415 lines
55 KiB
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415 lines
55 KiB
XML
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<mods:title id="71C258A390119AFA1831AFDD5BA89D3D">Endemism and migration in the Kochkor Basin? Identification and description of Adcrocuta eximia (Mammalia: Carnivora: Hyaenidae) and c. f. Paramachaerodus (Mammalia: Carnivora: Felidae) fossils at the Miocene locality of Ortok, Kyrgyzstan</mods:title>
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<treatment id="03A44D60987A9D3722B9FADEAE30F531" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03A44D60987A9D3722B9FADEAE30F531" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03A44D60987A9D3722B9FADEAE30F531" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="13" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987A9D3022B9FADEAC40F259" box="[206,778,1296,1322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B9FADEAC40F259" blockId="10.[206,778,1233,1354]" box="[206,778,1296,1322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<heading id="D0FA4B1A987A9D3022B9FADEAC40F259" box="[206,778,1296,1322]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" reason="2">
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Genus c.f.
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302338FADEAC40F259" author="Paramachaerodus Pilgrim" box="[335,778,1296,1322]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="409 - 426" refId="ref11483" refString="Kretzoi, 1938 and Paramachaerodus Pilgrim, 1913. Palaontologische Zeitschrift, 91: 409 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 12542 - 017 - 0371 - 7" type="journal article" year="1913">
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302338FADEAD22F259" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[335,616,1296,1322]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">PARAMACHAERODUS</taxonomicName>
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||
Pilgrim, 1913
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987A9D3023F8FAFFAD8EF2A8" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3023F8FAFFAD03F239" blockId="10.[206,778,1233,1354]" box="[399,585,1329,1354]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D3023F8FAFFAEB5F239" box="[399,511,1329,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-277@11.[192,1443,167,1080]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf. Paramachaerodus. A, distal tip of canine, labial view; B, distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows); C, distal tip of canine, lingual view; D, schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from Li and Spassov (2017); E, occlusal view of preserved left M1; F, anterior view of preserved left M1; G, occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone; H, lingual view of preserved P4 paracone; I, labial view of preserved P4 paracone; Abbreviations: cc, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; mt, metacone; pc, paracrista; *prt, flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone; ps, parastyle. Scale bar A–C, and G–I, equals 15 mm, E–F, equals 6 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figures 6</figureCitation>
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and
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<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D30204DFAFFAD03F239" box="[570,585,1329,1354]" captionStart="FIGURE 7" captionStartId="12.[200,290,1343,1366]" captionTargetBox="[296,1312,162,1294]" captionTargetId="figure-162@12.[294,1341,162,1314]" captionTargetPageId="12" captionText="FIGURE 7. Time-scaled phylogeny of the Paramachaerodus genus and UOMNH F-70509’s placement within it. The depicted tree is a strict consensus of two most-parsimonious trees of score 32. Note the location of UOMNH F-70509 as unresolved relative to “Promegantereon” ogygia at the base of the genus even though it occurs much later in the rock record. Time-scaling was performed in R, version 3.6.1 (R Core Team, 2019) with the Strap package (Bell and Lloyd, 2014) using the “basic” method. Taxa ages derive from Li and Spassov (2017). The outgroup taxon Proailurus lemanensis has an Oligocene occurrence, not shown for clarity, but its basal position in our analysed taxa is depicted with dotted lines." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063050/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">7</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FA92ADCEF200" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" box="[192,644,1372,1395]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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*. 1913
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302357FA92AEAEF200" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[288,484,1372,1395]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302357FA92AEAEF200" box="[288,484,1372,1395]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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Pilgrim, p. 291
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||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FAB0ADC1F2E6" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" box="[192,651,1406,1429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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1924
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302357FAB0AD75F2E6" authority="Zdansky" authorityName="Zdansky" box="[288,575,1406,1429]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachairodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302357FAB0AE96F2E6" box="[288,476,1406,1429]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Paramachairodus</emphasis>
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Zdansky
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 130
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FA6FAD1BF2CB" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" box="[192,593,1441,1464]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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||
*. 1929
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302357FA6FAEBDF2CB" authority="Kretzoi" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1929" box="[288,503,1441,1464]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Pontosmilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302357FA6FAEE9F2CB" box="[288,419,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Pontosmilus</emphasis>
