161 lines
19 KiB
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161 lines
19 KiB
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<document id="2F0488F65368E8C1598194E010FE84C5" ID-DOI="10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" ID-ISSN="1536-9307" ID-Zenodo-Dep="13237351" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="felipe" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="guilherme" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="guilherme" checkinTime="1721353212353" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Soleglad, Michael E. & Fet, Victor" docDate="2003" docId="038A87D5D713F516FF615CADFDEE5138" docLanguage="en" docName="Euscorpius.11.1-175.pdf" docOrigin="Euscorpius 2003 (11)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1" docStyle="DocumentStyle:05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A.3:Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleId="05AD4CDCECA6C90C60787CEF3EC4672A" docStyleName="Euscorpius.2002-2019.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Chaerilidae Pocock 1893" docType="treatment" docVersion="5" lastPageNumber="92" masterDocId="FFB3FFADD74CF549FFA15E77FFB0560F" masterDocTitle="High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)" masterLastPageNumber="175" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="92" updateTime="1722954143772" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:titleInfo id="5789715EEF3C320A55A099614385204D">
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<mods:title id="C2CCB3E489DF0D3757E3C5621139F457">High-level systematics and phylogeny of the extant scorpions (Scorpiones: Orthosterni)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="A594F652167F29A2001F6BAF1C46F195">Soleglad, Michael E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="8C45F454E60836C2454ECAD78210F0DD" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="00FAD51BFC6DFDE7DBB0CC0D273C6FB9">Fet, Victor</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6324E6D05436E7D55FCC8A7E5941B41C">Euscorpius</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="450DBFF361E3EB2ABA5C07260BADA94C">
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<mods:date id="B512C2ABFD8E3253D45AB334440A34EE">2003</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="C336041EA327FCD75F6B163255358B72">2003-12-26</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="174C1F74AE19D6B51EFEE8C867845FCE">2003</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="5F606F5CC6074F34FEED04CA6AD86D3A" type="DOI">10.18590/euscorpius.2003.vol2003.iss11.1</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="038A87D5D713F516FF615CADFDEE5138" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12785187" ID-Zenodo-Dep="12785187" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87D5D713F516FF615CADFDEE5138" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87D5D713F516FF615CADFDEE5138" lastPageNumber="92" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D713F516FF615CADFD8754FE" box="[192,567,730,753]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF615CADFD8754FE" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" box="[192,567,730,753]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<heading id="D0D481AFD713F516FF615CADFD8754FE" box="[192,567,730,753]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" reason="5">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF615CADFD8754FE" bold="true" box="[192,567,730,753]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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Family
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEB65CADFD8754FE" ID-CoL="7YD" authority="Pocock, 1893" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[279,567,730,753]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
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Chaerilidae
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FE025CADFD8754FE" author="Pocock" box="[419,567,730,753]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock, 1893</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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</emphasis>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D713F516FF515C8EFD495540" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" type="type_taxon">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515C8EFD30551F" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" box="[240,640,761,784]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<typeStatus id="54988861D713F516FF515C8EFE95551F" box="[240,293,761,784]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
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Genus.
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE205C8EFDCC551F" ID-CoL="3LGV" authority="Simon, 1877" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[385,636,761,784]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE205C8EFE5A551F" box="[385,490,761,784]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
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Simon, 1877
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D6EFD495540" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D6EFE32553F" bold="true" box="[240,386,793,816]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Composition.</emphasis>
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This monotypic family includes a single genus,
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEF35D4FFE0B5540" ID-CoL="3LGV" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[338,443,824,847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FEF35D4FFE0B5540" box="[338,443,824,847]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(Fet, 2000a; Kovařík, 2000b)
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3396548D713F516FF515D2FFDEE5138" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" type="distribution">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D2FFD2C5560" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" box="[240,668,856,879]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D2FFEC55560" bold="true" box="[240,373,856,879]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Distribution</emphasis>
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. South and Southeast Asia.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515D00FCBB5376" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515D00FE7A5581" bold="true" box="[240,458,887,910]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Taxonomic history</emphasis>
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. This taxon was established early by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEBF5DE1FE0B55A2" author="Pocock" box="[286,443,918,941]" firstAuthor="Pocock" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="303 - 330" refId="ref95745" refString="POCOCK, R. I. 1893. Notes on the clasification of scorpions, followed by some observations on synonymy, with descriptions of new genera and species. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, (6), 12: 303 - 330." type="journal article" year="1893">Pocock (1893)</bibRefCitation>
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as a subfamily of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD225DE1FD4055A2" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[643,752,918,941]" class="Arachnida" family="Chactidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chactidae</taxonomicName>
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, and first elevated to the family rank by Kraepelin (1899). Interestingly, Laurie (1896b) placed it as a subfamily under
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEAF5D85FEC15206" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[270,369,1010,1033]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
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, and cladistic analysis of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FD165D85FEB75227" author="Stockwell" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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also showed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE685A66FDF45227" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[457,580,1041,1064]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
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are a sister group of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FF615A58FE945249" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[192,292,1071,1094]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
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. Some authors considered
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDEF5A58FD075249" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[590,695,1071,1094]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FDEF5A58FD075249" box="[590,695,1071,1094]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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to be related to the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE015A39FE48526A" authorityName="Birula" authorityYear="1899" box="[416,504,1102,1125]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" genus="Calchas" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE015A39FE48526A" box="[416,504,1102,1125]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Calchas</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(now in
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDCC5A39FD0A526A" baseAuthorityName="Sissom & Fet" baseAuthorityYear="2000" box="[621,698,1102,1125]" class="Arachnida" family="Iuridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Iuridae</taxonomicName>
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) (Birula, 1917a, 1917b; Werner, 1934). The rank and placement of this taxon remained ambiguous until
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FDDE5AFCFCAD52AD" author="Vachon" box="[639,797,1163,1186]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="471 - 474" refId="ref98352" refString="VACHON, M. 1956. Sur des nouveaux caracteres familiaux et generiques chez les Scorpions. Pp. 471 - 474 in Proceedings of the 14 th International Congress of Zoology (August 1953), Copenhagen." type="book chapter" year="1956">Vachon (1956</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FF615ADDFF4852CE" author="Vachon" box="[192,248,1194,1217]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="161 - 166" refId="ref98391" refString="VACHON, M. 1963. De l'utilite, en systematique, d'une nomenclature des dents de cheliceres chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (2), 35 (2): 161 - 166." type="journal article" year="1963">1963</bibRefCitation>
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,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEA55ADDFE8B52CE" author="Vachon" box="[260,315,1194,1217]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="712 - 718" refId="ref98435" refString="VACHON, M. 1971. [Remarques sur le Scorpion caucasien Calchas nordmanni Birula (Scorpiones, Chactidae)]. Entomologicheskoe Obozrenie (Revue d'Entomologie de l'URSS), 50 (3): 712 - 718 (in Russian). English translation: Entomological Review, 50 (3): 712 - 718." type="journal article" year="1971">1971</bibRefCitation>
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) demonstrated a very distinct cheliceral dentition and trichobothrial pattern for the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD135ABEFCAB52EF" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[690,795,1225,1248]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FD135ABEFCAB52EF" box="[690,795,1225,1248]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The work of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FEEE5A90FE4252F1" author="Vachon" box="[335,498,1255,1278]" firstAuthor="Vachon" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" pagination="857 - 958" refId="ref98494" refString="VACHON, M. 1974. Etude des caracteres utilises pour classer les familles et les genres de Scorpions (Arachnides). 1. La trichobothriotaxie en Arachnologie, Sigles trichobothriaux et types de trichobothriotaxie chez les Scorpions. Bulletin du Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, (3), 140 (Zool. 104), mai-juin 1973: 857 - 958." type="journal article" year="1974">Vachon (1974)</bibRefCitation>
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firmly reestablished
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD785A90FF4B5312" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
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as a separate family with the unique trichobothrial “
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<typeStatus id="54988861D713F516FF6B5B52FEB35333" box="[202,259,1317,1340]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Type</typeStatus>
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B”.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B32D713F516FE9E5B52FE4D5333" author="Stockwell" box="[319,509,1317,1340]" firstAuthor="Stockwell" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" refId="ref97854" refString="STOCKWELL, S. A. 1989. Revision of the Phylogeny and Higher Classification of Scorpions (Chelicerata). Ph. D. Thesis, University of Berkeley, Berkeley, California. 319 pp. (unpublished). University Microfilms International, Ann Arbor, Michigan." type="book" year="1989">Stockwell (1989)</bibRefCitation>
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placed
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDFA5B52FD665333" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[603,726,1317,1340]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
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in his superfamily
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEEB5B34FE085355" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[330,440,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="superFamily" superFamily="Buthoidea">Buthoidea</taxonomicName>
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together with
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FDFE5B34FD735355" authorityName="C. L. Koch" authorityYear="1837" box="[607,707,1347,1370]" class="Arachnida" family="Buthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Buthidae</taxonomicName>
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. A revision of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FEB15B15FE3B5376" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[272,395,1378,1401]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
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was published by Kovařík (2000b).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36C3D713F516FF515BF7FDEE5138" blockId="95.[192,803,730,1847]" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF515BF7FE565398" bold="true" box="[240,486,1408,1431]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Biogeographic history</emphasis>
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. Unclear. Modern species of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FF615BD7FE9953B8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[192,297,1440,1463]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FF615BD7FE9953B8" box="[192,297,1440,1463]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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are limited to tropical areas of South And Southeast Asia, although they reach considerable altitudes in Kashmir,
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<collectingCountry id="F3347653D713F516FE325B97FE6553F8" box="[403,469,1504,1527]" name="Nepal" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Nepal</collectingCountry>
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, and Tibet (Kovařík, 2000b), which indicates their ecological plasticity and tolerance of cold climate. Lamoral (1980) suggested that
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FD625857FF555058" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
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originated in Pangaen times as an eastern Laurasian relict, and then moved into the Oriental region after the Indian plate connected with Eurasia; and then became isolated in the Oriental region as the Himalayas formed. This is only a plausible speculation based exclusively on modern distribution of
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE765897FDF050F8" authorityName="Simon" authorityYear="1877" box="[471,576,1760,1783]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" genus="Chaerilus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAD1D713F516FE765897FDF050F8" box="[471,576,1760,1783]" italics="true" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Chaerilus</emphasis>
|
|
</taxonomicName>
|
|
. Lourenço (1996a, 1996d) noted that their Laurasian origin would explain absence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C234D40D713F516FE995957FE035138" authorityName="Pocock" authorityYear="1893" box="[312,435,1824,1847]" class="Arachnida" family="Chaerilidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Scorpiones" pageId="95" pageNumber="92" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Chaerilidae</taxonomicName>
|
|
in
|
|
<collectingCountry id="F3347653D713F516FE745957FDE95138" box="[469,601,1824,1847]" name="Madagascar" pageId="95" pageNumber="92">Madagascar</collectingCountry>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |