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<document id="29C184D5B60B49AAC25A153E8543935F" ID-DOI="10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" ID-ISSN="1536-9307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237351" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1721353212353" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Soleglad, Michael E. &amp; Fet, Victor" docDate="2003" docId="038A87D5D73CF538FC9F5B04FE785236" docLanguage="en" docName="Euscorpius.11.1-175.pdf" docOrigin="Euscorpius 2003 (11)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A.3:Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A" docStyleName="Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Iuroidea Thorell 1876" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="110" masterDocId="FFB3FFADD74CF549FFA15E77FFB0560F" masterDocTitle="High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="109" updateTime="1722954143772" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="A7E25D8687D8BF68F9EAAC6CF4AAB0AE">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="038A87D5D73CF538FC9F5B04FE785236" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12785251" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12785251" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87D5D73CF538FC9F5B04FE785236" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87D5D73CF538FC9F5B04FE785236" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<heading id="D0D481AFD73CF539FC9F5B04FAFA5385" box="[830,1354,1395,1418]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" reason="5">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC9F5B04FB615385" bold="true" box="[830,1233,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
Superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC735B04FB615385" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[978,1233,1395,1418]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">
Iuroidea
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB9B5B04FB615385" author="Thorell" box="[1082,1233,1395,1418]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
,
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB7E5B04FAFA5385" bold="true" box="[1247,1354,1395,1418]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">new rank</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF539FCCF5BE5FBF6506E" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5BE5FB6653A6" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" box="[878,1238,1426,1449]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<typeStatus id="54988861D73CF539FCCF5BE5FC1353A6" box="[878,931,1426,1449]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Type</typeStatus>
Genus.
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC5E5BE5FB6353A6" ID-CoL="55X8" authority="Thorell, 1876" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1023,1235,1426,1449]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" genus="Iurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC5E5BE5FB8753A6" box="[1023,1079,1426,1449]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Iurus</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB9F5BE5FB6353A6" author="Thorell" box="[1086,1235,1426,1449]" firstAuthor="Thorell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="1 - 15" refId="ref98099" refString="THORELL, T. 1876 a. On the classification of scorpions. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 4 (17): 1 - 15." type="journal article" year="1876">Thorell, 1876</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF5BC7FBF6506E" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF5BC7FBB053C8" bold="true" box="[878,1024,1456,1479]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Composition.</emphasis>
This superfamily is established here. It includes two families:
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE95BB8FB2453E9" ID-CoL="BGX" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1096,1172,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB695BB8FAC053E9" ID-CoL="7Q7" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[1224,1392,1487,1510]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
(the latter is elevated here to family rank). Our
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAB55B99FADD500A" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1300,1389,1518,1541]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</taxonomicName>
corresponds to the family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FBE2587BFB3F502C" ID-CoL="BGX" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[1091,1167,1548,1571]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
as treated by Sissom &amp; Fet (2000b), excluding the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB0C585CFA85504D" ID-CoL="XWJ" box="[1197,1333,1579,1602]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB0C585CFA85504D" box="[1197,1333,1579,1602]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which is transferred to
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC75583DFBF2506E" ID-CoL="622L7" baseAuthorityName="Stahnke" baseAuthorityYear="1940" box="[980,1090,1610,1633]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73CF538FCCF581FFDE254E8" lastPageId="113" lastPageNumber="110" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF581FFC1250AE" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF581FFC435070" bold="true" box="[878,1011,1640,1663]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Distribution</emphasis>
. Europe, Asia, North America, South America.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73CF539FCCF58DBFA105174" blockId="112.[830,1441,1395,1915]" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FCCF58DBFBF350CC" bold="true" box="[878,1091,1708,1731]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
. The taxonomic history of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FA2058DBFC3150EE" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Iuroidea">Iuroidea</taxonomicName>
is complicated (see Sissom &amp; Fet, 2000b). Iurinae and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FCCF589EFBA5510F" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[878,1045,1769,1792]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
were treated as subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FACD589EFC3D5110" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
by Kraepelin (1905), then as subfamilies of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAD0597FFCD35132" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
by Francke &amp; Soleglad (1981).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FB695951FADE5132" author="Stahnke" box="[1224,1390,1830,1853]" firstAuthor="Stahnke" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="107 - 141" refId="ref97788" refString="STAHNKE, H. L. 1974. Revision and keys to the higher categories of Vejovidae. Journal of Arachnology, 1 (2): 107 - 141." type="journal article" year="1974">Stahnke (1974)</bibRefCitation>
created the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB935932FB1A5153" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[1074,1194,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
(under
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FAB65932FA255153" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1303,1429,1861,1884]" class="Arachnida" family="Vaejovidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Vaejovidae</taxonomicName>
), which included
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FC555913FBEC5174" authorityName="Thorell" authorityYear="1876" box="[1012,1116,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Hadruridae" genus="Hadrurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FC555913FBEC5174" box="[1012,1116,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Hadrurus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73CF539FB3B5913FA925174" box="[1178,1314,1892,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" genus="Anuroctonus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73CF539FB3B5913FA925174" box="[1178,1314,1892,1915]" italics="true" pageId="112" pageNumber="109">Anuroctonus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73CF539FA945913FA105174" author="Stockwell" box="[1333,1440,1892,1915]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="112" pageNumber="109" pagination="407 - 422" refId="ref97905" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1992. Systematic observations on North American Scorpionida with a key and checklist of the families and genera. Journal of Medical Entomology, 29 (3): 407 - 422." type="journal article" year="1992">Stockwell</bibRefCitation>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF615EB0FE655735" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
(1992) recognized family
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE7D5EB0FD9856D1" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[476,552,199,222]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
with three subfamilies (Iurinae,
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE8A5E91FE6556F2" authorityName=", Stockwell" authorityYear="1989" box="[299,469,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="184" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Caraboctoninae">Caraboctoninae</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FD815E91FD2D56F2" authorityName="Stahnke" authorityYear="1974" box="[544,669,230,253]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="111" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hadrurinae">Hadrurinae</taxonomicName>
).
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73DF538FD165E91FEB85714" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
and Lourenço (2000a) included
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FD275F73FD615714" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[646,721,260,283]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
in the superfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FEE75F54FE615735" box="[326,465,291,314]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Vaejovoidea">Vaejovoidea</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF515F35FDE254E8" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF515F35FE565756" bold="true" box="[240,486,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
. A significant range disjunction between Old World iuroids (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FDF35F17FD115778" baseAuthorityName="Sissom &amp; Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[594,673,352,375]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
) and New World ones (
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FEF65F08FDB35799" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[343,515,383,406]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
, both Nearctic and Neotropical), suggests that this ancient lineage probably existed already in the Pangean times. Francke &amp; Soleglad (1981) indicated that its modern vicariance could be created by a series of events starting from the Jurassic opening of the North Atlantic. The separation and isolation of
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D73DF538FE8B5C40FE615441" authorityName="Kraepelin" authorityYear="1905" box="[298,465,567,590]" class="Arachnida" family="Caraboctonidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Caraboctonidae</taxonomicName>
subfamilies between South America and North America could result from the decoupling of the North American and South American plates, which played a prominent role in formation of the Caribbean region in late Mesozoicearly Tertiary (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D73DF538FD4F5CC5FEAF54E8" author="Rosen" firstAuthor="Rosen" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" pagination="431 - 464" refId="ref96142" refString="ROSEN, D. E. 1976. A vicariance model of Caribbean biogeography. Systematic Zoology, 24: 431 - 464." type="journal article" year="1976">Rosen, 1976</bibRefCitation>
; Francke &amp; Soleglad, 1981).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396548D73DF538FF515C98FE785236" pageId="113" pageNumber="110" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D73DF538FF515C98FE785236" blockId="113.[192,802,199,1081]" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF515C98FEEE5509" bold="true" box="[240,350,751,774]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">Diagnosis</emphasis>
. Synapomorphies. Ventral edge of cheliceral movable finger with one large denticle; ventral surface of leg tarsus with median row of spinule clusters; stigma oval in shape; chela trichobothrial series
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FF615D1DFF4D558E" box="[192,253,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">dbdt</emphasis>
and
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FE9B5D1DFEC3558E" box="[314,371,874,897]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">ebet</emphasis>
found on distal half of finger; patella ventral trichobothrium
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FE6B5DFFFE6F55AE" box="[458,479,904,929]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">
v
<subScript id="17A73486D73DF538FE775DE5FE6F55AE" attach="left" box="[470,479,914,929]" fontSize="6" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">3</subScript>
</emphasis>
found on external surface; Important Symplesiomorphies. Median denticle row (MD) of pedipalp chelal finger arranged in
<emphasis id="B957EAD1D73DF538FD735DB1FC9255D2" box="[722,802,966,989]" italics="true" pageId="113" pageNumber="110">oblique</emphasis>
groups; pedipalp chelae exhibits “8-carinae” configuration; dorsal edge of cheliceral movable finger with single subdistal denticle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>