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Kretzoi
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 1298
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FA0AAD8EF2A8" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" box="[192,708,1476,1499]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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*. 1929
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302357FA0AAD21F2A8" authority="Kretzoi" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1929" box="[288,619,1476,1499]" class="Mammalia" genus="Protamphimachairodus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302357FA0AAD5CF2A8" box="[288,534,1476,1499]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Protamphimachairodus</emphasis>
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Kretzoi
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</taxonomicName>
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, p. 1316
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987A9D3022B7FA28ADDCF1AC" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7FA28AE1BF16C" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7FA28AE26F28C" bold="true" box="[192,364,1510,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<typeStatus id="54B642D4987A9D3022B7FA28AFB6F28C" box="[192,252,1510,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302303FA28ADDEF28C" authority="Kaup, 1832" authorityName="Kaup" authorityYear="1832" box="[372,660,1510,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Felis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
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<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302303FA28AD4BF28C" box="[372,513,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Felis ogygia</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D30207FFA28ADDEF28C" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[520,660,1510,1535]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref11122" refString="Kaup, J. J. 1832. Vier neue arten urweltlicher raubthiere welche im zoologischen Museum zu" type="book" year="1832">Kaup, 1832</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by original designation.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7F9E8AC53F12C" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
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<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7F9E8AE11F133" bold="true" box="[192,347,1574,1600]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Occurrence.</emphasis>
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Bahean-Baodean; Vallesian-Turolian;
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<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D30228FF988AE6BF12C" box="[248,289,1606,1631]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">MN</collectionCode>
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Zones 9-13; middle late Miocene, Eurasia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7F9A8AC42F1CC" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7F9A8AE08F10C" bold="true" box="[192,322,1638,1663]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Localities.</emphasis>
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D302321F9A8AEF6F10C" box="[342,444,1638,1663]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D3023A5F9A8AD56F1F3" box="[466,540,1638,1664]" name="China" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D302044F9A8ADE9F1F3" box="[563,675,1638,1664]" name="Germany" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Germany</collectingCountry>
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||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D3020CEF9A8AC5FF1F3" box="[697,789,1638,1664]" name="Greece" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Greece</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D3022B7F948AFB8F1EC" box="[192,242,1670,1695]" name="Iran" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D302376F948AE09F1D3" box="[257,323,1670,1696]" name="Spain" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
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<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302322F948AEB0F1EC" author="Salesa, M. J." box="[341,506,1670,1696]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref12409" refString="Salesa, M. J. 2002. Estudio Anatomico, Biomecanico, Paleoecologico y Filogenetico de Paramachairodus ogygia (Kaup, 1832) Pilgrim, 1913 (Felidae, Machairodontinae) del yacimiento vallesiense (Mioceno superior) de Batallones-I (Torrejon de Velasco, Madrid). Unpublished PhD thesis, Departamento de Biologia Animal I, Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid. (In Spanish)" type="book" year="2002">Salesa, 2002</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D30207EF948ADBFF1EC" author="Salesa, M. J. & Anton, M. & Turner, A. & Alcala, L. & Montoya, P. & Morales, J." box="[521,757,1670,1696]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1369 - 1391" refId="ref12484" refString="Salesa, M. J., Anton, M., Turner, A., Alcala, L., Montoya, P., and Morales, J. 2010. Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain. Palaeontology, 53: 1369 - 1391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2010.01013. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Salesa et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302174F948AEECF1CC" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); UO-4605 Ortok,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987A9D30200BF968AC4EF1CC" box="[636,772,1702,1727]" name="Kyrgyzstan" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Kyrgyzstan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
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||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7F908ADDCF1AC" blockId="10.[192,793,1372,1760]" box="[192,662,1734,1760]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7F908AEFDF1AC" bold="true" box="[192,439,1734,1759]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Referred specimen.</emphasis>
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||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D3023C8F908AD6EF193" box="[447,548,1734,1760]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987A9D3122B7F938AA7CF003" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="12" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3022B7F938AE18F07C" blockId="10.[192,338,1782,1807]" box="[192,338,1782,1807]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D3022B7F938AE18F07C" bold="true" box="[192,338,1782,1807]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Description</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D30228DF8E8AB2CF3EC" blockId="10.[192,792,1830,1887]" lastBlockId="10.[840,1441,166,1183]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D30228DF8E8AE15F033" box="[250,351,1830,1856]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 is associated portions of an adult left M1,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30231DF888AE9EF02C" box="[362,468,1862,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.42" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.42">5.42 mm</quantity>
|
||
long (ant.-post.), and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D302091F888AC3EF7CC" box="[742,884,166,1887]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.11" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.11">8.11 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide (med.-lat.) at maximal preserved portions; the ventral tip of C1 with a crown height of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30213FFF28AC8AF78C" box="[840,960,230,255]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.569" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="15.69">15.69 mm</quantity>
|
||
and cross-sectional dimensions of
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30271BFF28AC3EF66C" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.35" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="4.35">4.35 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide by
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30219FFEC8AB18F66C" box="[1000,1106,262,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.17" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.17">8.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
long at maximal preserved portions; and the paracone of left P4,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D302750FEE8AAEAF64C" box="[1319,1440,294,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.143" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="11.43">11.43 mm</quantity>
|
||
tall,
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30210CFE88ACAFF62C" box="[891,997,326,351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.63" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="5.63">5.63 mm</quantity>
|
||
wide, and
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D30261AFE88AB9DF62C" box="[1133,1239,326,351]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.99" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="8.99">8.99 mm</quantity>
|
||
long at maximal preserved portions (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D30264EFEA8ABE9F60C" box="[1081,1187,358,383]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-277@11.[192,1443,167,1080]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf. Paramachaerodus. A, distal tip of canine, labial view; B, distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows); C, distal tip of canine, lingual view; D, schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from Li and Spassov (2017); E, occlusal view of preserved left M1; F, anterior view of preserved left M1; G, occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone; H, lingual view of preserved P4 paracone; I, labial view of preserved P4 paracone; Abbreviations: cc, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; mt, metacone; pc, paracrista; *prt, flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone; ps, parastyle. Scale bar A–C, and G–I, equals 15 mm, E–F, equals 6 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
). The majority of the M1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D30210BFE48ACABF6EC" box="[892,993,390,415]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-277@11.[192,1443,167,1080]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf. Paramachaerodus. A, distal tip of canine, labial view; B, distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows); C, distal tip of canine, lingual view; D, schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from Li and Spassov (2017); E, occlusal view of preserved left M1; F, anterior view of preserved left M1; G, occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone; H, lingual view of preserved P4 paracone; I, labial view of preserved P4 paracone; Abbreviations: cc, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; mt, metacone; pc, paracrista; *prt, flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone; ps, parastyle. Scale bar A–C, and G–I, equals 15 mm, E–F, equals 6 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
E-F) is preserved including a buccally directed parastyle, paracrista, centrocrista, and metacone, while the lingual portion of the tooth is not preserved. The tooth is greatly reduced relative to the remaining preserved dentition, while additionally lacking a prominent paracone or metacone. However, it can be inferred that the tooth would have been triple-rooted, with two preserved roots and one more supporting the area associated with the non-preserved protocone. The C1 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D302768FD68AACFF5CC" box="[1311,1413,678,703]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-277@11.[192,1443,167,1080]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf. Paramachaerodus. A, distal tip of canine, labial view; B, distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows); C, distal tip of canine, lingual view; D, schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from Li and Spassov (2017); E, occlusal view of preserved left M1; F, anterior view of preserved left M1; G, occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone; H, lingual view of preserved P4 paracone; I, labial view of preserved P4 paracone; Abbreviations: cc, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; mt, metacone; pc, paracrista; *prt, flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone; ps, parastyle. Scale bar A–C, and G–I, equals 15 mm, E–F, equals 6 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
A-C) is greatly medially-laterally compressed, preserved ratio of length to width 1.88, with an anterior keel and incipient coarse crenulations on the posterior edge, producing a serration density of 2.6 serrations per millimeter (5 denticles/
|
||
<quantity id="4CF55193987A9D302755FC88AADCF42C" box="[1314,1430,838,863]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.9" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" unit="mm" value="1.9">1.90 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The paracone of P4 (
|
||
<figureCitation id="1336E0F3987A9D30263EFCA8ABFAF4F3" box="[1097,1200,870,896]" captionStart="FIGURE 6" captionStartId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" captionTargetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" captionTargetId="figure-277@11.[192,1443,167,1080]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 6. Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf. Paramachaerodus. A, distal tip of canine, labial view; B, distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows); C, distal tip of canine, lingual view; D, schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from Li and Spassov (2017); E, occlusal view of preserved left M1; F, anterior view of preserved left M1; G, occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone; H, lingual view of preserved P4 paracone; I, labial view of preserved P4 paracone; Abbreviations: cc, centrocrista; cn, carnassial notch; mt, metacone; pc, paracrista; *prt, flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone; ps, parastyle. Scale bar A–C, and G–I, equals 15 mm, E–F, equals 6 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Figure 6</figureCitation>
|
||
G-I) displays a near vertical buccal margin while a dorsal-lingually flared lingual margin as it extends towards the non-preserved protocone. The anterior and posterior edge display thin cristae, while the posterior edge is additionally modified into the anterior portion of the carnassial notch with vertical orientation. No apparent wear is visible on this cusp indicating that the tooth may have been newly erupted at the time of the individual’s death.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D30213FFB78ACBBF3A3" blockId="10.[840,1009,1206,1232]" box="[840,1009,1206,1232]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D30213FFB78ACBBF3A3" bold="true" box="[840,1009,1206,1232]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Comparisons</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987A9D3021F5FB28AB83F02C" blockId="10.[840,1441,1254,1887]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">
|
||
The hypercarnivorous morphology of the preserved dentition of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D302645FAC8ABDDF253" box="[1074,1175,1286,1312]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509, with greatly reduced M1 and medially-laterally compressed canine with coarse denticles on its posterior edge, are diagnostic of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D30264AFAA8ABD3F20C" authorityName="Fischer von Waldheim" authorityYear="1817" box="[1085,1177,1382,1407]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Felidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, specifically the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302721FAA8AC91F2EC" authorityName="Gill" authorityYear="1872" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Machairodontinae">Machairodontinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D30219AFA48AB23F2EC" author="Gill, T." box="[1005,1129,1414,1440]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1 - 98" refId="ref10797" refString="Gill, T. 1872. Arrangement of the families of mammals with analytical tables. Smithsonian Micellaneous Collections, 11: 1 - 98. https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 14607" type="journal article" year="1872">Gill, 1872</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Saber-tooth morphology is not solely diagnostic of the machairodontine felids; for this time period, Miocene nimravids such as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987A9D302101FA28AB59F28C" authorityName="Schultz, Schultz & Martin" authorityYear="1970" box="[886,1043,1510,1535]" class="Mammalia" family="Barbourofelidae" genus="Barbourofelis" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987A9D302101FA28AB59F28C" box="[886,1043,1510,1535]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="11">Barbourofelis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are possible, but
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D302767FA28AA3FF173" box="[1296,1397,1510,1536]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 differs in its lack of labial and lingual grooves on the C1, relatively large M1, and inferred presence of protocone (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302617F988AA4AF12C" author="Bryant, H. N." box="[1120,1280,1606,1631]" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="56 - 78" refId="ref10303" refString="Bryant, H. N. 1991. Phylogenetic relationships and systematics of the Nimravidae (Carnivora). Journal of Mammalogy, 72: 56 - 78. https: // doi. org / 10.2307 / 1381980" type="journal article" year="1991">Bryant, 1991</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Additionally, comparisons of serration density, which has been shown to have generic diagnostic utility (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987A9D302731F948ACC0F1CC" author="Barrett, P. Z." pageId="10" pageNumber="11" pagination="1658" refId="ref10112" refString="Barrett, P. Z. 2016. Taxonomic and systematic revisions to the North American Nimravidae (Mammalia, Carnivora). PeerJ, 4: e 1658. https: // doi. org / 10.7717 / peerj. 1658" type="journal article" year="2016">Barrett, 2016</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), to machariodontine felids and Late Miocene nimravids reveals that
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987A9D302627F908ABFFF193" box="[1104,1205,1734,1760]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="10" pageNumber="11" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 falls within the range of saber-toothed felids (1.1–2.6 serrations per millimeter), while substantially outside that of Late Miocene nimravids (3.7–4.3 serrations per millimeter) (see Appendix 2).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF72ACFE987B9D3122B4FB81ABBBF265" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063048" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063048" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063048/files/figure.png" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" startId="11.[195,286,1103,1126]" targetBox="[193,1427,171,1078]" targetPageId="11" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987B9D3122B4FB81ABBBF265" blockId="11.[195,1441,1103,1302]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3122B4FB81AE72F315" bold="true" box="[195,312,1103,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
|
||
Annotated views of UOMNH F-70509, cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D312082FB81ACF3F315" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[757,953,1103,1126]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312082FB81ACF3F315" box="[757,953,1103,1126]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3121B1FB81AC97F315" bold="true" box="[966,989,1103,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A,</emphasis>
|
||
distal tip of canine, labial view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D31275CFB81AA09F315" bold="true" box="[1323,1347,1103,1126]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">B,</emphasis>
|
||
distal tip of canine, posterior view, note incipient crenulations on posterior edge (arrows);
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312663FBA3AB66F3F7" bold="true" box="[1044,1068,1133,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">C,</emphasis>
|
||
distal tip of canine, lingual view;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3127FFFBA3AAEAF3F7" bold="true" box="[1416,1440,1133,1156]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">D,</emphasis>
|
||
schematic representation of preserved post-canine elements, not to common scale, inferred missing anatomy modified from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D31235FFB69AD50F3CD" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." box="[296,538,1191,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312053FB69AD71F3CD" bold="true" box="[548,571,1191,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal view of preserved left M1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3121CFFB69AC80F3CD" bold="true" box="[952,970,1191,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">F,</emphasis>
|
||
anterior view of preserved left M1;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312735FB69AA13F3CD" bold="true" box="[1346,1369,1191,1214]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G,</emphasis>
|
||
occlusal view of preserved P4 paracone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312049FB0BAD1CF3AF" bold="true" box="[574,598,1221,1244]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">H,</emphasis>
|
||
lingual view of preserved P4 paracone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312189FB0BAB46F3AF" bold="true" box="[1022,1036,1221,1244]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">I,</emphasis>
|
||
labial view of preserved P4 paracone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3122B4FB2CAEDEF38A" bold="true" box="[195,404,1250,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Abbreviations: cc,</emphasis>
|
||
centrocrista;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312051FB2CAD03F38A" bold="true" box="[550,585,1250,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">cn,</emphasis>
|
||
carnassial notch;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312179FB2CAC78F38A" bold="true" box="[782,818,1250,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">mt,</emphasis>
|
||
metacone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3121C5FB2CAC9EF38A" bold="true" box="[946,980,1250,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">pc,</emphasis>
|
||
paracrista;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312624FB2CABC9F38A" bold="true" box="[1107,1155,1250,1273]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">*prt,</emphasis>
|
||
flared portion of paracone cusp leading to protocone;
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312394FB31AD4EF265" bold="true" box="[483,516,1279,1302]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">ps,</emphasis>
|
||
parastyle. Scale bar
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312092FB31AC56F265" bold="true" box="[741,796,1279,1302]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">A–C,</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312126FB31AC34F265" bold="true" box="[849,894,1279,1302]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">G–I,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 15 mm,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D31265EFB31AB13F265" bold="true" box="[1065,1113,1279,1302]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">E–F,</emphasis>
|
||
equals 6 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987B9D31228DFA98AA7CF003" blockId="11.[192,793,1366,1904]" lastBlockId="11.[840,1441,1367,1904]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">
|
||
Several species of late Miocene machairodontines are present in Asia. The features of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987B9D3122B7FA58AE6FF2C3" box="[192,293,1430,1456]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 preclude inclusion into the morederived “dirk-tooth” machairodontines, typically with clearly defined canine denticles (though
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D3122B7FA39AEAAF163" baseAuthorityName="Cuvier" baseAuthorityYear="1824" box="[192,480,1527,1552]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Megantereon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cultridens">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3122B7FA39AEAAF163" box="[192,480,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Megantereon cultridens</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks denticles), minute M1, and near absent P4 protocone. Instead
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987B9D3122B7F9F9AE6FF122" box="[192,293,1591,1617]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 better fits with the features of “scimitar-toothed” machairodontines, specifically
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D3122B7F9B9AED0F1E3" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[192,410,1655,1680]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3122B7F9B9AED0F1E3" box="[192,410,1655,1680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(Pilgrim, 1913). A recent review of this genus combines it with the genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D3120B6F959AE72F1A3" authorityName="Kretzoi" authorityYear="1938" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Promegantereon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D3120B6F959AE72F1A3" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Promegantereon</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(now a junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D31200FF979AE49F183" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D31200FF979AE49F183" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) into a grade of like-forms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D312020F919AE48F063" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). This grade has
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D312395F939AE2AF043" authority="(Kaup, 1832)" baseAuthorityName="Kaup" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312395F939AC5DF063" box="[482,791,1783,1808]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paramachaerodus ogygia</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D3122B0F8D9AE10F043" author="Kaup, J. J." box="[199,346,1815,1840]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref11122" refString="Kaup, J. J. 1832. Vier neue arten urweltlicher raubthiere welche im zoologischen Museum zu" type="book" year="1832">Kaup, 1832</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as its basal-most member, lacking crenulations on its canines, a sinusoidal buccal border of the P4, and an elongated M1 with “…two roots; [having] a buccolingually lengthened crown, with a slight ridge extending from the mesiobuccal to the lingual borders” (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D31262EFA58AA70F2C3" author="Siliceo, G. & Salesa, M. J. & Anton, M. & Monescillo, M. F. G. & Morales, J." box="[1113,1338,1430,1456]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="407 - 418" refId="ref12602" refString="Siliceo, G., Salesa, M. J., Anton, M., Monescillo, M. F. G., and Morales, J. 2014. Promegantereon ogygia (Felidae, Machairodontinae, Smilodontini) from the Vallesian (late Miocene, MN 10) of Spain: morphological and functional differences in two noncontemporary populations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34: 407 - 418. https: // doi. org / 10.1080 / 02724634.2013.812099" type="journal article" year="2014">Siliceo et al., 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 412). The more derived
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D31265AFA79AAEAF2A3" authority="(Zdansky, 1924)" baseAuthorityName="Zdansky" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1069,1440,1463,1488]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximiliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D31265AFA79AB98F2A3" box="[1069,1234,1463,1488]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">P. maximiliani</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D312694FA79AAD0F2A3" author="Zdansky, O." box="[1251,1434,1463,1488]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" pagination="1 - 149" refId="ref13579" refString="Zdansky, O. 1924. Jungtertiare Carnivoren Chinas. Palaeontologica Sinica, 2: 1 - 149. (In" type="journal article" year="1924">Zdansky, 1924</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
on the other hand, possesses well-defined canine denticles, a straight buccal border to the P4, a reduced protocone on the P4, and a single rooted M1 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D312109F9F9ABC2F123" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." box="[894,1160,1591,1617]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987B9D31276EF9F9AA34F122" box="[1305,1406,1591,1617]" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/r4yh-g41t" name="University of Oregon, Museum of Natural and Cultural History" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" type="Museum">UOMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
F-70509 possesses a combination of these features, as is true of several other recently reported Eurasian specimens (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987B9D31266AF959AA6BF1C3" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." box="[1053,1313,1687,1713]" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), but bears the most similarity to the above diagnostic features of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987B9D312110F919ABD2F183" baseAuthorityName="Kaup" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[871,1176,1751,1776]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="11" pageNumber="12" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987B9D312110F919ABD2F183" box="[871,1176,1751,1776]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="12">Paramachaerodus ogygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, it does differ in the nascent denticles on the posterior edge of the canine and triple-rooted M1, though this latter feature may be a result of individual variation given that the third root is minute in dimensions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF72ACFE987C9D3622BFFAF1AE36F175" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.11063050" ID-Zenodo-Dep="11063050" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/11063050/files/figure.png" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" startId="12.[200,290,1343,1366]" targetBox="[296,1312,162,1294]" targetPageId="12" targetType="figure">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987C9D3622BFFAF1AE36F175" blockId="12.[200,1441,1343,1542]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3622BFFAF1AE75F225" bold="true" box="[200,319,1343,1366]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Time-scaled phylogeny of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D3620FEFAF1AC07F225" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[649,845,1343,1366]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3620FEFAF1AC07F225" box="[649,845,1343,1366]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus and UOMNH F-70509’s placement within it. The depicted tree is a strict consensus of two most-parsimonious trees of score 32. Note the location of UOMNH F-70509 as unresolved relative to “
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D3623A8FAB4ADA2F2E2" baseAuthorityName="Kaup" baseAuthorityYear="1833" box="[479,744,1402,1425]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Promegantereon" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3623A8FAB4ADD8F2E2" box="[479,658,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Promegantereon</emphasis>
|
||
”
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3620D6FAB4ADA2F2E2" box="[673,744,1402,1425]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">ogygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
at the base of the genus even though it occurs much later in the rock record. Time-scaling was performed in R, version 3.6.1 (R
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362101FA59AB7EF2DD" author="Core Team" box="[886,1076,1431,1454]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref12319" refString="R Core Team. 2019. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https: // www. R-project. org /." type="url" year="2019">Core Team, 2019</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) with the Strap package (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362731FA59AE0DF2BF" author="Bell, M. A. & Lloyd, G. T." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref10154" refString="Bell, M. A. and Lloyd, G. T. 2014. Strap: Stratigraphic Tree Analysis for Palaeontology. R package version 1.4. https: // CRAN. R-project. org / package = strap" type="url" year="2014">Bell and Lloyd, 2014</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) using the “basic” method. Taxa ages derive from
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362129FA7BAB18F2BF" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." box="[862,1106,1461,1484]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov (2017)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. The outgroup taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D362743FA7BAE0BF29A" authorityName="Filhol" authorityYear="1879" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Proailurus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lemanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D362743FA7BAE0BF29A" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Proailurus lemanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has an Oligocene occurrence, not shown for clarity, but its basal position in our analysed taxa is depicted with dotted lines.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C317AFFD987C9D3722B7F982AE30F531" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987C9D3622B7F982AE7AF116" blockId="12.[192,304,1612,1637]" box="[192,304,1612,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3622B7F982AE7AF116" bold="true" box="[192,304,1612,1637]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BB2FC76987C9D37228DF9B2AE30F531" blockId="12.[192,793,1660,1910]" lastBlockId="13.[192,792,169,578]" lastPageId="13" lastPageNumber="14" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">
|
||
The earliest taxon is
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D362388F9B2AFA9F1C6" baseAuthorityName="Kaup" baseAuthorityYear="1832" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D362388F9B2AFA9F1C6" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Paramachaerodus ogygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which is known only from
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987C9D36205AF952AD1CF1C6" box="[557,598,1692,1717]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
9–11 of Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D3622B1F972AEF1F1A6" author="Salesa, M. J. & Anton, M. & Turner, A. & Alcala, L. & Montoya, P. & Morales, J." box="[198,443,1724,1750]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1369 - 1391" refId="ref12484" refString="Salesa, M. J., Anton, M., Turner, A., Alcala, L., Montoya, P., and Morales, J. 2010. Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain. Palaeontology, 53: 1369 - 1391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2010.01013. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Salesa et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Subsequently, the taxon
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D362175F972AE29F186" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transasiaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D362175F972AE29F186" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. transasiaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diverges with an occurrence in the latter half of
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987C9D362320F932AECAF066" box="[343,384,1788,1813]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
11 (Bahean, Asian Land Mammal Age) of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987C9D362368F8D2AE2FF045" box="[287,357,1820,1846]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987C9D3623D6F8D2AD4DF046" box="[417,519,1820,1845]" name="Bulgaria" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Bulgaria</collectingCountry>
|
||
, followed by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D3620D7F8D2AF93F026" baseAuthorityName="Kittl" baseAuthorityYear="1887" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="orientalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D3620D7F8D2AF93F026" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. orientalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987C9D36237EF8F2AE78F026" box="[265,306,1852,1877]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
12 of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987C9D3623F8F8F2AEF7F026" box="[399,445,1852,1877]" name="Iran" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Iran</collectingCountry>
|
||
and Europe (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362018F8F2AFB5F006" author="Salesa, M. J. & Anton, M. & Turner, A. & Alcala, L. & Montoya, P. & Morales, J." pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1369 - 1391" refId="ref12484" refString="Salesa, M. J., Anton, M., Turner, A., Alcala, L., Montoya, P., and Morales, J. 2010. Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain. Palaeontology, 53: 1369 - 1391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2010.01013. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Salesa et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362365F892AEA8F006" author="Qiu, Z. - X. & Qiu, Z. - D. & Deng, T. & Li, C. - K. & Zhang, Z. - Q. & Wang, B. - Y. & Wang, X. - M." box="[274,482,1884,1910]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="29 - 90" refId="ref12192" refString="Qiu, Z. - X., Qiu, Z. - D., Deng, T., Li, C. - K., Zhang, Z. - Q., Wang, B. - Y., and Wang, X. - M. 2013. Neogene land mammal stages / ages of China: Toward the goal to establish an Asian land mammal stage / age scheme, p. 29 - 90. In Wang, X. - M., Flynn, L. J., and Fortelius, M. (eds.), Fossil Mammals of Asia: Neogene Biostratigraphy and Chronology. Columbia University Press, New York." type="book chapter" year="2013">Qiu et al., 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D362383F892AC45F006" author="Li, Y. & Spassov, N." box="[500,783,1884,1910]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" refId="ref11447" refString="Li, Y. and Spassov, N. 2017. A new species of Paramachaerodus (Mammalia, Carnivora," type="book" year="2017">Li and Spassov, 2017</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Finally, the last occurring and most derived taxon,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D36213FF9A2ACA1F1F6" baseAuthorityName="Zdansky" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[840,1003,1644,1669]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="maximiliani">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D36213FF9A2ACA1F1F6" box="[840,1003,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. maximiliani</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, appears in the late Bahean to Baodean of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987C9D3621DFF942ACA4F1D5" box="[936,1006,1676,1702]" name="China" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987C9D36218BF942AB62F1D6" box="[1020,1064,1676,1701]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
11–13) and with a single occurrence in
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED1C64B3987C9D3621CBF962ACAFF1B6" box="[956,997,1708,1733]" country="Brazil" name="Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">MN</collectionCode>
|
||
13 of
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F31ABCE6987C9D362633F962ABCCF1B5" box="[1092,1158,1708,1734]" name="Spain" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">Spain</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EF9C8187987C9D3626ECF962AADDF1B6" author="Salesa, M. J. & Anton, M. & Turner, A. & Alcala, L. & Montoya, P. & Morales, J." box="[1179,1431,1708,1734]" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" pagination="1369 - 1391" refId="ref12484" refString="Salesa, M. J., Anton, M., Turner, A., Alcala, L., Montoya, P., and Morales, J. 2010. Systematic revision of the Late Miocene sabre-toothed felid Paramachaerodus in Spain. Palaeontology, 53: 1369 - 1391. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1475 - 4983.2010.01013. x" type="journal article" year="2010">Salesa et al., 2010</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Preserved diagnostic characters place the Kyrgyz specimen closest to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D362648F922ABE6F076" baseAuthorityName="Kaup" baseAuthorityYear="1832" box="[1087,1196,1772,1797]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ogygia">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D362648F922ABE6F076" box="[1087,1196,1772,1797]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. ogygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, though with certain features similar to that of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987C9D362603F8C2AA7FF056" box="[1140,1333,1804,1829]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="12" pageNumber="13" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="transasiaticus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987C9D362603F8C2AA7FF056" box="[1140,1333,1804,1829]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="13">P. transasiaticus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, such as incipient crenulations on the canine. However, the age of the Kyrgyz specimen, approximately 6 Ma, is substantially younger than what is known for either of these above-mentioned taxa. One hypothesis is that the Kyrgyz specimen represents an endemic taxon that has evolved some additional saber-tooth characteristics during its unsampled time interval from a European originating,
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987D9D3720B3FE87AFA6F6F1" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">P. ogygia-</emphasis>
|
||
like ancestor. An additional hypothesis is that it constitutes a new species splitting off from an ancestral Asian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C0D87F5987D9D3723FFFE67AD28F6B1" authorityName="Pilgrim" authorityYear="1913" box="[392,610,425,450]" class="Mammalia" family="Felidae" genus="Paramachaerodus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="13" pageNumber="7" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B9792064987D9D3723FFFE67AD28F6B1" box="[392,610,425,450]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="14">Paramachaerodus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
ancestor, also unsampled in Central Asia. However, we feel a new species designation would require additional fossil material to adequately assess this Kyrgyz saber-tooth cat.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |