treatments-xml/data/03/98/B0/0398B06F5C64E17EF6E0FD89FD99FE60.xml

<document id="8947D0279C4AD7902B0E9591DD285B5F" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.206009" ID-GBIF-Dataset="dcfda945-f761-4ebf-890b-5cdabc3ecb45" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="206009" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460294279421" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Vardo-Zalik, Anne M. &amp; Campbell, Ronald A." docDate="2011" docId="0398B06F5C64E17EF6E0FD89FD99FE60" docLanguage="en" docName="zt02838p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 2838" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Acanthobothrium cairae Vardo-Zalik &amp; Campbell, 2011, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="47" masterDocId="FFA1C8175C66E179F677FFE0FFB2FFCC" masterDocTitle="Five new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in elasmobranchs from the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico with first records from smooth-hound sharks and guitarfish" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="41" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1698251936871" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C77B416C2D752A33BB652B87E9723F3F">Five new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in elasmobranchs from the northwest Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico with first records from smooth-hound sharks and guitarfish</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="6231A6F7E70C0355CB6D64512D2CE5C1">Vardo-Zalik, Anne M.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="46F9B832CF3B8FBDB5DE2FD3D32F5F3F">Campbell, Ronald A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="07DA787828DEA3FBCFE4AA2C6C90680B">2011</mods:date>
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<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C64E17BF6E0FD89FBE7FCC3" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6E0FD89FD96FD4E" blockId="2.[151,548,616,676]" box="[151,548,616,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<heading id="D0C6B6155C64E17BF6E0FD89FD96FD4E" bold="true" box="[151,548,616,643]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6E0FD89FD96FD4E" bold="true" box="[151,548,616,643]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C64E17BF6E0FD89FE72FD4F" box="[151,448,617,643]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6E0FD89FE72FD4F" bold="true" box="[151,448,617,643]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27660105C64E17BF7B0FD88FD96FD4E" box="[455,548,616,642]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6E0FD6CFEA0FD68" blockId="2.[151,548,616,676]" box="[151,274,652,676]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
(
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C64E17BF6E8FD6CFEBBFD68" box="[159,265,652,676]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStart-1="FIGURES 6 – 8" captionStartId-0="4.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionStartId-1="5.[151,264,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox-0="[209,1413,210,1888]" captionTargetBox-1="[425,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetId-0="figure@4.[161,1426,195,1913]" captionTargetId-1="figure@5.[399,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetPageId-0="4" captionTargetPageId-1="5" captionText-0="FIGURES 1 – 5. Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. from Dasyatis centroura. 1. Scolex (holotype). 2. Hooks. 3. Mature segment. Muscle bundles omitted for clarity. 4. Detail of terminal genitalia. 5. Gravid segment. Scale bars: Figs. 1, 3, 5 = 250 µm. Figs. 2, 4 = 100 µm." captionText-1="FIGURES 6 – 8. Transverse sections of Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. 6. Immature segment, anterior to cirrus sac. Note 8 large muscle bundles. 7. Mature segment, anterior to ovary. Note testes, vitellaria, uterus and 8 large muscle bundles. 8. Mature segment. Section at level of ovarian isthmus. Note bilobed ovary and 8 large muscle bundles. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal osmoregulatory canal; m, muscle bundle; o, ovary; t, testis; u, uterus; v, vagina; vc, ventral osmoregulatory canal; vt, vitelline follicles, Scale bars: Figs. 6 – 8 = 200 µm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/206010/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/206011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Figs. 1–8</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6E0FD33FB33FD20" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" box="[151,1153,723,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6E0FD33FE25FD20" bold="true" box="[151,407,723,748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Specimens deposited:</emphasis>
<typeStatus id="548ABFDB5C64E17BF7E9FD34FDB2FD20" box="[414,512,724,748]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
(USNPC 103801); 
<typeStatus id="548ABFDB5C64E17BF4AAFD35FCFBFD21" box="[733,841,725,749]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
(USNPC 103802–103814).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FD18FBE7FCC3" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" box="[199,1109,759,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FD18FEBAFCDC" bold="true" box="[199,264,760,784]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Host:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C64E17BF778FD19FDEEFCC3" authority="Mitchill" authorityName="Mitchill" box="[271,604,759,784]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centroura">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF778FD19FE57FCDC" box="[271,485,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Dasyatis centroura</emphasis>
(Mitchill)
</taxonomicName>
, Roughtail stingray; 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C64E17BF531FD17FC75FCC3" box="[838,967,759,783]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rajiformes</taxonomicName>
: 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C64E17BF5A6FD17FBE0FCC3" box="[977,1106,759,783]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Dasyatidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C64E17BF6B0FCFCFD15FCB0" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FCFCFB19FCF8" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" box="[199,1195,795,821]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FCFCFEDBFCF8" bold="true" box="[199,361,795,820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<typeStatus id="548ABFDB5C64E17BF6B0FCFCFEB0FCF8" box="[199,258,796,820]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Type</typeStatus>
locality:
</emphasis>
Narragansett Bay off Sakonnet Point, Rhode Island, coll. R. A. Campbell.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FCDFFD8DFC9B" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" box="[199,575,831,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FCDFFE36FC94" bold="true" box="[199,388,831,856]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Site of Infection</emphasis>
: spiral intestine.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FC84FD15FCB0" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" box="[199,679,868,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FC84FEE0FCB0" bold="true" box="[199,338,868,892]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Prevalence:</emphasis>
3 of 10 individuals examined.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C64E17BF6B0FC68FD18FC09" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FC68FD18FC09" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FC68FEE3FC6C" bold="true" box="[199,337,904,928]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Etymology:</emphasis>
The species is named after Dr. Janine Caira, University of Connecticut, for her contributions to the study of cestode systematics and taxonomy.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C64E17AF6B0FC2FFAD3FD93" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FC2FFD61FA70" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C64E17BF6B0FC2FFEE9FC24" bold="true" box="[199,347,975,1000]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Description:</emphasis>
Based upon measurements of 8 whole mounted specimens, SEM of 
<specimenCount id="9D37CAF05C64E17BF210FC2FFB40FC2B" box="[1127,1266,975,999]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="generic">2 specimens</specimenCount>
and serial sections of 
<specimenCount id="9D37CAF05C64E17BF681FC14FE37FBC0" box="[246,389,1012,1036]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43" type="generic">8 specimens</specimenCount>
. Large worms 
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(104, n=8) long, maximum width at gravid segments, 960–1060, composed of 268–491 (401, n=8) segments. Strobila muscular; mature segments acraspedote, apolytic. Scolex proper 1100–1440 long by 1200–1460 wide. Scolex, composed of 4 triloculate bothridia, loculi separated by two thick muscular septa, bothridia free at posterior ends with velum between adjacent bothridia. Bothridia 975–1225 (1063, n=15) long by 550–725 (630, n=10) wide rounded posteriorly, covered with spinitriches over proximal surfaces; apical sucker and pad present, armed with one pair of bifid hooks. Anterior loculus 500–700 (558, n=12) long, middle loculus 175–275 (214, n=12) long, posterior loculus 100–150 (116, n=12) long; ratio of locular lengths (A: M: P) 1: 0.38: 0.21; mean (BL: BW) 1.7: 1. Apical pad rounded 225–400 (347, n=12) long by 450–650 (498, n=12) wide; accessory sucker 125–250 (180, n=10) wide. Hooks symmetrical, stout, prongs markedly unequal, handles about equal in length. Cephalic peduncle 2740–4600 (3179, n=7) long by 520–800 (618, n=7) wide, covered with spinitriches; internal muscle bundles clearly visible, junction of neck most discernible when contracted; (BL: CPL) 1: 1.16 when contracted; (BL: CPL) 1: 1.9 to 2.9 when relaxed. Neck 1600 to 3800 long, transcending into first narrow segments of strobila.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17BF6B0FA28FDCAF980" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Hook dimensions: Lateral hook (n=5): A= 60 (n=4); B= 125–238 (195) with large pore; C= 113–163 (133) very curved; D= 275–350 (330); E= 250–313 (290); W= 100–125 (113). Medial hook (n=5): A’= 60 (n=4); B’= 188–225 (208) with large pore; C’= 125–138 (128) very curved; D’= 300–375 (338); E’= 250–300 (275); W’= 100–125 (108). (THL: BL) 1: 3.1 to 1: 3.2.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C64E17AF6B0F9B8FAD3FD93" blockId="2.[151,1436,723,2008]" lastBlockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">
Strobila: Strobila robust with 4 pairs of large longitudinal muscle bundles extending throughout (
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C64E17BF357F9B8FA3DF9BC" box="[1312,1423,1624,1648]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[425,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 8. Transverse sections of Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. 6. Immature segment, anterior to cirrus sac. Note 8 large muscle bundles. 7. Mature segment, anterior to ovary. Note testes, vitellaria, uterus and 8 large muscle bundles. 8. Mature segment. Section at level of ovarian isthmus. Note bilobed ovary and 8 large muscle bundles. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal osmoregulatory canal; m, muscle bundle; o, ovary; t, testis; u, uterus; v, vagina; vc, ventral osmoregulatory canal; vt, vitelline follicles, Scale bars: Figs. 6 – 8 = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Figs. 6–8</figureCitation>
). Immature segments wider than long 259–476 (384, n=8) per worm, gradually elongating with appearance of genital anlagen. Mature segments, number 9–39 (17, n=8) per worm, 1.1 to 1.4 times longer than wide, 700–1725 (949, n=22) long by 550–1200 (756, n=22) wide. Gravid segments trapezoidal, 920–1260 long by 960–1060 wide; length to width ratio 1.11–1.32: 1 (1.21, n=10). Genital pores 36–66% (54%, n=20) of total length from posterior end of segment, irregularly alternating; genital atrium shallow. Cirrus sac near equatorial in immature segments; postequatorial in mature segments, 150–350 (210, n=21) long by 60–225 (105, n=21) wide; pyriform in gravid segments, slightly larger c. 375 by 250. Cirrus armed. Testes 82–166 (118, n=16) in number, slightly subspherical, 50– 100 (63, n=26) long by 60–100 (67, n=26) wide, arranged 2–3 deep in intervascular fields anterior to ovarian isthmus, rarely posterior to isthmus (
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C64E17BF478F87CFDEDF878" box="[527,607,1948,1972]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[209,1413,210,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[161,1426,195,1913]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. from Dasyatis centroura. 1. Scolex (holotype). 2. Hooks. 3. Mature segment. Muscle bundles omitted for clarity. 4. Detail of terminal genitalia. 5. Gravid segment. Scale bars: Figs. 1, 3, 5 = 250 µm. Figs. 2, 4 = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206010/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">Figs. 3</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C64E17BF41BF87DFD2AF878" box="[620,664,1948,1972]" captionStart="FIGURES 6 – 8" captionStartId="5.[151,264,1609,1632]" captionTargetBox="[425,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[399,1187,193,1588]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURES 6 – 8. Transverse sections of Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. 6. Immature segment, anterior to cirrus sac. Note 8 large muscle bundles. 7. Mature segment, anterior to ovary. Note testes, vitellaria, uterus and 8 large muscle bundles. 8. Mature segment. Section at level of ovarian isthmus. Note bilobed ovary and 8 large muscle bundles. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal osmoregulatory canal; m, muscle bundle; o, ovary; t, testis; u, uterus; v, vagina; vc, ventral osmoregulatory canal; vt, vitelline follicles, Scale bars: Figs. 6 – 8 = 200 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206011/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="43">7, 8</figureCitation>
); testes atrophied in oldest segments. Testis distribution: 26–65 (41, n=20) preporal, 42–85 (65, n=20) aporal, 12–23 (16, n=20) postporal. Vas deferens extensive forming 10 or more transverse loops filling most of preovarian intervascular region (
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C65E17AF51DFF77FC1DFF63" box="[874,943,151,175]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[209,1413,210,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[161,1426,195,1913]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. from Dasyatis centroura. 1. Scolex (holotype). 2. Hooks. 3. Mature segment. Muscle bundles omitted for clarity. 4. Detail of terminal genitalia. 5. Gravid segment. Scale bars: Figs. 1, 3, 5 = 250 µm. Figs. 2, 4 = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206010/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Fig. 5</figureCitation>
). Ovary U-shaped, bilobed in cross section, at posterior end of segment, 300–520 (445, n=16) wide in mature segments, poral lobe 200–540 (285, n=19) long, reaching level of cirrus sac and slightly beyond (
<figureCitation id="130A1DFC5C65E17AF4B6FF3FFC9DFF3B" box="[705,815,223,247]" captionStart="FIGURES 1 – 5" captionStartId="4.[151,264,1937,1960]" captionTargetBox="[209,1413,210,1888]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[161,1426,195,1913]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURES 1 – 5. Acanthobothrium cairae sp. nov. from Dasyatis centroura. 1. Scolex (holotype). 2. Hooks. 3. Mature segment. Muscle bundles omitted for clarity. 4. Detail of terminal genitalia. 5. Gravid segment. Scale bars: Figs. 1, 3, 5 = 250 µm. Figs. 2, 4 = 100 µm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206010/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Figs. 3, 5</figureCitation>
); aporal lobe 250–620 (363, n=19) long reaching midlevel to near anterior border of cirrus sac; ovary up to 875 wide with lobes up to 450 long in gravid segments. Mehlis’ gland conspicuous, rosette-like mass surrounding ootype, diameter 40–50, at center of ovarian isthmus. Vagina thick-walled, extending in midline from ootype to level of cirrus sac, then continues laterally along anterior margin of cirrus sac as enlarged thick-walled duct to genital atrium; seminal receptacle present; vaginal sphincter absent. Vitellarium follicular in 2 lateral columns c. 200 wide, extending most of segment length; each column 5–6 follicles deep in cross section; follicles ellipsoidal, 32–64 long by 16–24 wide. Vitelline follicles not reaching limits of testicular field anteriorly or full extent of ovary posteriorly; interrupted by cirrus sac and vagina on poral side. Uterus median, broad, columnar, covered with dark staining glandular cells, extends anteriorly from shell gland, ends near anterior extremity, expanded in gravid segments. Uterine pore and eggs not observed. Dorsal and ventral osmoregulatory canals variable in diameter, dorsal canal 
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diameter, ventral canals 
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diameter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C65E17AF6B0FD8CFE9DF858" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C65E17AF6B0FD8CFD0FFCD8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF6B0FD8CFE8FFD48" bold="true" box="[199,317,620,644]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Remarks:</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF731FD8CFDEEFD48" box="[326,604,620,644]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF731FD8CFDEEFD48" box="[326,604,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the third species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF512FD8CFB9BFD48" box="[869,1065,620,644]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF512FD8CFB9BFD48" box="[869,1065,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported from the roughtail ray, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF6E0FD71FEDDFD64" box="[151,367,657,680]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centroura">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF6E0FD71FEDDFD64" box="[151,367,657,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Dasyatis centroura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
being preceded by 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF421FD70FD7EFD64" box="[598,716,656,680]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paulum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF421FD70FD7EFD64" box="[598,716,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. paulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF57EFD70FC18FD64" box="[777,938,656,680]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="woodsholei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF57EFD70FC18FD64" box="[777,938,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. woodsholei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF5CCFD70FB63FD64" box="[955,1233,656,680]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF5CCFD70FB63FD64" box="[955,1233,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is very large and muscular with stout hooks and qualifies as a category 3 species (LMMA) according to the system of Ghoshroy&amp; Caira (2001). Both 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF702FD38FE58FD3C" box="[373,490,728,752]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="paulum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF702FD38FE58FD3C" box="[373,490,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. paulum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF453FD38FD76FD3C" box="[548,708,728,752]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="woodsholei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF453FD38FD76FD3C" box="[548,708,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. woodsholei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are smaller category 1 (SFFS) and 2(7) (S(L)FFA) respectively with delicate hooks and strobila unlike 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF438FD1CFD0FFCD8" box="[591,701,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF438FD1CFD0BFCD8" box="[591,697,764,788]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">A. cairae</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C65E17AF6B0FCFFFD1CFAFC" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
Species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF734FCC0FDB5FCF4" box="[323,519,800,824]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF734FCC0FDB5FCF4" box="[323,519,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
comparable to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF4C0FCC0FCADFCF4" box="[695,799,800,824]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF4C0FCC0FCADFCF4" box="[695,799,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the western Atlantic Ocean and waters of the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C65E17AF6E0FCA4FF5EFC90" box="[151,236,836,860]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Mexico</collectingCountry>
and Carribean Sea are: 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF471FCA4FD06FC90" box="[518,692,836,860]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF471FCA4FD06FC90" box="[518,692,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF489FCA5FAB7FC90" authority="Hildebrand &amp; Schroeder" authorityName="Hildebrand &amp; Schroeder" box="[766,1285,836,860]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="americana">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF489FCA5FC50FC90" box="[766,994,837,860]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Dasyatis americana</emphasis>
Hildebrand &amp; Schroeder
</taxonomicName>
from Chesapeake Bay, Virginia; 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF7F5FC88FDAAFC4C" box="[386,536,872,896]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF7F5FC88FDAAFC4C" box="[386,536,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from species of skates (
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF552FC87FCCCFCB3" box="[805,894,871,895]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rajidae</taxonomicName>
) by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF5D8FC87FBF6FCB3" author="Linton" box="[943,1092,871,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Linton, E. (1901) Parasites of fishes of the Woods Hole region. Bulletin of the U. S. Fisheries Commission for 1899, Washington, 19, 405 - 492." type="journal article" year="1901">Linton (1901</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF227FC87FB3BFCB3" author="Linton" box="[1104,1161,871,895]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Linton, E. (1924) Notes on cestode parasites of sharks and rays. Proceedings of the U. S. National Museum, 64, 1 - 114." type="journal article" year="1924">1924</bibRefCitation>
) at Woods Hole, Massachusetts and by Meyers (1959) in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C65E17AF51CFC6CFC71FC68" box="[875,963,908,932]" name="Canada" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Canada</collectingCountry>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF271FC6CFBC7FC68" box="[1030,1141,908,932]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tortum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF271FC6CFBC7FC68" box="[1030,1141,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. tortum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF2B4FC6CFE92FC0B" authority="Euphrasen" authorityName="Euphrasen" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Aetobatus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="narinari">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF2B4FC6CFA2EFC68" box="[1219,1436,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Aetobatus narinari</emphasis>
(Euphrasen)
</taxonomicName>
in the Gulf of 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C65E17AF7BDFC4FFD91FC0B" box="[458,547,943,967]" name="Mexico" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Mexico</collectingCountry>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF459FC50FCF0FC04" box="[558,834,944,968]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF459FC50FCF0FC04" box="[558,834,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF5AEFC50FB37FC04" box="[985,1157,944,968]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="americanum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF5AEFC50FB37FC04" box="[985,1157,944,968]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. americanum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a category 6 species, in possessing more testes per segment (82–166 vs. 59–78), larger hooks (275–375 vs. max. 180), and asymmetrical hook prongs (188–225 vs. 125–138). 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF44CFC18FCFCFBDC" box="[571,846,1016,1040]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF44CFC18FCFCFBDC" box="[571,846,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has longer bothridia (975–1225 vs. 500–660), larger anterior loculi (500–700 vs. 200–350), and fewer postporal testes (12–23 vs. 26–44) than 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF2C9FBFCFA9EFBF8" box="[1214,1324,1052,1076]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="tortum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF2C9FBFCFA9EFBF8" box="[1214,1324,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. tortum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Linton’s (1901, 1924) reports of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF7C7FBA0FDF8FB94" box="[432,586,1088,1112]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF7C7FBA0FDF8FB94" box="[432,586,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, a species common to the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea (
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF6E9FB84FEF0FBB0" author="Williams" box="[158,322,1124,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams1969</bibRefCitation>
), were considered in error and corrected by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF547FB85FC05FBB0" author="Baer" box="[816,951,1124,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes de selachians. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer (1948)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF599FB85FB6AFBB0" author="Baer" box="[1006,1240,1124,1148]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Baer, J. G. &amp; Euzet, L. (1962) Revision critique des cestodes tetraphyllides decrits par T. Southwell. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 85, 143 - 172." type="journal article" year="1962">Baer &amp; Euzet (1962)</bibRefCitation>
with the descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF682FB68FE27FB6C" box="[245,405,1160,1184]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="woodsholei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF682FB68FE27FB6C" box="[245,405,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. woodsholei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF7B9FB68FB9BFB6C" authority="Baer &amp; Euzet, 1962" authorityName="Baer &amp; Euzet" authorityYear="1962" box="[462,1065,1160,1184]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septentrionale">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF7B9FB68FC89FB6C" box="[462,827,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium septentrionale</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF534FB69FB9BFB6C" author="Baer" box="[835,1065,1160,1184]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Baer, J. G. &amp; Euzet, L. (1962) Revision critique des cestodes tetraphyllides decrits par T. Southwell. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 85, 143 - 172." type="journal article" year="1962">Baer &amp; Euzet, 1962</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF242FB68FA33FB6C" box="[1077,1409,1160,1184]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="woodsholei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF242FB68FA33FB6C" box="[1077,1409,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium woodsholei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is smaller than 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF751FB4CFE3EFB08" box="[294,396,1196,1220]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF751FB4CFE3EFB08" box="[294,396,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C65E17AF7EBFB4CFDA9FB08" box="[412,539,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="13.5" valueMax="15.0" valueMin="12.0">12 –15 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C65E17AF43FFB4CFD62FB08" box="[584,720,1196,1220]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.95" metricValueMax="15.4" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="99.5" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="45.0">45–154 mm</quantity>
) with fewer testes (50–55 vs. 82–166). Specimens of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF351FB4CFF73FB24" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF351FB4CFF73FB24" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
reported by Meyers (1959) from the skates 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF4A4FB31FC4DFB24" authority="Mitchill" authorityName="Mitchill" box="[723,1023,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Dipturus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="laevis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF4A4FB31FC36FB24" box="[723,900,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Dipturus laevis</emphasis>
(Mitchill)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF278FB31FAD1FB24" authority="Mitchill" authorityName="Mitchill" box="[1039,1379,1232,1256]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Leucoraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ocellata">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF278FB31FB5AFB24" box="[1039,1256,1232,1256]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Leucoraja ocellata</emphasis>
(Mitchill)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF6E0FB14FE54FAC0" authority="Donovan" authorityName="Donovan" box="[151,486,1268,1292]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Amblyraja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="radiata">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF6E0FB14FED4FAC0" box="[151,358,1268,1292]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Amblyraja radiata</emphasis>
(Donovan)
</taxonomicName>
were undescribed and unavailable for comparison; therefore the trans-Atlantic distribution of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF774FAF8FE29FAFC" box="[259,411,1304,1328]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF774FAF8FE29FAFC" box="[259,411,1304,1328]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
could not be confirmed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C65E17AF6B0FADDFAC8FA73" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
Two species in the south Atlantic, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF423FADCFBA0FA98" authority="Ivanov, 2005" authorityName="Ivanov" authorityYear="2005" box="[596,1042,1340,1364]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="ramiroi">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF423FADCFCC7FA98" box="[596,885,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium ramiroi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF509FADDFBA0FA98" author="Ivanov" box="[894,1042,1340,1364]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Ivanov, V. A. (2005) A new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) from the ocellate river stingray, Potamotrygon motoro (Chondrichthyes: Potamotrygonidae), in Argentina. Journal of Parasitology, 91, 390 - 396." type="journal article" year="2005">Ivanov, 2005</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C65E17AF22DFADCFB7BFA98" box="[1114,1225,1340,1364]" name="Argentina" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Argentina</collectingCountry>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF373FADCFDB2FAB4" authority="Rego &amp; Dias, 1976" authorityName="Rego &amp; Dias" authorityYear="1976" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="terezae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF373FADCFE90FAB4" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium terezae</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF75EFA81FDB2FAB4" author="Rego" box="[297,512,1376,1401]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Rego, A. A. &amp; Dias, A. P. L. (1976) Estudos de cestoides de peixes do Brasil. 3. a Nota: Cestoides de raias fluviais Paratrygonidae. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 36, 941 - 956." type="journal article" year="1976">Rego &amp; Dias, 1976</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C65E17AF434FABFFD3BFABB" box="[579,649,1375,1399]" name="Brazil" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Brasil</collectingCountry>
, in freshwater stingrays (
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF5D7FABFFB90FABB" box="[928,1058,1375,1399]" class="Elasmobranchii" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="order">Rajiformes</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF25BFABFFB49FABB" box="[1068,1275,1375,1399]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Potamotrygonidae</taxonomicName>
) are similar in size to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF69CFA64FEE1FA50" box="[235,339,1412,1436]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF69CFA64FEE1FA50" box="[235,339,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Both species parasitize 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF405FA65FBF2FA50" authority="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" box="[626,1088,1412,1436]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Potamotrygonidae" genus="Potamotrygon" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="motoro">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF405FA65FCDEFA50" box="[626,876,1413,1436]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Potamotrygon motoro</emphasis>
(Müller &amp; Henle)
</taxonomicName>
and are distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF3F3FA64FF6DFA0C" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF3F3FA64FF6DFA0C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having dissimilar hooks (hooks similar in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF4AEFA48FCF2FA0C" box="[729,832,1448,1472]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF4AEFA48FCF2FA0C" box="[729,832,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and symmetrical vs. asymmetrical ovarian lobes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C65E17AF6B0FA2DFD94F9B8" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
In the North Atlantic, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF7B7FA2CFC0AFA28" authority="Manger, 1972" authorityName="Manger" authorityYear="1972" box="[448,952,1484,1509]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="icelandicum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF7B7FA2CFCA7FA28" box="[448,789,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium icelandicum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF56BFA2DFC0AFA28" author="Manger" box="[796,952,1484,1509]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Manger, B. R. (1972) Some cestode parasites of the elasmobranchs Raja batis and Squalus acanthias from Iceland. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History Zoology, 24, 161 - 181." type="journal article" year="1972">Manger, 1972</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF58AFA2DFB43FA28" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[1021,1265,1484,1508]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="batis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF58AFA2DFBC3FA28" box="[1021,1137,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Raja batis</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
is a category 3 species having hooks with prongs of unequal length. Important characters differentiating 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF2F5FA10FB58F9C4" box="[1154,1258,1520,1544]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF2F5FA10FB58F9C4" box="[1154,1258,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF358FA10FF6EF9E0" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="icelandicum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF358FA10FF6EF9E0" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. icelandicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are greater size (to 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C65E17AF7CEF9F4FDA7F9E0" box="[441,533,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.54" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="154.0">154 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C65E17AF434F9F4FD19F9E0" box="[579,683,1556,1580]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.74" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" unit="mm" value="67.4">67.4 mm</quantity>
), absence of a vaginal sphincter, U-shaped vs. H-shaped ovary, and internal musculature of 8 large muscle bundles (4 dorsal, 4 ventral) in cross-sections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF208F9D8FB55F99C" box="[1151,1255,1592,1616]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF208F9D8FB55F99C" box="[1151,1255,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
vs. 6–10 dorsal and 7–14 ventral in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF700F9BCFDADF9B8" box="[375,543,1628,1652]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="icelandicum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF700F9BCFDADF9B8" box="[375,543,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. icelandicum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C65E17AF6B0F961FE9DF858" blockId="3.[151,1437,151,1940]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
In hosts from European waters and the Mediterranean, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF543F960FBF5F954" box="[820,1095,1664,1688]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF543F960FBF5F954" box="[820,1095,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF2ABF960FAC7F954" box="[1244,1397,1664,1688]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF2ABF960FAC7F954" box="[1244,1397,1664,1688]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF3F3F960FE96F970" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF3F3F960FE96F970" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. intermedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF741F944FE63F970" box="[310,465,1700,1724]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF741F944FE63F970" box="[310,465,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF795F944FC46F970" authority="Rudolphi, 1809" authorityName="Rudolphi" authorityYear="1809" box="[482,1012,1700,1724]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rajaebatis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF795F944FC91F970" box="[482,803,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium rajaebatis</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF542F944FC5EF970" author="Rudolphi" box="[821,1004,1700,1724]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Rudolphi, C. A. (1809) Entozoorum sive vermium intestinalium historia naturalis. Volume II. Part I. Amstelaedami, 457 pp." type="book" year="1809">Rudolphi, 1809</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF274F944FB77F970" box="[1027,1221,1700,1724]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septentrionale">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF274F944FB77F970" box="[1027,1221,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. septentrionale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF373F944FE0CF913" authority="Baer, 1948" authorityName="Baer" authorityYear="1948" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="zschokkei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF373F944FE8FF92C" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium zschokkei</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF733F929FE0CF913" author="Baer" box="[324,446,1735,1760]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes de selachians. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer, 1948</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF7BCF927FD30F913" author="Williams" box="[459,642,1735,1759]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams (1969)</bibRefCitation>
considered all of these species to be in need of further study but recognizable by their hosts (none from stingrays) and hook formula. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF51BF90CFB6AF8C8" box="[876,1240,1772,1796]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septentrionale">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF51BF90CFB6AF8C8" box="[876,1240,1772,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">Acanthobothrium septentrionale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF357F90DFACCF8C8" box="[1312,1406,1773,1796]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF357F90DFAE7F8C8" box="[1312,1365,1773,1796]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Raja</taxonomicName>
sp.
</emphasis>
in the North Atlantic is a category 3 species that differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF552F8F0FC3EF8E4" box="[805,908,1808,1832]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF552F8F0FC3EF8E4" box="[805,908,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in smaller total hook length (123–129 vs. 275– 375) and fewer testes (60–90 vs. 82–166). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF406F8D4FC9DF880" author="Goldstein" box="[625,815,1844,1868]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Goldstein, R. (1967) The genus Acanthobothrium Van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Journal of Parasitology, 53, 455 - 483." type="journal article" year="1967">Goldstein (1967)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF513F8D5FBBFF880" author="Manger" box="[868,1037,1844,1869]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Manger, B. R. (1972) Some cestode parasites of the elasmobranchs Raja batis and Squalus acanthias from Iceland. Bulletin of the British Museum Natural History Zoology, 24, 161 - 181." type="journal article" year="1972">Manger (1972)</bibRefCitation>
both indicate that there are 3 accessory suckers per bothridium in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C65E17AF789F8B8FD0DF8BC" box="[510,703,1880,1904]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="septentrionale">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C65E17AF789F8B8FD0DF8BC" box="[510,703,1880,1904]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="44">A. septentrionale</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
though neither 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF501F8B9FBD4F8BC" author="Baer" box="[886,1126,1880,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Baer, J. G. &amp; Euzet, L. (1962) Revision critique des cestodes tetraphyllides decrits par T. Southwell. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 85, 143 - 172." type="journal article" year="1962">Baer &amp; Euzet (1962)</bibRefCitation>
nor 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C65E17AF2EAF8B8FAE4F8BC" author="Williams" box="[1181,1366,1880,1904]" pageId="3" pageNumber="44" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams (1969)</bibRefCitation>
make mention of it.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF4E51F15C62E17DF6E0F871FE95F829" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206010/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" targetBox="[209,1413,210,1888]" targetPageId="4">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C62E17DF6E0F871FE95F829" blockId="4.[151,1437,1937,2021]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF6E0F871FE81F86B" bold="true" box="[151,307,1937,1960]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">FIGURES 1–5</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C62E17DF748F871FD8AF86B" box="[319,568,1937,1959]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF748F871FD8AF86B" box="[319,568,1937,1959]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27660105C62E17DF44AF872FD3FF86B" box="[573,653,1938,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" rank="species">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF44AF872FD3FF86B" bold="true" box="[573,653,1938,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">sp. nov.</emphasis>
</taxonomicNameLabel>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C62E17DF4BCF872FC3EF864" box="[715,908,1938,1960]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="4" pageNumber="45" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="centroura">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF4BCF872FC3EF864" box="[715,908,1938,1960]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Dasyatis centroura</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF5EFF872FC17F86B" bold="true" box="[920,933,1938,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">1</emphasis>
. Scolex (holotype). 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF205F872FBCCF86B" bold="true" box="[1138,1150,1938,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">2</emphasis>
. Hooks. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF2AEF872FB57F86B" bold="true" box="[1241,1253,1938,1959]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">3</emphasis>
. Mature segment. Muscle bundles omitted for clarity. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF476F850FDBCF809" bold="true" box="[513,526,1968,1989]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">4</emphasis>
. Detail of terminal genitalia. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF54DF851FCF5F80A" bold="true" box="[826,839,1969,1990]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">5</emphasis>
. Gravid segment. Scale bars: 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF200F850FB43F80A" bold="true" box="[1143,1265,1968,1991]" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Figs. 1, 3, 5</emphasis>
= 250 µm. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C62E17DF31EF850FF0FF828" bold="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="45">Figs. 2, 4</emphasis>
= 100 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF4E51F15C63E17CF6E0F9A9FDBBF916" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/206011/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" targetBox="[425,1187,193,1588]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C63E17CF6E0F9A9FDBBF916" blockId="5.[151,1436,1609,1755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF6E0F9A9FE87F993" bold="true" box="[151,309,1609,1632]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">FIGURES 6–8</emphasis>
. Transverse sections of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF447F9AAFC98F9AC" box="[560,810,1610,1632]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae" status="sp. nov.">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF447F9AAFC98F9AC" box="[560,810,1610,1632]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF545F9AAFC2BF993" bold="true" box="[818,921,1610,1631]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A27660105C63E17CF545F9AAFC36F993" box="[818,900,1610,1631]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
6
</emphasis>
. Immature segment, anterior to cirrus sac. Note 8 large muscle bundles. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF70FF989FE37F9B2" bold="true" box="[376,389,1641,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">7</emphasis>
. Mature segment, anterior to ovary. Note testes, vitellaria, uterus and 8 large muscle bundles. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF34DF989FAF5F9B2" bold="true" box="[1338,1351,1641,1662]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">8</emphasis>
. Mature segment. Section at level of ovarian isthmus. Note bilobed ovary and 8 large muscle bundles. Abbreviations: dc, dorsal osmoregulatory canal; m, muscle bundle; o, ovary; t, testis; u, uterus; v, vagina; vc, ventral osmoregulatory canal; vt, vitelline follicles, Scale bars: 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF748F924FE2DF915" bold="true" box="[319,415,1732,1755]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Figs. 6–8</emphasis>
= 200 µm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C32B52F25C63E17EF6B0F8E7FD99FE60" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C63E17FF6B0F8E7FC4BFEA8" blockId="5.[151,1436,1799,2003]" lastBlockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="6" lastPageNumber="47" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF6B0F8E7FE69F8D3" box="[199,475,1799,1823]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF6B0F8E7FE69F8D3" box="[199,475,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is similar to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF406F8E7FCB8F8D3" box="[625,778,1799,1823]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF406F8E7FCB8F8D3" box="[625,778,1799,1823]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in size and general morphology but the descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF3F3F8E7FEA2F88F" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF3F3F8E7FEA2F88F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C63E17CF70DF8CBFD90F88F" author="Dollfus" box="[378,546,1835,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Dollfus, R. P. (1926) Sur Acanthobothrium crassicolle K. Wedl, 1855. Extrait du Bulletin de la Societe zoologique de France, 51, 464 - 470." type="journal article" year="1926">Dollfus (1926)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C63E17CF42AF8CCFD54F88F" author="Baer" box="[605,742,1835,1859]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes de selachians. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer (1948)</bibRefCitation>
conflict in the symmetry of the ovarian lobes, failure of the ovarian lobes to reach the cirrus sac and the more anterior position of the genital pore. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C63E17CF20EF8B0FA2EF8AB" author="Euzet" box="[1145,1436,1871,1895]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959" yearSuffix="p">Euzet (1959; p. 147–149)</bibRefCitation>
recognized two variants of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF7B1F893FDEFF847" box="[454,605,1907,1931]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF7B1F893FDEFF847" box="[454,605,1907,1931]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from stingrays in the Mediterranean Sea, one being a smaller variant from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF6E0F878FE47F863" ID-CoL="347D2" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[151,501,1943,1967]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinaca">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF6E0F878FEC2F863" box="[151,368,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Dasyatis pastinaca</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF445F877FD7CF863" box="[562,718,1943,1967]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF445F877FDF1F863" box="[562,579,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF422F877FD7CF863" box="[597,718,1943,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF4AEF878FBB3F863" authority="Euzet, 1959" authorityName="Euzet" authorityYear="1959" box="[729,1025,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" rank="variety" variety="magnum">
var. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF57BF878FCDEF863" box="[780,876,1944,1967]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">magnum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C63E17CF50FF878FBB3F863" author="Euzet" box="[888,1025,1943,1967]" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959">Euzet, 1959</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from the pelagic stingray 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF34DF878FE34F81F" ID-CoL="347DS" authority="Bonaparte" authorityName="Bonaparte" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF34DF878FF44F81F" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">Dasyatis violacea</emphasis>
(Bonaparte)
</taxonomicName>
. The smaller variant of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF4FBF85BFC96F81F" box="[652,804,1979,2003]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF4FBF85BFC96F81F" box="[652,804,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF510F85CFC44F81F" ID-CoL="347D2" box="[871,1014,1980,2003]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pastinaca">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF510F85CFC44F81F" box="[871,1014,1980,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">D. pastinaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
resembles 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C63E17CF204F85BFB6BF81F" box="[1139,1241,1979,2003]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="5" pageNumber="46" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C63E17CF204F85BFB6BF81F" box="[1139,1241,1979,2003]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="46">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in the possession of large longitudinal muscle bundles visible in the cephalic peduncle, hook form and ovarian form, but differs in smaller hooks (200–230 vs. 275–375), larger anterior loculi (500–700 vs. 350–400), longer cephalic peduncle (
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF31EFF5CFF5EFF3B" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.65" metricValueMax="4.6" metricValueMin="2.7" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="3.65" valueMax="4.6" valueMin="2.7">2.7– 4.6 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF76EFF3FFE3EFF3B" box="[281,396,223,247]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.0">1–1.5 mm</quantity>
) and segment length to width ratio (1.1–1.4 vs. 2.5 times longer than wide). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF2A9FF3FFA2EFF3B" author="Goldstein" box="[1246,1436,223,247]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Goldstein, R. (1967) The genus Acanthobothrium Van Beneden, 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Journal of Parasitology, 53, 455 - 483." type="journal article" year="1967">Goldstein (1967)</bibRefCitation>
gave specific status to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF7EBFEE4FD84FED0" box="[412,566,260,284]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF7EBFEE4FD84FED0" box="[412,566,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF437FEE5FD60FED0" box="[576,722,261,284]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" rank="variety" variety="magnum">
var. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF405FEE5FD60FED0" box="[626,722,261,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF56CFEE5FC2CFED0" ID-CoL="347DS" box="[795,926,260,284]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="violacea">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF56CFEE5FC2CFED0" box="[795,926,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">D. violacea</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and recognized 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF22BFEE4FAB8FED0" box="[1116,1290,260,284]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF22BFEE4FAB8FED0" box="[1116,1290,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. intermedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a distinct species. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF682FEC8FDBAFE8C" box="[245,520,296,320]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF682FEC8FDBAFE8C" box="[245,520,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4EDFEC8FCABFE8C" box="[666,793,296,320]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="magnum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4EDFEC8FCABFE8C" box="[666,793,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. magnum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in being smaller (
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF595FEC7FBD1FEF3" box="[994,1123,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.95" metricValueMax="15.4" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="99.5" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="45.0">45–154mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF2E7FEC7FA9BFEF3" box="[1168,1321,295,319]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.25" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="425.0" valueMax="500.0" valueMin="350.0">350–500 mm</quantity>
), and having fewer testes (82–166 vs. 220) and shorter hook handles (60 vs. 145–155).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0FE90FC51FDAC" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF6B0FE90FEE8FE4B" author="Euzet" box="[199,346,367,391]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959">Euzet (1959)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF792FE90FD21FE44" box="[485,659,368,392]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF792FE90FD21FE44" box="[485,659,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. intermedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to be a variant of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF51CFE90FBB7FE44" box="[875,1029,368,392]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF51CFE90FBB7FE44" box="[875,1029,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
distinguished by its anapolysis and smaller hook measurements. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF792FE74FD49FE60" box="[485,763,404,428]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF792FE74FD49FE60" box="[485,763,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is apolytic and possesses larger hooks (250–375 vs. 175). Vouchers (2) and transverse sections catalogued as 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF496FE58FCC9FE1C" box="[737,891,440,464]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="crassicolle">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF496FE58FCC9FE1C" box="[737,891,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. crassicolle</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF5C2FE58FBD1FE1C" box="[949,1123,440,464]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="intermedium">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF5C2FE58FBD1FE1C" box="[949,1123,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. intermedium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(MHNG 40016: 88/61 and 88/66) from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF753FE3DFEEBFE38" ID-CoL="76V6" box="[292,345,477,500]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" genus="Raja" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF753FE3DFEEBFE38" box="[292,345,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Raja</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
sp. from Banyuls differ from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4DFFE3CFCBDFE38" box="[680,783,476,500]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4DFFE3CFCBDFE38" box="[680,783,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in that the cephalic peduncle is smooth instead of covered with spinitriches, the strobila is slender and delicate instead of muscular and robust as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF2F7FDE0FB55FDD4" box="[1152,1255,512,536]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF2F7FDE0FB55FDD4" box="[1152,1255,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the gravid segments (MHNG 40016: 88/59) are larger (1780–2720 long by 1880–2100 wide vs. 920–1260 by 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF29CFDC4FAC9FDF0" box="[1259,1403,548,572]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5654" metricValueMax="2.6924" metricValueMin="2.4384" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="in" value="1010.0" valueMax="1060.0" valueMin="960.0">960–1060 in</quantity>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF3F3FDC4FF6DFDAC" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF3F3FDC4FF6DFDAC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) and the uterus has numerous lateral branches (lacking in 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF51CFDA8FC51FDAC" box="[875,995,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF51CFDA8FC64FDAC" box="[875,982,584,608]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">A. cairae</taxonomicName>
).
</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0FD8CFC4AFC0B" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
Comparison of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF703FD8CFE68FD48" box="[372,474,620,644]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF703FD8CFE68FD48" box="[372,474,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF78BFD8CFD26FD48" box="[508,660,620,644]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF78BFD8CFD26FD48" box="[508,660,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from the eastern North Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea is based upon the descriptions of 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF71AFD6FFD97FD6B" author="Williams" box="[365,549,655,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams (1969)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF42BFD70FCC9FD6B" author="Euzet" box="[604,891,655,679]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959" yearSuffix="p">Euzet (1959; p. 143–145)</bibRefCitation>
and examination of museum specimens(MHNG 40003, 88/40; 40009, 88/61) from the 
<typeStatus id="548ABFDB5C60E17FF43BFD55FDCEFD01" box="[588,636,693,717]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">type</typeStatus>
host, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4B5FD54FB84FD00" ID-CoL="4W57R" authority="Linnaeus" authorityName="Linnaeus" box="[706,1078,692,716]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Scyliorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellaris">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4B5FD54FC02FD00" box="[706,944,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Scyliorhinus stellaris</emphasis>
(Linnaeus)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF236FD54FB48FD00" author="Williams" box="[1089,1274,692,716]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams (1969)</bibRefCitation>
considered 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF3F3FD54FEBDFD3C" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF3F3FD54FEBDFD3C" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
a species specific to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF78AFD38FDC1FD3C" ID-CoL="4W57R" box="[509,627,728,752]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Scyliorhinidae" genus="Scyliorhinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carcharhiniformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="stellaris">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF78AFD38FDC1FD3C" box="[509,627,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">S. stellaris</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
despite the fact that it has been reported from various species of sharks, skates and rays of several families. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF440FD1CFC9CFCD8" author="Fyler" box="[567,814,764,788]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Fyler, C. A. &amp; Caira, J. N. (2006) Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) from the freshwater stingray Himantura chaophraya (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) in Malaysion Borneo. Journal of Parasitology, 92, 105 - 125." type="journal article" year="2006">Fyler &amp; Caira (2006)</bibRefCitation>
correctly listed 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF59BFD1CFB34FCD8" box="[1004,1158,764,788]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF59BFD1CFB34FCD8" box="[1004,1158,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a category 4 species whereas 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF688FCC0FED9FCF4" box="[255,363,800,824]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF688FCC0FED9FCF4" box="[255,363,800,824]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
belongs to category 3. In addition to its asymmetrical ovary, other contrasting differences between 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF68AFCA4FED4FC90" box="[253,358,836,860]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF68AFCA4FED4FC90" box="[253,358,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF7D7FCA4FD8BFC90" box="[416,569,836,860]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF7D7FCA4FD8BFC90" box="[416,569,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
include: a robust, muscular strobila; medial and lateral hook prongs of distinctly unequal length (asymmetrical); greater total hook length (250–375 vs. 210–230); larger bothridia (975–1225 vs. 700–900); more preporal testes (26–65 vs. 14–30); absence of a vaginal sphincter (present in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF285FC6CFA39FC68" box="[1266,1419,908,932]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="coronatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF285FC6CFA39FC68" box="[1266,1419,908,932]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. coronatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), and extent of the poral ovarian lobes (to cirrus sac vs. posterior to cirrus sac).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0FC35FB4AFBB1" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF6B0FC35FEEEFC20" author="Euzet" box="[199,348,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959">Euzet (1959)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF7EDFC34FDE6FC20" author="Williams" box="[410,596,980,1004]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Williams, H. H. (1969) The Genus Acanthobothrium Beneden 1849 (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea). Nytt Magasin for Zoologi, 17, 1 - 56." type="journal article" year="1969">Williams (1969)</bibRefCitation>
both provided descriptions of 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF5C9FC34FBE1FC20" box="[958,1107,980,1004]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rajaebatis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF5C9FC34FBE1FC20" box="[958,1107,980,1004]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. rajaebatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from skates (
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF282FC34FAE0FC20" ID-CoL="FJ6" box="[1269,1362,980,1004]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Rajidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rajiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="family">Rajidae</taxonomicName>
). 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF310FC35FF53FBC3" author="Baer" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Baer, J. G. (1948) Contributions a l'etude des cestodes de selachians. Bulletin de la Societe neuchateloise des Sciences naturelles, 71, 63 - 122." type="journal article" year="1948">Baer (1948)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF76CFC19FE1CFBC3" author="Euzet" box="[283,430,1015,1040]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Euzet, L. (1959) Recherches sur les cestodes tetraphyllides des selaciens des cotes de France. Docteur Theses. Facult des Sciences Naturelles. Universit de Montpellier, Montpellier, France, 263 pp." type="book" year="1959">Euzet (1959)</bibRefCitation>
described 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF45CFC18FD05FBDC" box="[555,695,1016,1040]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="zschokkei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF45CFC18FD05FBDC" box="[555,695,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. zschokkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF488FC18FC09FBDC" box="[767,955,1016,1040]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Torpedo torpedo</emphasis>
Linnaeus in the Mediterranean Sea. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF316FC17FEE9FBF8" author="Fyler" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Fyler, C. A. &amp; Caira, J. N. (2006) Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) from the freshwater stingray Himantura chaophraya (Batoidea: Dasyatidae) in Malaysion Borneo. Journal of Parasitology, 92, 105 - 125." type="journal article" year="2006">Fyler and Caira (2006)</bibRefCitation>
consider both to be category 5 species. 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF545FBFCFBFCFBF8" box="[818,1102,1052,1076]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF545FBFCFBF8FBF8" box="[818,1098,1052,1076]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">Acanthobothrium cairae</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
a category 3 species, differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF6A3FBA0FED7FB94" box="[212,357,1088,1112]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="rajaebatis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF6A3FBA0FED7FB94" box="[212,357,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. rajaebatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF7AFFBA0FDD0FB94" box="[472,610,1088,1112]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="zschokkei">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF7AFFBA0FDD0FB94" box="[472,610,1088,1112]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. zschokkei</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger hooks (275–375 vs. 180–190, 150–160 respectively), in having more testes (82–166 vs. 58–85, 33–46 respectively) and an asymmetrical vs. symmetrical ovary.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0FB68FE26FAC0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF6B0FB68FD3BFB53" authority="Hassan, 1983" authorityName="Hassan" authorityYear="1983" box="[199,649,1159,1184]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="manteri">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF6B0FB68FE58FB6C" box="[199,490,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium manteri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF786FB68FD3BFB53" author="Hassan" box="[497,649,1159,1183]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Hassan, S. H. (1983) Acanthobothrium manteri sp. n. a tetraphyllidean cestode (Oncobothriidae) from Dasyatis sephen. Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology, 13, 75 - 80." type="journal article" year="1983">
Hassan, 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF426FB67FD3BFB53" box="[593,649,1159,1183]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.03682" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="in" value="1983.0">1983</quantity>
</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4D9FB68FC85FB6C" ID-CoL="6JGR" box="[686,823,1160,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Pastinachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4D9FB68FC85FB6C" box="[686,823,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Pastinachus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(= 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF52FFB69FC08FB6C" ID-CoL="3ZY5" box="[856,954,1161,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF52FFB69FC08FB6C" box="[856,954,1161,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Dasyatis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
) 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF5BCFB68FB5AFB53" ID-CoL="6CBSF" authority="Muller &amp; Henle" authorityName="Muller &amp; Henle" box="[971,1256,1159,1184]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sephen">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF5BCFB68FBABFB6C" box="[971,1049,1160,1184]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">sephen</emphasis>
(Müller &amp; Henle)
</taxonomicName>
from the Mediterranean Sea is a category 3 species with asymmetrical hook prongs but is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF2CDFB4CFA92FB08" box="[1210,1312,1196,1220]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF2CDFB4CFA92FB08" box="[1210,1312,1196,1220]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by possession of shorter hooks (150–170 vs. 275–375), fewer testes per segment (55–74 vs. 82–166) and fewer postporal testes (5–7 vs. 12–23).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0FAF9FF5CF9E0" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
Four category 3 species have been described from waters of the eastern Pacific Ocean, i.e. 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF2AFFAF8FDC7FA98" authority="Rego, Vicente &amp; Herrera, 1968" authorityName="Rego, Vicente &amp; Herrera" authorityYear="1968" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF2AFFAF8FF4BFA98" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium chilensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF773FADDFDC7FA98" author="Rego" box="[260,629,1340,1365]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Rego, A. A., Vicente, J. J. &amp; Herrera, N. I. (1968) Sobre dois novos parasitos de peixe da costa do Peru (Cestoda, Tetraphyllidea). Memrias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, 66 (2), 145 - 149." type="journal article" year="1968">Rego, Vicente &amp; Herrera, 1968</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4B4FADCFC57FA98" ID-CoL="6XMK8" authority="Cuvier" authorityName="Cuvier" box="[707,997,1340,1364]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Scombridae" genus="Sarda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Perciformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="chiliensis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4B4FADCFCCBFA98" box="[707,889,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Sarda chiliensis</emphasis>
(Cuvier)
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF580FADCFE2BFAB4" authority="Monks, Brooks &amp; Perez-Ponce" authorityName="Monks, Brooks &amp; Perez-Ponce" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cleofanum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF580FADCFA8EFA98" box="[1015,1340,1340,1364]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium cleofanum</emphasis>
Monks, Brooks &amp; Perez-Ponce
</taxonomicName>
de 
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF7B4FA81FDF1FABB" author="Leon" box="[451,579,1375,1400]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Monks, S., Brooks, D. R. &amp; Perez-Ponce de Leon, G. P. (1996) A new species of Acanthobothrium van Beneden, 1849 (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) in Dasyatis longus Garman (Chondrichthyes: Myliobatiformes: Dasyatididae) from Chamela Bay, Jalisco, Mexico. Journal of Parasitology, 82, 484 - 488." type="journal article" year="1996">Leon, 1996</bibRefCitation>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF4FEFA81FC18FABB" ID-CoL="347CD" authority="Garman" authorityName="Garman" box="[649,938,1375,1400]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longa">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF4FEFA81FC81FAB4" box="[649,819,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Dasyatis longa</emphasis>
(
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C60E17FF535FABFFC10FABB" box="[834,930,1375,1399]" name="Germany" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Garman</collectingCountry>
)
</taxonomicName>
, and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF591FA80FF7DFA50" authority="Alexander, 1953" authorityName="Alexander" authorityYear="1953" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="holorhini">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF591FA80FAA8FAB4" box="[998,1306,1376,1400]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium holorhini</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF356FABFFF7DFA50" author="Alexander" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Alexander, C. G. (1953) Five new species of Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from Southern California rays. Journal of Parasitology, 39, 481 - 486." type="journal article" year="1953">Alexander, 1953</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF770FA64FD65FA50" authority="Riser, 1955" authorityName="Riser" authorityYear="1955" box="[263,727,1412,1436]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF770FA64FDFDFA50" box="[263,591,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium maculatum</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF421FA64FD65FA50" author="Riser" box="[598,727,1412,1436]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Riser, N. W. (1955) Studies on cestode parasites of sharks and skates. Journal of the Tennessee Academy of Science, 30, 265 - 311." type="journal article" year="1955">Riser, 1955</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF56AFA64FBE0FA50" ID-CoL="453CB" authority="Gill." authorityName="Gill." box="[797,1106,1412,1436]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Myliobatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF56AFA64FBAAFA50" box="[797,1048,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Myliobatis californica</emphasis>
Gill.
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF22DFA64FADFFA50" box="[1114,1389,1412,1436]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF22DFA64FADFFA50" box="[1114,1389,1412,1436]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a larger worm than 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF717FA48FE50FA0C" box="[352,482,1448,1472]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="chilensis">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF717FA48FE50FA0C" box="[352,482,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. chilensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF46DFA48FD10FA0C" box="[538,674,1448,1472]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="holorhini">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF46DFA48FD10FA0C" box="[538,674,1448,1472]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. holorhini</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF4C6FA47FC88FA0C" box="[689,826,1447,1472]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="15.4" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="99.0" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="44.0">44–154 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF51EFA47FC01FA73" box="[873,947,1447,1471]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="40.0">40mm</quantity>
, 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF5C8FA47FBB4FA73" box="[959,1030,1447,1471]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="24.0">24mm</quantity>
respectively); it has more segments (268–491 vs. 97–150) and larger anterior loculi (500–700 vs. 127–235) than 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF58DFA2CFB24FA28" box="[1018,1174,1484,1508]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF58DFA2CFB20FA28" box="[1018,1170,1484,1508]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cleofanum">A. cleofanum</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
Compared to 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF341FA2CFF65F9C4" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="maculatum">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF341FA2CFF65F9C4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. maculatum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF76CFA11FD9DF9C4" box="[283,559,1520,1544]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF76CFA11FE0CF9C4" ID-CoL="453CB" box="[283,446,1520,1544]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Myliobatidae" genus="Myliobatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="californica">M. californica</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF7BFFA10FD9DF9C4" box="[456,559,1520,1544]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">A. cairae</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
is larger (
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF4E9FA0FFC95F9C4" box="[670,807,1519,1544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.9" metricValueMax="15.4" metricValueMin="4.4" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="99.0" valueMax="154.0" valueMin="44.0">44–154 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C60E17FF523FA0FFC11F9CB" box="[852,931,1519,1543]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" unit="mm" value="35.0">35 mm</quantity>
) and possesses more aporal testes (42–85 vs. 30–41).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17FF6B0F9D8FD11F954" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF6B0F9D8FE69F99C" box="[199,475,1592,1616]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF6B0F9D8FE69F99C" box="[199,475,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is easily differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF551F9D8FF7DF9B8" authority="Marques, Brooks &amp; Barriga, 1997" authorityName="Marques, Brooks &amp; Barriga" authorityYear="1997" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="obuncus">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF551F9D8FBFDF99C" box="[806,1103,1592,1616]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium obuncus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF22FF9D9FF7DF9B8" author="Marques" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Marques, F., Brooks, D. R. &amp; Barriga, R. (1997) Six species of Acanthobothrium (Eucestoda: Tetraphyllidea) in stingrays (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Myliobatoidei) from Ecuador. Journal of Parasitology, 83, 475 - 484." type="journal article" year="1997">Marques, Brooks &amp; Barriga, 1997</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF761F9BDFE73F9B8" ID-CoL="347CD" box="[278,449,1628,1652]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Dasyatidae" genus="Dasyatis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Myliobatiformes" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="longa">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF761F9BDFE73F9B8" box="[278,449,1628,1652]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Dasyatis longa</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in Pacific waters off 
<collectingCountry id="F32641E95C60E17FF4C0F9BCFCA6F9B8" box="[695,788,1628,1652]" name="Ecuador" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Ecuador</collectingCountry>
by hook symmetry, total hook length (275–375 vs. 115– 130), and number of testes (82–166 vs.70–77).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B8E01795C60E17EF6B0F944FD99FE60" blockId="6.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,151,428]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="48" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">
Of the eight category 3 species from waters outside the Atlantic and eastern Pacific Oceans, 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF284F944FAE9F970" box="[1267,1371,1700,1724]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF284F944FAE9F970" box="[1267,1371,1700,1724]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
most closely resembles five species from which it is differentiated as follows: from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF58AF928FF7DF8C8" authority="Robinson, 1965" authorityName="Robinson" authorityYear="1965" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="australe">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF58AF928FA91F92C" box="[1021,1315,1736,1760]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium australe</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF35EF928FF7DF8C8" author="Robinson" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Robinson, E. S. (1965) Cestoda (Tetraphyllidea and Trypanorhyncha) from marine fishes of New South Wales. Records of the Australian Museum, 26, 341 - 348." type="journal article" year="1965">
Robinson, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in greater number of segments (268–491 vs. 230) and smaller scolex width (1200–1460 vs. 1800–2600); 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF3F3F90CFF6DF8E4" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF3F3F90CFF6DF8E4" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF703F8F0FC62F8E4" authority="Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 2002" authorityName="Campbell &amp; Beveridge" authorityYear="2002" box="[372,976,1808,1832]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="blairi">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF703F8F0FDCFF8E4" box="[372,637,1808,1832]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium blairi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF4F2F8F0FC62F8E4" author="Campbell" box="[645,976,1808,1832]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Campbell, R. A. &amp; Beveridge, I. (2002) The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian fishes. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 237 - 344." type="journal article" year="2002">
Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in lacking lateral hook spurs, absence of a bar sclerite joining the hook handles and segment shape (elongated vs. narrow); it differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF2AFF8D4FE23F8BC" authority="Cornford,1974" authorityName="Cornford" authorityYear="1974" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="chengi">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF2AFF8D4FF50F8BC" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium chengi</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF69BF8B8FE23F8BC" author="Cornford" box="[236,401,1880,1904]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Cornford, E. (1974) Two Tetraphyllidean Cestodes from Hawaiian Stingrays. The Journal of Parasitology, 60 (6), 942 - 948" type="journal article" year="1974">Cornford,1974</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by larger hooks (275–375 vs. 200–270), fewer testes (82–166 vs. 120–235) and ovarian shape (wider than long vs. longer than wide); fewer postporal testes (12–23 vs. 37–44), fewer aporal testes (42–85 vs. 88–113), and smaller hook handles (60 vs. 107–130) separates 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF5F6F840FC5AF874" box="[897,1000,1952,1976]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF5F6F840FC5AF874" box="[897,1000,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF25BF840FE13F810" authority="Campbell&amp; Beveridge, 2002" authorityName="Campbell&amp; Beveridge" authorityYear="2002" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gasseri">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF25BF840FAFBF874" box="[1068,1353,1952,1976]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium gasseri</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF338F840FE13F810" author="Campbell" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Campbell, R. A. &amp; Beveridge, I. (2002) The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian fishes. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 237 - 344." type="journal article" year="2002">Campbell&amp; Beveridge, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; it can be distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C60E17FF489F824FACEF810" authority="Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 2002" authorityName="Campbell &amp; Beveridge" authorityYear="2002" box="[766,1404,1988,2012]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gibsoni">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C60E17FF489F824FBADF810" box="[766,1055,1988,2012]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="47">Acanthobothrium gibsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C60E17FF25EF824FACEF810" author="Campbell" box="[1065,1404,1988,2012]" pageId="6" pageNumber="47" refString="Campbell, R. A. &amp; Beveridge, I. (2002) The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian fishes. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 237 - 344." type="journal article" year="2002">
Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having a shorter posterior loculus (100–150 vs. 240–250), shorter hook handles (60 vs.&gt;150), and greater apical pad diameter (450–650 vs. 410). 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C61E17EF468FF5CFC85FF18" box="[543,823,188,212]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C61E17EF468FF5CFC85FF18" box="[543,823,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Acanthobothrium cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
can be differentiated from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C61E17EF20AFF5CFEFAFF3B" authority="Yamaguti, 1952" authorityName="Yamaguti" authorityYear="1952" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="gracile">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C61E17EF20AFF5CFA2EFF18" box="[1149,1436,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Acanthobothrium gracile</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C61E17EF6E0FF3FFEFAFF3B" author="Yamaguti" box="[151,328,223,247]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" refString="Yamaguti, S. (1952) Studies on the helminth fauna of Japan. Part 49. Cestodes of fishes, II. Acta Medicinae Okayama, 8, 1 - 76." type="journal article" year="1952">Yamaguti, 1952</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
by its larger bothridia (975–1225 vs. 350–450), shorter cephalic peduncle and neck (maximum 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C61E17EF30EFF3FFF71FED0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="8.4">8.4 mm</quantity>
combined vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C61E17EF71AFEE4FE5BFED0" box="[365,489,260,284]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" metricValueMax="3.4" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="31.0" valueMax="34.0" valueMin="28.0">28–34 mm</quantity>
) and longer hook prongs (118–238 vs. 70–84); its shorter bothridia (975–1225 vs. 1840–2220) and shorter posterior loculus (175–275 vs. 740–800) separates it from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C61E17EF22DFEC8FE5AFEA8" authority="Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 2002" authorityName="Campbell &amp; Beveridge" authorityYear="2002" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="robertsoni">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C61E17EF22DFEC8FA2EFE8C" box="[1114,1436,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Acanthobothrium robertsoni</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C61E17EF6E0FEACFE5AFEA8" author="Campbell" box="[151,488,332,356]" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" refString="Campbell, R. A. &amp; Beveridge, I. (2002) The genus Acanthobothrium (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea: Onchobothriidae) parasitic in Australian fishes. Invertebrate Systematics, 16, 237 - 344." type="journal article" year="2002">Campbell &amp; Beveridge, 2002</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; and 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C61E17EF452FEACFD3FFEA8" box="[549,653,332,356]" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="cairae">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C61E17EF452FEACFD3FFEA8" box="[549,653,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">A. cairae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
differs from 
<taxonomicName id="4C317AFA5C61E17EF552FEACFED4FE4B" authority="Maheswari, Sanaka, Lakshmi &amp; Rao, 1987" authorityName="Maheswari, Sanaka, Lakshmi &amp; Rao" authorityYear="1987" class="Cestoda" family="Onchobothriidae" genus="Acanthobothrium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Tetraphyllidea" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" phylum="Platyhelminthes" rank="species" species="waltairense">
<emphasis id="B945DD6B5C61E17EF552FEACFBC1FEA8" box="[805,1139,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="48">Acanthobothrium waltairense</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFA07C885C61E17EF20CFEACFED4FE4B" author="Maheswari" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" refString="Maheswari, J. U., Sanaka, S., Lakshmi, C. V. &amp; Rao, K. H. (1987) Acanthobothrium waltairensis n. sp. (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) parasite of Dasyatis uarnak (Pisces: Chondrichthyes) [sic] from India. Revista Iberica de Parasitologica, 47, 33 - 36." type="journal article" year="1987">
Maheswari, Sanaka, Lakshmi &amp; Rao, 
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</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
in having shorter hook handles (60 vs. 128–144), presence of postporal testes and a wider strobila (
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C61E17EF6B8FE74FED4FE60" box="[207,358,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.75" metricValueMax="12.0" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.875" valueMax="1.2" valueMin="0.55">0.55–1.2 mm</quantity>
vs. 
<quantity id="4CC9AC9C5C61E17EF7E3FE74FDADFE60" box="[404,543,404,428]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="4.0" pageId="7" pageNumber="48" unit="mm" value="0.45" valueMax="0.5" valueMin="0.4">0.4–0.5 mm</quantity>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>