented in brown colour and directed towards the anterior end of the body. A prominent tooth-like projection or spine is well developed in the larger holdfast papillae (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E365FC4AFA4DFBE5" box="[1343,1408,1004,1029]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B, D). They are 7–35 µm tall and 7–18 µm wide at the base. At the trunk end there are conspicuous digitate papillae about 10 µm high (
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<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E72BFB92FE7FFBAD" box="[369,434,1076,1101]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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F). Small scattered, spine-like hooks about 20 µm in height (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E232FB92FB64FBAD" box="[1128,1193,1076,1101]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,250,1909,1931]" captionTargetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" captionTargetId="figure@2.[302,1284,591,1884]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="FIGURE 1. Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C), slightly curved at the end. Tentacles absent, not developed. Internally, the longitudinal musculature is continuous. A single fused retractor with two or three roots attached to the trunk end (
|
||
<figureCitation id="133D2A58660DFFC2E57EFBDAFCABFB75" box="[804,870,1148,1173]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,250,845,867]" captionTargetBox="[312,1269,203,823]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[302,1284,193,823]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Internal anatomy of Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum new subspecies: A, Dissection showing the retractor column; B, Details of the different organs. The intestinal loops and nephridium were damaged during dissection. Scale bar: 1 mm. Abbreviations: A, anus; E, esophagus; I, intestine; R, rectum; RM, retractor muscle; VNC, ventral nerve cord." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239998/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
A–B). Esophagus detaches from the retractor prior to any subdivision. Gut organized in a few loose loops. Rectal caecum not observed. A single nephridium is present on the right side of the nerve cord and it is attached to the body wall for most of its length. Nephridiopore behind the anus. Ventral nerve cord ends just before the attachment of the retractor muscle. Gonads not observed.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31C6556660DFFC2E69DFAAAFE3DFAA9" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFAAAFE3DFAA9" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E69DFAAAFE8BFAC4" bold="true" box="[199,326,1292,1317]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. The subspecific epithet
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E430FAAAFD31FAC5" box="[618,764,1292,1316]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">denticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
refers to the presence of tooth-like projections in the free border of the holdfast papillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C31C6556660DFFC0E69DFAF2FD9EFB5F" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="436" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DFAF2FD17F989" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E69DFAF2FEF6FA8C" bold="true" box="[199,315,1364,1389]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
The studied specimens show a single retractor divided only at the posterior end with the esophagus detaching from the retractor column before any division. Those taxonomic characters correspond to the subgenus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E6CDFA3BFE4AFA54" authority="Gibbs 1985" authorityName="Gibbs" authorityYear="1985" box="[151,391,1436,1461]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Montuga" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E6CDFA3BFF31FA55" box="[151,252,1437,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Montuga</emphasis>
|
||
Gibbs 1985
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. At present, this subgenus contains only two deep-water species:
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E23BFA3AFF02FA39" authority="Selenka, 1885" authorityName="Selenka" authorityYear="1885" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="lutense">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E23BFA3AFAF8FA55" box="[1121,1333,1436,1460]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion lutense</emphasis>
|
||
Selenka, 1885
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E753FA67FDF7FA39" authority="Murina, 1957" authorityName="Murina" authorityYear="1957" box="[265,570,1471,1496]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="pacificum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E753FA67FE59FA39" box="[265,404,1472,1496]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">P. pacificum</emphasis>
|
||
Murina, 1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The presence of hardened holdfast papillae along the midtrunk area relates the studied specimens with the last species. However, there is a distinctive feature distinguishing the collected specimens from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E70BF9AEFD27F9C1" authority="Murina, 1957" authorityName="Murina" authorityYear="1957" box="[337,746,1543,1568]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="pacificum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E70BF9AEFD89F9C1" box="[337,580,1544,1568]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion pacificum</emphasis>
|
||
Murina, 1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
: the presence of a prominent tooth-like projection or spine in the median part of the free border of the holdfast papillae. Our interpretation is that this anatomical character denotes a subspecific status from the nominal form.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC2E69DF9D2FE95F84C" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E69DF9D2FE1DF96C" author="Cutler" box="[199,464,1652,1677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Cutler, E. B. & Cutler, N. J. (1985) A revision of the genera Phascolion Theel and Onchnesoma Koren & Danielssen (Sipuncula). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 809 - 850." type="journal article" year="1985">Cutler & Cutler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E456F9D2FD6BF96D" author="Cutler" box="[524,678,1652,1677]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Cutler, E. B. (1994) The Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 453 pp." type="book" year="1994">Cutler (1994)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
noted different morphs in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E584F9D2FA5AF96D" authority="Montagu, 1804" authorityName="Montagu" authorityYear="1804" box="[990,1431,1652,1676]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="strombus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E584F9D2FB07F96D" box="[990,1226,1652,1676]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion strombus</emphasis>
|
||
(Montagu, 1804)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which were interpreted either as race circles within the species, or cryptic species within a large “superspecies”. In fact, recent studies combining molecular and morphological techniques demonstrated a large potential of sipunculans to hide cryptic or pseudocryptic species (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E548F979FB9CF919" author="Kawauchi" box="[786,1105,1759,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Kawauchi, G. Y. & Giribet, G. (2010) Are there true cosmopolitan sipunculan worms? A genetic variation study within Phascolosoma perlucens (Sipuncula, Phascolosomatidae). Marine Biology, 157 (7), 1417 - 1431. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 010 - 1402 - z" type="journal article" year="2010">Kawauchi & Giribet, 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E238F979FA55F919" author="Kawauchi" box="[1122,1432,1759,1784]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Kawauchi, G. Y. & Giribet, G. (2013) Sipunculus nudus Linnaeus, 1766 (Sipuncula): cosmopolitan or a group of pseudo-cryptic species? An integrated molecular and morphological approach. Marine Ecology, 35 (4), 478 - 491. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / maec. 12104" type="journal article" year="2013">Kawauchi & Giribet 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E6CDF8A2FE4AF8FD" author="Schulze" box="[151,391,1796,1821]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Schulze, A., Maiorova, A., Timm, L. E. & Rice, M. E. (2012) Sipunculan larvae and " cosmopolitan " species. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 52 (4), 497 - 510. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1093 / icb / ics 082" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
Schulze
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E6A1F8A3FEFCF8FD" box="[251,305,1796,1820]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 2012
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). There is no doubt that the application of molecular data would shed more light on the relationships among all taxonomic conflicts in this phylum.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E514F88EFB21F8A1" authority="Murina, 1957" authorityName="Murina" authorityYear="1957" box="[846,1260,1831,1856]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="pacificum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E514F88EFB89F8A1" box="[846,1092,1832,1856]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion pacificum</emphasis>
|
||
Murina, 1957
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is also a good candidate for molecular analysis, since contradictory anatomical data in different separate populations were observed (see for a compilation
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E459F8C9FD1BF869" author="Saiz" box="[515,726,1903,1928]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Saiz Salinas, J. I. (1993) Sipuncula. In: Ramos, M. A. et al. (Eds.), Fauna Iberica. Vol. 4. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid, 200 pp." type="book" year="1993">Saiz Salinas, 1993</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), relating to the presence/absence of tentacles and the shape of holdfast papillae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660DFFC1E69DF81EFA59FEFD" blockId="1.[151,1437,535,2037]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1437,151,536]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="435" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E69DF81EFE32F831" author="Stephen" box="[199,511,1976,2001]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Stephen, A. C. & Edmonds, S. J. (1972) The phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 528 pp." type="book" year="1972">Stephen & Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
used several times the presence/absence of teeth in the attachment papillae in their key to identification of species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660DFFC2E4C5F87AFCD0F815" box="[671,797,2012,2036]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660DFFC2E4C5F87AFCD0F815" box="[671,797,2012,2036]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="434">Phascolion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Later on,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660DFFC2E5FBF87AFB61F814" author="Cutler" box="[929,1196,2012,2037]" pageId="1" pageNumber="434" refString="Cutler, E. B. & Cutler, N. J. (1985) A revision of the genera Phascolion Theel and Onchnesoma Koren & Danielssen (Sipuncula). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 809 - 850." type="journal article" year="1985">Cutler & Cutler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
restricted the use of tooth-like projections or spines in the free border of the holdfast papillae to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E5ABFF3EFA51FF51" authority="Selenka" authorityName="Selenka" box="[1009,1436,151,176]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="collare" subGenus="Lesenka">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E5ABFF3EFAF6FF51" box="[1009,1339,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">Phascolion (Lesenka) collare</emphasis>
|
||
Selenka
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
& de
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F311764D660EFFC1E686FF1BFEDFFF35" box="[220,274,189,212]" name="Isle of Man" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">Man</collectingCountry>
|
||
, 1883, in which there are cases of 1–4 tall strongly chitinized teeth/points on the holdfast papillae.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E6CDFF46FD7EFF19" box="[151,691,224,248]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="subSpecies" species="pacificum" subGenus="Montuga" subSpecies="denticulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E6CDFF46FD7EFF19" box="[151,691,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
can be easily differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E215FF47FB73FF19" box="[1103,1214,224,248]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="collare">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E215FF47FB73FF19" box="[1103,1214,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">P. collare</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by the subgeneric character: retractor column divided only at posterior end vs. complete fusion of the retractor muscles in
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E379FEA3FA59FEFD" box="[1315,1428,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E379FEA3FA5DFEFD" box="[1315,1424,260,284]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="collare">P. collare</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660EFFC1E69DFE8EFB86FDF9" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">
|
||
From the several species characterized in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660EFFC1E4E4FE81FBC5FEA1" author="Stephen" box="[702,1032,295,320]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" refString="Stephen, A. C. & Edmonds, S. J. (1972) The phyla Sipuncula and Echiura. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London, 528 pp." type="book" year="1972">Stephen & Edmonds (1972)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
with pointed tips on the holdfast papillae, one,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E76EFEEBFDD9FE85" authority="Sato, 1930" authorityName="Sato" authorityYear="1930" box="[308,532,332,356]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="ikedai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E76EFEEBFE58FE85" box="[308,405,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">P. ikedai</emphasis>
|
||
Satô, 1930
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is externally similar to our proposed subspecies. The validity of the species was under suspect in several revisions of the Japanese material of Sipuncula (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660EFFC1E59AFEC9FB75FE69" author="Cutler" box="[960,1208,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" refString="Cutler, E. B. & Cutler, N. J. (1981) A reconsideration of Sipuncula named by I. Ikeda and H. Sato. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 26, 51 - 93." type="journal article" year="1981">Cutler & Cutler, 1981</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660EFFC1E299FEC9FA5DFE69" author="Cutler" box="[1219,1424,367,392]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" refString="Cutler, E. B., Cutler, N. J. & Nishikawa, T. (1984) The Sipuncula of Japan: their systematics and distribution. Publications of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory, 29, 249 - 322." type="journal article" year="1984">
|
||
Cutler
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E355FED7FAF2FE69" box="[1295,1343,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">et al</emphasis>
|
||
., 1984
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, the species was moved to the list of Incertae Sedis or Species Inquirendum in the review of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E6CDFE1EFED8FE31" box="[151,277,440,464]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E6CDFE1EFED8FE31" box="[151,277,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">Phascolion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660EFFC1E718FE11FD80FE31" author="Cutler" box="[322,589,439,464]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" refString="Cutler, E. B. & Cutler, N. J. (1985) A revision of the genera Phascolion Theel and Onchnesoma Koren & Danielssen (Sipuncula). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 98, 809 - 850." type="journal article" year="1985">Cutler & Cutler (1985)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The main differences of our proposed new subspecies and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E2A3FE1FFF02FE15" authority="Sato, 1930" authorityName="Sato" authorityYear="1930" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="ikedai">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E2A3FE1FFA97FE31" box="[1273,1370,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">P. ikedai</emphasis>
|
||
Satô, 1930
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are: (i) the minute body size; (ii) the absence of tentacles; (iii) and the place of the nephridiopore in relation to the anus: behind in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E728FDA7FD58FDF9" box="[370,661,512,536]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="subSpecies" species="pacificum" subSpecies="denticulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E728FDA7FD58FDF9" box="[370,661,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">P. pacificum denticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
vs. far anterior to the anus in
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E5BEFDA7FB86FDF9" box="[996,1099,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E5BEFDA7FB8AFDF9" box="[996,1095,512,536]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="species" species="ikedai">P. ikedai</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF796655660EFFC1E6CDF8D3FC5CF829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239997/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" targetBox="[315,1266,607,1863]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660EFFC1E6CDF8D3FC5CF829" blockId="2.[151,1437,1908,1992]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E6CDF8D3FED9F86B" bold="true" box="[151,276,1909,1931]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660EFFC1E741F8D2FD35F86B" box="[283,760,1908,1930]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="subSpecies" species="pacificum" status="subsp. nov." subGenus="Montuga" subSpecies="denticulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660EFFC1E741F8D2FD35F86B" box="[283,760,1908,1930]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="435">Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24157B4660EFFC1E55AF8D3FC6CF86B" box="[768,929,1908,1930]" pageId="2" pageNumber="435" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: A, External view; B, Holdfast papillae showing long spines; C, Hook; D, Detail of holdfast papillae; E, Papillae in the anterior part of the trunk; F, Papillae at the trunk end. Scale bars: A = 0.5 mm; B = 60 Μm; C = 25 Μm; D = 35 Μm; E, F = 10 Μm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF796655660FFFC0E6CDFCEBFAABFC41" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/239998/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" targetBox="[312,1269,203,823]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660FFFC0E6CDFCEBFAABFC41" blockId="3.[151,1436,845,928]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660FFFC0E6CDFCEBFED8FC83" bold="true" box="[151,277,845,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
|
||
Internal anatomy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660FFFC0E7A8FCEBFC1FFC82" box="[498,978,845,867]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="subSpecies" species="pacificum" status="subsp. nov." subGenus="Montuga" subSpecies="denticulatum">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660FFFC0E7A8FCEBFC1FFC82" box="[498,978,845,867]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Phascolion (Montuga) pacificum denticulatum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A24157B4660FFFC0E581FCE8FBB2FC82" box="[987,1151,845,867]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" rank="subSpecies">new subspecies</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
: A, Dissection showing the retractor column; B, Details of the different organs. The intestinal loops and nephridium were damaged during dissection. Scale bar: 1 mm. Abbreviations: A, anus; E, esophagus; I, intestine; R, rectum; RM, retractor muscle; VNC, ventral nerve cord.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB936DD660FFFC0E69DFC6AFD9EFB5F" blockId="3.[151,1436,972,1214]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">
|
||
Finally, we would like to emphasize that we are reporting here for the first time the presence of one
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660FFFC0E344FC6BFA51FC04" box="[1310,1436,973,997]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660FFFC0E344FC6BFA51FC04" box="[1310,1436,973,997]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Phascolion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species in all waters around the vast Indian coast. This paucity in recording species of the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C064D5E660FFFC0E28DFC57FA98FBE8" box="[1239,1365,1009,1033]" class="Sipunculidea" family="Phascoliidae" genus="Phascolion" kingdom="Animalia" order="Golfingiiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" phylum="Sipuncula" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B972EACF660FFFC0E28DFC57FA98FBE8" box="[1239,1365,1009,1033]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="436">Phascolion</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the central part of the Indian Ocean has been related with the lack of suitable habitats for these worms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF974B2C660FFFC0E2A5FBB3FA5DFBCC" author="Cutler" box="[1279,1424,1045,1070]" pageId="3" pageNumber="436" refString="Cutler, E. B. (1994) The Sipuncula: Their Systematics, Biology, and Evolution. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 453 pp." type="book" year="1994">Cutler, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Empty mollusc shells and void calcareous tubes appear as convenient shelters for many phascolionids. Whether the Indian coasts exhibit a lesser availability of this kind of protective habitats in comparison with other areas worldwide, or this ecological niche is occupied more efficiently by other faunal competitors, such as the anomuran crustaceans, remains to be investigated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |