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<mods:title id="E22A9923102AA1833947C622FE11739F">Austrocnephia, new genus, for five species of ‘ Paracnephia’ (Diptera: Simuliidae), with a key to Australian black fly genera</mods:title>
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<heading id="D0D481B6FF81441FFF30F8DAAC6D577A" bold="true" box="[151,1074,1845,1872]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF81441FFF30F8DAAC6D577A" bold="true" box="[151,1074,1845,1872]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF81441FFF30F8DAAB1C577A" ID-CoL="8B5QV" authority="(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950)" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,835,1845,1872]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF81441FFF30F8DAA9F4577A" bold="true" box="[151,427,1845,1872]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF81441FFE1CF8DAAB64577A" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[443,827,1845,1871]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. New combination.
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396551FF81441FFF30F8B6A9715746" box="[151,302,1880,1907]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF81441FFF30F8B6A9715746" blockId="26.[151,1074,1845,1907]" box="[151,302,1880,1907]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF81441FFF38F8B6A8A45746" box="[159,251,1880,1907]" captionStart="FIGURES 58–61" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1928,1953]" captionTargetBox="[168,1408,815,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[168,1420,815,1909]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 58–61. Austrocnephia strenua female. (58) Holotype, frontal view. (The Cascades, QLD). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (59) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (60) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (61) Antenna. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335601/files/figure.png" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Figs. 58</figureCitation>
–98)
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396551FF81441FFF30F872AB0957E1" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF81441FFF30F872ACA85780" blockId="26.[151,1271,1948,2035]" box="[151,1271,1948,1973]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF81441FFF30F872AAF55780" ID-CoL="8BJHZ" authority="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950: 170" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,682,1948,1973]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF81441FFF30F872A9615780" box="[151,318,1949,1973]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cnephia strenua</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF81441FFEE2F873AAF55780" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[325,682,1948,1973]" page="170" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1950">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF81441FFEE2F873AAF55780" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[325,682,1948,1973]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras 1950: 170</bibRefCitation>
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; original description. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF81441FFC20F873ACAC5780" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[903,1267,1948,1973]" page="105" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" year="1955">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF81441FFC20F873ACAC5780" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[903,1267,1948,1973]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="105 - 112" refId="ref55981" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1955) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). IV. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wale s, 80, 105 - 112. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 108603 # page / 127 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1955">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1955: 105</bibRefCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF81441FFF30F853AB0957E1" blockId="26.[151,1271,1948,2035]" box="[151,854,1979,2004]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
Stegopterna (Z) 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF81441FFE9AF852A9D057E1" box="[317,399,1981,2004]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF81441FFE9AF852A9D457E1" ID-CoL="8BJHZ" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1950" box="[317,395,1981,2004]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">strenua</taxonomicName>
.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF81441FFE32F854AA6357E1" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[405,572,1979,2004]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo, 1974: 67</bibRefCitation>
; unpublished reassignment.
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF81441FFF30F834AA4457C6" box="[151,539,2010,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF81441FFF30F834A96157C7" ID-CoL="8BJHZ" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,318,2011,2035]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF81441FFF30F834A96157C7" box="[151,318,2011,2035]" italics="true" pageId="26" pageNumber="27">Cnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF81441FFEECF835AA4857C6" author="Rothfels, K. H." box="[331,535,2010,2035]" pageId="26" pageNumber="27" pagination="507 - 539" refId="ref57026" refString="Rothfels, K. H. (1979) Cytotaxonomy of Black Flies. Annual Revues of Entomology, 24, 507 - 539. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. en. 24.010179.002451" type="journal article" year="1979">Rothfels, 1979: 522</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
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</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FF76AC5E5084" blockId="27.[151,1311,152,330]" box="[151,1025,152,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FF76AC5E5084" box="[151,1025,152,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF07FF76A8A95084" ID-CoL="3RFT" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[160,246,153,177]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF07FF76A8A95084" box="[160,246,153,177]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
of authors’ 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFEC8FF76A99E5085" box="[367,449,153,176]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFEC8FF76A9E25085" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1950" box="[367,445,153,176]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">strenua</taxonomicName>
.
</emphasis>
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFE61FF77AAC65084" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[454,665,152,177]" page="443" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1987">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFE61FF77AAC65084" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[454,665,152,177]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="425 - 520" refId="ref53809" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1987) Part VIII. Black fly species of the world. 32 An annotated checklist of the world black flies (Diptera: Simuliidae). In: Kim, K. C. &amp; Merritt, R. W. (Eds.), Black Flies. Ecology, Population Management, and Annotated World List. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, pp. 425 - 520." type="book chapter" year="1987">Crosskey, 1987: 443</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFD04FF77AB7C5084" box="[675,803,152,177]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
, undetermined genus.
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</paragraph>
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FF57AB4250E5" box="[151,797,183,208]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF30FF57A8BD50FA" ID-CoL="8BJHZ" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityYear="1950" box="[151,226,184,207]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FF57A8BD50FA" box="[151,226,184,207]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFF48FF58A99E50FA" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[239,449,183,208]" page="222" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1989">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFF48FF58A99E50FA" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[239,449,183,208]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="221 - 225" refId="ref53890" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1989) Chapter 24. Simuliidae. In: Evenhuis N. L. (Ed.), Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanian Region. Special Publication 86. Bishop Museum Press and E. J. Brill, Honolulu, Leiden, pp. 221 - 225. Available from: http: // hbs. bishopmuseum. org / aocat / pdf / 24 sim. pdf (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book chapter" year="1989">Crosskey, 1989: 222</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; unplaced species of Prosimulinii.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FF39ABAA50DB" blockId="27.[151,1311,152,330]" box="[151,1013,213,238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FF39ABAA50DB" box="[151,1013,213,238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF30FF39A93450DB" box="[151,363,214,238]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FF39A93450DB" box="[151,363,214,238]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Paracnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFEDFFF3AAAEE50DB" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[376,689,213,238]" page="18" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="1997">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFEDFFF3AAAEE50DB" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[376,689,213,238]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref54002" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (1997) A New Taxonomic and Geographical Inventory of World Blackflies. The Natural History Museum, London, 144 pp. Available from: https: // www. cabdirect. org / cabdirect / abstract / 19970503020 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1997">Crosskey &amp; Howard, 1997: 18</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFD1BFF3AAB6350DB" box="[700,828,213,238]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
, new combination
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C3396551FF80441EFF30FF1AAD40517F" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FF1AAAAB5138" blockId="27.[151,1311,152,330]" box="[151,756,244,269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FF1AAAAB5138" box="[151,756,244,269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
‘ 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF07FF1AA9125139" ID-CoL="8BJHZ" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[160,333,245,269]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF07FF1AA8A95138" box="[160,246,245,269]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Cnephia</emphasis>
’ 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFEA5FF1AA9125139" box="[258,333,245,268]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFEFDFF1BAA795138" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[346,550,244,269]" page="110" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="2000">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFEFDFF1BAA795138" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[346,550,244,269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="95 - 113" refId="ref56284" refString="Moulton, J. K. (2000) Molecular sequence data resolves basal divergences within Simuliidae (Diptera). Systematic Entomology, 25, 95 - 113. https: // doi. org / 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 3113.2000.00097. x" type="journal article" year="2000">Moulton, 2000: 110</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFD97FF1BAAAF5138" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[560,752,244,269]" page="47" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="2003">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFD97FF1BAAAF5138" author="Moulton, J. K." box="[560,752,244,269]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" pagination="45 - 57" refId="ref56330" refString="Moulton, J. K. (2003) Can the current molecular arsenal adequately track rapid divergence events within Simuliidae (Diptera)? Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 27, 45 - 57. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / S 1055 - 7903 (02) 00397 - 4" type="journal article" year="2003">Moulton, 2003: 47</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FEFCAC785119" blockId="27.[151,1311,152,330]" box="[151,1063,275,300]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FEFCAC785119" box="[151,1063,275,300]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF30FEFCAAEE511E" authority="Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004" authorityName="Crosskey &amp; Howard" authorityYear="2004" box="[151,689,275,300]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FEFCA934511E" box="[151,363,275,299]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Paracnephia strenua</emphasis>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFEDFFEFCAAEE511E" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[376,689,275,300]" page="10" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="2004">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFEDFFEFCAAEE511E" author="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M." box="[376,689,275,300]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref54061" refString="Crosskey, R. W. &amp; Howard, T. M. (2004) A revised taxonomic and geographical inventory of world blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae). The Natural History Museum, London, 178 pp. Available from: http: // blackflies. info / sites / blackflies. info / files / u 13 / Inventory. pdf (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="2004">Crosskey &amp; Howard, 2004: 10</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
; 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFD1BFEFCAB635119" ID-CoL="9CJBP" box="[700,828,275,300]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Prosimuliini">Prosimuliini</taxonomicName>
, unplaced to subgenus.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FEDDAD40517F" blockId="27.[151,1311,152,330]" box="[151,1311,305,330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB3311F4FF80441EFF30FEDDAD40517F" box="[151,1311,305,330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFF30FEDDAAC9517F" authority="Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008" authorityName="Adler &amp; Crosskey" authorityYear="2008" box="[151,662,305,330]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Paracnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FEDDA934517F" box="[151,363,306,330]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Paracnephia strenua</emphasis>
. 
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210CBFF80441EFED0FEDEAAC9517F" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[375,662,305,330]" page="26" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" year="2008">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFED0FEDEAAC9517F" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W." box="[375,662,305,330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref52233" refString="Adler, P. H. &amp; Crosskey, R. W. (2008) World Blackfly (Diptera: Simuliidae): a fully revised edition of the taxonomic and geographic inventory. 105 pp." type="book" year="2008">Adler &amp; Crosskey, 2008: 26</bibRefCitation>
</treatmentCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, transferred to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFC89FEDEABCF517F" ID-CoL="9G2C9" authorityName="Newman" authorityYear="1834" box="[814,912,305,330]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Simuliini">Simuliini</taxonomicName>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFF80441EFC3FFEDEAC6C517F" author="Adler, P. H." box="[920,1075,305,330]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" refId="ref52173" refString="Adler, P. H. (2019) World Blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae): a comprehensive revision of the taxonomic and geographical inventory [2019]. 139 pp. Available from: http: // www. clemson. edu / cafls / biomia / pdfs / blackflyinventory. pdf (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="2019">Adler, 2019:32</bibRefCitation>
; unplaced to subgenus.
</treatmentCitationGroup>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FF804426FF30FE9DAA8A53DA" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30FE9DAD13532C" blockId="27.[151,1437,370,794]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FE9DA96251B8" bold="true" box="[151,317,370,397]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Redescription</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFEECFE9CA98651B8" box="[331,473,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Adult female</emphasis>
(based on large numbers of adults in alcohol). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFC46FE9CAC4451B8" box="[993,1051,371,397]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF80441EFB8EFE9CACEE51B8" box="[1065,1201,370,397]" captionStart="FIGURES 58–61" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1928,1953]" captionTargetBox="[168,1408,815,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[168,1420,815,1909]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 58–61. Austrocnephia strenua female. (58) Holotype, frontal view. (The Cascades, QLD). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (59) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (60) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (61) Antenna. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335601/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Figs. 58, 59</figureCitation>
): head brown, thorax dark orange to dark yellow, abdomen overall black, yellowish anteriorly; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFBFEFE78ACBC5187" box="[1113,1251,407,434]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.05" metricValueMax="3.3" metricValueMin="2.8" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="3.05" valueMax="3.3" valueMin="2.8">2.8–3.3 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFB49FE78AD745184" box="[1262,1323,407,433]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF80441EFA9DFE78ADD05187" box="[1338,1423,407,434]" captionStart="FIGURES 58–61" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1928,1953]" captionTargetBox="[168,1408,815,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[168,1420,815,1909]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 58–61. Austrocnephia strenua female. (58) Holotype, frontal view. (The Cascades, QLD). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (59) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (60) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (61) Antenna. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335601/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
): width 0.97–1.00 mm; depth 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFE7DFE54AADE51E3" box="[474,641,443,470]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.1499999999999995" metricValueMax="7.3" metricValueMin="7.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.715" valueMax="0.73" valueMin="0.7">0.70–0.73 mm</quantity>
; postocciput with dense yellow vestiture, frons narrow, parallel-sided, dark brown-black, vestiture of sparse hairs; frons:head width ratio 1.0:10.7; postocciput dark, vestiture of dense hairs. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF7BFDEBA94E5228" box="[220,273,516,541]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Eyes</emphasis>
: interocular distance 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFDA5FDECAAF8522B" box="[514,679,515,542]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.0" metricValueMax="1.1" metricValueMin="0.8999999999999999" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.1" valueMax="0.11" valueMin="0.09">0.09–0.11 mm</quantity>
; ommatidia diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFC3DFDEDAC50522B" box="[922,1039,514,542]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.025">0.025 mm</quantity>
; 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFBBCFDEBAC635228" box="[1051,1084,516,541]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ca.</emphasis>
36 rows across and 48 down at mid-eye. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFEA5FDC8A9035274" box="[258,348,551,577]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Clypeus</emphasis>
: width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFE14FDC9AA455277" box="[435,538,550,578]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.25">0.25 mm</quantity>
; mottled in colour. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFD51FDC7AB0C5277" box="[758,851,552,578]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF80441EFCC4FDC8ABE75277" box="[867,952,551,578]" captionStart="FIGURES 58–61" captionStartId="27.[151,264,1928,1953]" captionTargetBox="[168,1408,815,1895]" captionTargetId="figure@27.[168,1420,815,1909]" captionTargetPageId="27" captionText="FIGURES 58–61. Austrocnephia strenua female. (58) Holotype, frontal view. (The Cascades, QLD). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (59) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (60) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (61) Antenna. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.1 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335601/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 61</figureCitation>
): elongate, extended well beyond posterior margin of head; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFE69FDA4AA095253" box="[462,598,587,614]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" metricValueMax="1.4" metricValueMin="1.1" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="1.25" valueMax="1.4" valueMin="1.1">1.1–1.4 mm</quantity>
; scape and pedicel pale and similar in size to darker flagellomere I; flagellomeres II–VII, similar in size, brown, tapered finely to elongated apical flagellomere IX. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFBFAFD80ACBF52BC" box="[1117,1248,623,649]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: well developed, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30FD7BA8E65298" box="[151,185,660,685]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ca.</emphasis>
0.30–0.41× head depth; maxillary palp length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF80441EFD74FD7CAB01529B" box="[723,862,659,686]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.5" metricValueMax="11.0" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" unit="mm" value="0.95" valueMax="1.1" valueMin="0.8">0.8–1.1 mm</quantity>
, palpomeres I &amp; II markedly small, palpomere III darker brown than remainder, not densely hirsute, palpomere V twice as long as palpomere IV, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:1.3; sensory organ elongated, 0.5× length of palpomere III, opening large, 0.5× vesicle length; mandible (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF80441EFEC3FD10A9EA532F" box="[356,437,767,794]" captionStart="FIGURES 62, 63" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1960,1985]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,1317,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[197,1391,1317,1941]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 62, 63. Austrocnephia strenua female.(62) Mandible apex. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (63) Cibarium. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335603/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Fig. 62</figureCitation>
) of Souita Fall population is unique with 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFC2FFCEFABFD532C" box="[904,930,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ca</emphasis>
. 14 outer teeth, 29–32 inner teeth, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFA8DFCEFAD13532C" box="[1322,1356,768,793]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">ca.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FF80441EFF30F867AAD257DD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335601/files/figure.png" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" startId="27.[151,264,1928,1953]" targetBox="[168,1408,815,1895]" targetPageId="27">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF80441EFF30F867AAD257DD" blockId="27.[151,1437,1928,2025]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFF30F867A9125794" bold="true" box="[151,333,1928,1953]" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">FIGURES 58–61</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF80441EFEFDF866AA615795" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[346,574,1929,1953]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="27" pageNumber="28" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF80441EFEFDF866AA615795" box="[346,574,1929,1953]" italics="true" pageId="27" pageNumber="28">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (58) Holotype, frontal view. (The Cascades, QLD). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (59) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (60) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.25 mm. (61) Antenna. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF874419FF30FF76ACE7553A" blockId="28.[151,1437,153,1295]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
12 of those recurved and sharp, remainder angulate and blunt, other populations possess just a few outer teeth, most only inner teeth; lacinia with 19–21 outer and 9–13 inner teeth, smaller than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF874419FBA9FF51ACD650E2" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1038,1161,190,215]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FBA9FF51ACD650E2" box="[1038,1161,190,215]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; cibarium (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FAADFF52AD0450ED" box="[1290,1371,189,216]" captionStart="FIGURES 62, 63" captionStartId="28.[151,264,1960,1985]" captionTargetBox="[197,1391,1317,1941]" captionTargetId="figure@28.[197,1391,1317,1941]" captionTargetPageId="28" captionText="FIGURES 62, 63. Austrocnephia strenua female.(62) Mandible apex. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (63) Cibarium. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335603/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 63</figureCitation>
) with medial depression angulate and with apex convex, cornuae broad basally and markedly flared, slightly sculpted. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FF30FEEAA8B7512A" box="[151,232,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Thorax</emphasis>
: length 1.7–2.0 mm; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF874419FD83FEEAAAF1512A" box="[548,686,261,287]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="1.7" metricValueMin="1.3" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="1.5" valueMax="1.7" valueMin="1.3">1.3–1.7 mm</quantity>
; overall dark yellowish orange, with distinct dorsocentral vittae of golden scales and pale lateral lines; postpronotal lobe well developed with vestiture similar to scutum—even sparse fine small hairs; scutellum markedly paler than scutum, vestiture of sparse very fine yellowish hairs centrally, distinct longer black hairs laterally; postnotum concolourous with scutellum, vestiture similar; antepronotal lobe with sparse yellow hairs; proepisternum and fore coxa with sparse hairs; anepisternal membrane yellowish brown, bare; katepisternum dark brown, as long as deep, sulcus shallow and broad. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FC38FE55AB8651E6" box="[927,985,442,467]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Wing</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FC40FE56AC6551E1" box="[999,1082,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 64" captionStartId="29.[151,250,843,868]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetId="figure@29.[151,1436,181,823]" captionTargetPageId="29" captionText="FIGURE 64. Austrocnephia strenua female. (64) Wing. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335605/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 64</figureCitation>
): length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF874419FB3FFE56ACAF51E6" box="[1176,1264,441,467]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.2" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="4.2">4.2 mm</quantity>
; width 2.0 mm; membrane occasionally very slightly fumose on apex and anal lobe, with lightly pigmented spot at junction of r-m cross vein and R 
<subScript id="17A7349FFF874419FEF2FDFDA9025215" attach="left" box="[341,349,530,544]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
; distal 2/3 of costa with mixture of hairs and spines, Rs narrowly divided distally (R 
<subScript id="17A7349FFF874419FA82FDFDAD615215" attach="left" box="[1317,1342,530,544]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
2+ 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF874419FA90FDFDAD615215" box="[1335,1342,530,544]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.62" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="in" value="3.0">3</quantity>
</subScript>
in some specimens expressed as simple row of hairs); area between Sc and R light yellow; a:b ratio 1.0:2.5; basal medial cell minute or absent; M 
<subScript id="17A7349FFF874419FE02FDB5A9F2525D" attach="left" box="[421,429,602,616]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
typically appearing doubled, sometimes tripled; CuA not markedly sinuous; CuP extended to wing margin in some specimens; A 
<subScript id="17A7349FFF874419FDEEFD91AA0E52B9" attach="left" box="[585,593,638,652]" fontSize="6" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">1</subScript>
not reaching margin. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FCE8FD82ABFC52B2" box="[847,931,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem clear, knob dark tan. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FB43FD81AD4652B2" box="[1252,1305,622,647]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Legs</emphasis>
: coxae and femora mostly yellowish, the latter dark brown apically; tibiae with basal quarter yellowish, remainder dark; hind basitarsus with ventral row of sparse stout spines; calcipala markedly longer than wide (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FB2BFD5AACBD52FA" box="[1164,1250,692,719]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–68" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1518,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 65–68. Austrocnephia strenua female. (65) Calcipala and pedisulcus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (66) Tarsal claws showing basal tooth (t) and heel (h). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (67) Hypogynial valves. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (68) Genital fork. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430658/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 65</figureCitation>
); pedisulcus not markedly developed—at most represented by wrinkled cuticle; tarsomere II 2.5–3.1× longer than apical width; claw (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FF07FD12A8AB532D" box="[160,244,765,792]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–68" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1518,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 65–68. Austrocnephia strenua female. (65) Calcipala and pedisulcus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (66) Tarsal claws showing basal tooth (t) and heel (h). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (67) Hypogynial valves. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (68) Genital fork. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430658/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 66</figureCitation>
), with main talon strongly curved and evenly tapered, slightly serrated along inner edge, basal tooth 0.3× length of claw, heel rounded. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FE44FCCEAA12530E" box="[483,589,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Abdomen</emphasis>
: basal scale medium brown, vestiture of long dense hairs; anterior few segments yellowish, remaining posterior segments mottled blackish brown; tergite II weakly sclerotized and V-shaped, tergites III &amp; IV rectangular, broader in more posterior segments; vestiture markedly expressed in segments III and further back. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FEFBFC62A9995392" box="[348,454,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Genitalia</emphasis>
: markedly small; sternite VIII with distinct microtrichial array medially, larger stronger hairs posterolaterally; hypogynial valves (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FDC8FC5EAA9D53F9" box="[623,706,945,972]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–68" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1518,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 65–68. Austrocnephia strenua female. (65) Calcipala and pedisulcus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (66) Tarsal claws showing basal tooth (t) and heel (h). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (67) Hypogynial valves. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (68) Genital fork. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430658/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 67</figureCitation>
), lightly pigmented, vestiture of triads of microtrichia and strong hairs, medial edges of valves slightly convex but not touching, anteromedial edges slightly strengthened; narrowly rounded apically with poorly defined edges, medially with raised area; genital fork (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FBC2FC16ACE65421" box="[1125,1209,1017,1044]" captionStart="FIGURES 65–68" captionStartId="30.[151,264,1518,1543]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetId="figure@30.[151,1436,237,1499]" captionTargetPageId="30" captionText="FIGURES 65–68. Austrocnephia strenua female. (65) Calcipala and pedisulcus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (66) Tarsal claws showing basal tooth (t) and heel (h). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (67) Hypogynial valves. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (68) Genital fork. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430658/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 68</figureCitation>
) with anterior stem relatively long and narrowed, deflected slightly ventrally, slightly expanded apically, indication of membranous lateral area in stained specimens, posterolateral arms narrow, lateral plate trapezoid or diamond-shaped, without anteriorly directed apodeme; spermatheca ovoid (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FD62FB8AAB46544A" box="[709,793,1125,1151]" captionStart="FIGURES 69–71" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[219,1369,221,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[219,1369,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 69–71. Austrocnephia strenua female. (69) Cercus (c) and anal lobe (a l). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (70) Spermatheca. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (71) Eggs. (Lamington Nat. Park). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURES 72–74. Austrocnephia strenua male. (72) Paratype. (The Cascades). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (73) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (74) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335607/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 70</figureCitation>
), elongated, dark brown, lightly tuberculate, internal fine spines (acanthae) absent, with small rounded membranous area at junction with spermathecal duct; cercus (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FAE4FB66ADCB5491" box="[1347,1428,1161,1188]" captionStart="FIGURES 69–71" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[219,1369,221,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[219,1369,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 69–71. Austrocnephia strenua female. (69) Cercus (c) and anal lobe (a l). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (70) Spermatheca. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (71) Eggs. (Lamington Nat. Park). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURES 72–74. Austrocnephia strenua male. (72) Paratype. (The Cascades). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (73) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (74) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335607/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 69</figureCitation>
) in lateral view bluntly cone-shaped, slightly constricted medially; anal lobe subequal in size to cercus, both with vestiture of long hairs and dense microtrichia. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FD0EFB3DAA8954DE" box="[681,726,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Egg</emphasis>
: sub-triangular in lateral view (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF874419FBE7FB3EACCB54DE" box="[1088,1172,1233,1259]" captionStart="FIGURES 69–71" captionStartId="31.[151,264,1892,1917]" captionTargetBox="[219,1369,221,1870]" captionTargetId="figure@31.[219,1369,181,1872]" captionTargetPageId="31" captionText="FIGURES 69–71. Austrocnephia strenua female. (69) Cercus (c) and anal lobe (a l). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (70) Spermatheca. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (71) Eggs. (Lamington Nat. Park). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURES 72–74. Austrocnephia strenua male. (72) Paratype. (The Cascades). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (73) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (74) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335607/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Fig. 71</figureCitation>
), 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FB0DFB3DAC9B54DE" box="[1194,1220,1234,1259]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ca</emphasis>
. 0.19 by 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF874419FA96FB3EADC754DE" box="[1329,1432,1233,1259]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" unit="mm" value="0.11">0.11 mm</quantity>
, with 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FF77FB19A8B5553A" box="[208,234,1270,1295]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">ca</emphasis>
. 600 counted in a single dissected female from Lamington National Park, 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FF874419FB8BFB1AACEB553A" box="[1068,1204,1269,1295]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Queensland</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FF874419FF30F847A9AC57D1" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335603/files/figure.png" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" startId="28.[151,264,1960,1985]" targetBox="[197,1391,1317,1941]" targetPageId="28">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF874419FF30F847A9AC57D1" blockId="28.[151,1437,1960,2021]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FF30F847A90C57F4" bold="true" box="[151,339,1960,1985]" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">FIGURES 62, 63</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF874419FEC5F846AA1657F4" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[354,585,1961,1985]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="28" pageNumber="29" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF874419FEC5F846AA1657F4" box="[354,585,1961,1985]" italics="true" pageId="28" pageNumber="29">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female.(62) Mandible apex. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (63) Cibarium. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FF864418FF30FCA4AC665356" box="[151,1081,843,868]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335605/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" startId="29.[151,250,843,868]" targetBox="[151,1436,181,823]" targetPageId="29">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF864418FF30FCA4AC665356" blockId="29.[151,1081,843,868]" box="[151,1081,843,868]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FF30FCA4A97F5351" bold="true" box="[151,288,843,868]" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">FIGURE 64.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF864418FE81FCA3AA555351" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[294,522,844,868]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FE81FCA3AA555351" box="[294,522,844,868]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (64) Wing. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF86441BFF60FC7DAD2050E2" blockId="29.[151,1437,914,2021]" lastBlockId="30.[151,1436,153,215]" lastPageId="30" lastPageNumber="31" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FF60FC7DA91B5399" box="[199,324,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Adult male</emphasis>
(numerous specimens). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FDF9FC7DAAC75399" box="[606,664,914,940]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Body</emphasis>
: pinned specimens light brownish orange (Fig. 72), dark brownish orange and black in ethanol preserved specimens (Fig. 73); total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FC1EFC5AAC1C53E4" box="[953,1091,949,977]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.4" metricValueMax="3.5" metricValueMin="3.3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="3.4" valueMax="3.5" valueMin="3.3">3.3–3.5 mm</quantity>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FBEAFC59ACD553E5" box="[1101,1162,950,976]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Head</emphasis>
(Fig. 74): width 1.0– 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FADDFC59A89953C0" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.2" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.2">1.2 mm</quantity>
; depth 0.87–1.0 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FE1BFC34A9AE53C1" box="[444,497,987,1012]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Eyes</emphasis>
: upper ommatidia dark brown, enlarged, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FB88FC35ACFC53C0" box="[1071,1187,986,1013]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.076">0.076 mm</quantity>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FB08FC34AC8E53C1" box="[1199,1233,987,1012]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">ca.</emphasis>
13–16 across and down; lower ommatidia black to blackish orange/brown, markedly smaller, diameter 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FBFFFC11AC93542C" box="[1112,1228,1022,1049]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.027">0.027 mm</quantity>
, 34–36 across and down. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FF44FBCDA9625409" box="[227,317,1058,1084]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Clypeus</emphasis>
: blackish brown; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FDECFBCDAAAE5408" box="[587,753,1058,1085]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.3" metricValueMax="2.7" metricValueMin="1.9" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.23" valueMax="0.27" valueMin="0.19">0.19–0.27 mm</quantity>
; vestiture of sparse fine black hairs. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FB21FBCCACBC5408" box="[1158,1251,1059,1085]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Antenna</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FB55FBCDAD195409" box="[1266,1350,1057,1084]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 75</figureCitation>
): markedly elongated, total length 0.76–1.0 mm; pedicel and scape darker; scape and pedicel subequal in size, flagellomere I narrower than scape and twice as long as wide, pale basally, flagellomeres less tapered than those in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF864418FB5BFB84ADCA54B1" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1276,1429,1131,1157]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FB5BFB84ADCA54B1" box="[1276,1429,1131,1157]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, overall light brown. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FED9FB61AA5E549D" box="[382,513,1166,1192]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Mouthparts</emphasis>
: insubstantial; length 0.14–0.20× head depth; maxillary palp, essentially as for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF864418FA23FB60A94D54F9" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FA23FB60A94D54F9" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">A. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FE85FB5EA99954F8" box="[290,454,1201,1229]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.35" metricValueMax="9.2" metricValueMin="5.5" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="0.735" valueMax="0.92" valueMin="0.55">0.55–0.92 mm</quantity>
long, palpomeres I &amp; II small, palpomere III shorter than palpomere IV, palpomere V elongated, proportional lengths of palpomeres III–V 1.0:0.6:1.6, sensory vesicle small, occupying 0.33× palpomere width, opening 0.5× vesicle width; lacinia small, lacking teeth, but with apical hairs; mandible weakly developed and lacking teeth. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FECDFAF1A9E4550D" box="[362,443,1310,1336]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Thorax</emphasis>
: markedly domed, head angled anteriorly; length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FC5FFAF1AC0D550C" box="[1016,1106,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.6">1.6 mm</quantity>
; width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FB0FFAF1AD5C550C" box="[1192,1283,1310,1337]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="1.3">1.3 mm</quantity>
; postpronotal lobe with longish fine pale hairs, concolourous with scutum; antepronotal lobe with distinct patch of fine pale hairs, proepisternum bare; scutum evenly yellow, vestiture of evenly sparse short fine pale hairs, dense and long in scutellar depression; scutellum lighter than scutum, with markedly elongate yellow and black hairs; pleuron brown, anepisternal membrane bare, katepisternum dark brown, sulcus distinct, but shallow; metathoracic furcasternum lacking flared anterior flanges. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FDA6FA3CAA6455D9" box="[513,571,1491,1516]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Wing</emphasis>
: length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF864418FD3BFA3DAB7755D8" box="[668,808,1490,1517]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.75" metricValueMax="3.9" metricValueMin="3.6" pageId="29" pageNumber="30" unit="mm" value="3.75" valueMax="3.9" valueMin="3.6">3.6–3.9 mm</quantity>
, width 1.9–2.0 mm; a:b ratio 1.0:2.6; otherwise as for female. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FF55FA19A9195625" box="[242,326,1526,1552]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Haltere</emphasis>
: stem pale, knob tan. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FDE4FA18AA275625" box="[579,632,1527,1552]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Legs</emphasis>
: overall yellowish, lighter than female; calcipala markedly longer than wide; pedisulcus poorly developed, at most represented by wrinkled cuticle; tarsal claw with truncated basal tooth and grappling hook of 23–26 teeth. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FD84F9D1AAD2566D" box="[547,653,1598,1624]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Abdomen</emphasis>
: black dorsally and posteriorly, pale anteroventrally, basal scale black, hairs black, extended to posterior of segment IV on contracted abdomen, tergites poorly sclerotized, tergite II 2.5× as wide as long, pigmented only medially, tergite III, narrower, but pigmented laterally, other tergites broader, increasingly so posteriorly and less fully pigmented, vestiture of sparse long hairs, more so posteriorly; sternites moderately developed and hirsute, more so posteriorly. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF864418FCBCF921ABDA56DD" box="[795,901,1742,1768]" italics="true" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Genitalia</emphasis>
: small, not heavily pigmented (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FB50F921AD1056DC" box="[1271,1359,1742,1769]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
); cerci well developed; gonocoxa 1.3× longer than basal width, posteromedially strengthened and slightly fluted, margin extended beyond articulation with gonostylus, hirsute with long black sparse hairs and microtrichia; gonostylus in ventral view narrowed, approximately 1.8× longer than basal width, with two substantial apical spines (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FA9EF8D5ADD05760" box="[1337,1423,1850,1877]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 77</figureCitation>
); ventral plate small, 1.7× wider than long in ventral view with variably-shaped posterior lip; Souita Falls population (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FF07F86DA8AE57A8" box="[160,241,1922,1949]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
) with lip short, narrowed at base and with broadly rounded apex; Behana Gorge population (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FAAEF86DAD0457A9" box="[1289,1371,1922,1948]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 78</figureCitation>
) with lip long, not narrowed at based, and with apex narrowly rounded); basal arms elongated; paramere connector short and broad; median sclerite with two short variably expressed sclerotized arms projected dorsally (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF864418FB69F825AD7E57D1" box="[1230,1313,1994,2020]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="29" pageNumber="30">Fig. 79</figureCitation>
); paramere in all populations triangular, plate-like basally, slightly strengthened along ventral edge, tapered distally with irregu- lar ridges; adeagal membrane either bare or with a few, short, weakly expressed spinules near apex of paramere.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FF85441BFF30FA01AB3C567B" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430658" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430658" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430658/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" startId="30.[151,264,1518,1543]" targetBox="[151,1436,237,1499]" targetPageId="30">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF85441BFF30FA01AB3C567B" blockId="30.[151,1437,1518,1615]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFF30FA01A9125632" bold="true" box="[151,333,1518,1543]" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">FIGURES 65–68</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFEFEFA00AA635632" box="[345,572,1519,1543]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
female. (65) Calcipala and pedisulcus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (66) Tarsal claws showing basal tooth (t) and heel (h). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.02 mm. (67) Hypogynial valves. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (68) Genital fork. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF854427FF60F991AAFB555E" blockId="30.[151,1437,1661,2012]" lastBlockId="34.[151,1437,893,2035]" lastPageId="34" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFF60F991A95D56A2" box="[199,258,1662,1687]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Pupa</emphasis>
(numerous specimens, Bartle Frere &amp; Souita Falls). Typically found clumped in large masses (Fig. 80). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFF30F94EA88E568E" box="[151,209,1697,1723]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Body</emphasis>
: female length 4.8–5.0 mm (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF85441BFDB0F94EAA35568E" box="[535,618,1697,1723]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 81</figureCitation>
), male length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF85441BFCACF94FABCA5689" box="[779,917,1696,1724]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.6" metricValueMax="4.7" metricValueMin="4.5" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="4.6" valueMax="4.7" valueMin="4.5">4.5–4.7 mm</quantity>
; brown and yellow, markedly sclerotized with strong cuticle, with or without tubercles. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFDF8F92AAAC356EA" box="[607,668,1733,1759]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Head</emphasis>
: frons of female (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF85441BFCC6F92AABEE56EA" box="[865,945,1733,1759]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 82</figureCitation>
) broad and apically truncated, with ratios of basal width to vertex width and height 1.0:1.2 and 1.0:1.7 respectively; frons of male (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF85441BFBF9F906ACF05736" box="[1118,1199,1769,1795]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 83</figureCitation>
) narrow and apically tapered, ratios 1.0:1.8 and 1.0:2.8 respectively; cuticle lightly sculpted but lacking tubercles; dorsolateral frontal setae and facial setae present in males; three sensilla typically present in females, all closely grouped on ocular sclerite beside/beneath antennal sheath, rarely with one on dorsal frons; all setae substantial, without curled tips; antennal sheath of female extended beyond margin of ocular shield, that of male not so extended. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFBDEF896AC9557A6" box="[1145,1226,1913,1939]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Thorax</emphasis>
: markedly domed, slightly less so than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF85441BFE34F871AA725782" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[403,557,1950,1976]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFE34F871AA725782" box="[403,557,1950,1976]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">A. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, smooth, with dorsal trichoid setae short, curved but not curled at tip. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF85441BFA92F872AD3E5782" box="[1333,1377,1949,1975]" italics="true" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Gill</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFF85441BFAC8F872A8E857EE" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="30" pageNumber="31">Fig. 84</figureCitation>
): total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFF85441BFEF6F82FA98557E9" box="[337,474,1984,2012]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.35" metricValueMax="1.5" metricValueMin="1.2" pageId="30" pageNumber="31" unit="mm" value="1.35" valueMax="1.5" valueMin="1.2">1.2–1.5 mm</quantity>
, with 48–55 light brown filaments arising from 5 or 6 short pale trunks; filaments not markedly tapered, bifurcated at irregular distances from base, ventral filaments directed anteriorly, dorsal filaments directed dorsally, with one or two longer filaments reflexed posteriorly over the thorax; filament surface pseudoannulated throughout (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FEDCFC2AA99053EA" box="[379,463,964,991]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 85</figureCitation>
). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FE43FC2AAA1153EA" box="[484,590,965,991]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Abdomen</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FDFAFC2AAAED53EA" box="[605,690,965,991]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="34.[151,250,822,847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,802]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,181,802]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 87. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (87) Abdominal armature. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335613/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
): well sclerotized, especially the anterior tergites; tergites III &amp; IV extended more ventrad than other tergites, separated from sternite by narrow band of striate membrane; segment V with small pleurite present, fused to tergite; other pleurites absent, replaced with minute plates underlying lateral hooks on segments VI &amp; VII; abdomen with minute rounded tubercles, present or occasionally absent—when present sparser on terminal segments. Abdominal armature well developed; tergite I with fine hairs; tergites II–IV each with 4+4 central and 3+3 lateral anteriorly directed long thin recurved hooks (similar to the ventral hooks), lateral smaller than central; tergite V with four hairs and poorly expressed spine comb; tergites VI &amp; VII with well developed spine comb anteriorly and posterior double pair of fine hairs on each side; tergite VIII with small spine comb and a pair of fine hairs posteriorly on each side; segment IX with sharply tapered slightly curved terminal spines, numerous other simple, long curved terminal setae; sternite III with 3+3 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks, sternite IV with 5+5, sternite V with 5+5, sternite VI with 2+2, and sternite VII with 1+1; pleurites VI &amp; VII with 1+1 anteriorly directed simple recurved hooks.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FF84441AFF30F88BAB9957DD" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335607/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" startId="31.[151,264,1892,1917]" targetBox="[219,1369,221,1870]" targetPageId="31">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFF84441AFF30F88BAB9957DD" blockId="31.[151,1437,1892,2025]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF84441AFF30F88BA9125748" bold="true" box="[151,333,1892,1917]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURES 69–71</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF84441AFEFDF88BAA615749" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[346,574,1892,1916]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF84441AFEFDF88BAA615749" box="[346,574,1892,1916]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
female. (69) Cercus (c) and anal lobe (a l). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (70) Spermatheca. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (71) Eggs. (Lamington Nat. Park). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF84441AFB78F867ADC95794" bold="true" box="[1247,1430,1928,1953]" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">FIGURES 72–74</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FF84441AFF30F843A92557F1" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,378,1964,1988]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="31" pageNumber="32" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FF84441AFF30F843A92557F1" box="[151,378,1964,1988]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="32">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. (72) Paratype. (The Cascades). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (73) Habitus. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (74) Head, frontal view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBB4425FF30F8CBAD1357F9" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" startId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" targetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" targetPageId="32">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBB4425FF30F8CBAD1357F9" blockId="32.[151,1437,1828,1997]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBB4425FF30F8CBA90F5708" bold="true" box="[151,336,1828,1853]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURES 75–79</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBB4425FEF8F8CBAA1A5709" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[351,581,1828,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBB4425FEF8F8CBAA1A5709" box="[351,581,1828,1852]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBB4425FED1F85BA9A757F8" bold="true" box="[374,504,1972,1997]" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">FIGURE 80</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBB4425FDA2F85BAAB657F9" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[517,745,1972,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="32" pageNumber="33" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBB4425FDA2F85BAAB657F9" box="[517,745,1972,1996]" italics="true" pageId="32" pageNumber="33">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBA4424FF30F88EA97857D0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" startId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" targetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" targetPageId="33">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBA4424FF30F88EA97857D0" blockId="33.[151,1437,1889,2022]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBA4424FF30F88EA910574F" bold="true" box="[151,335,1889,1914]" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">FIGURES 81–86</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBA4424FEFAF88DAA1C574C" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[349,579,1890,1914]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="33" pageNumber="34" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBA4424FEFAF88DAA1C574C" box="[349,579,1890,1914]" italics="true" pageId="33" pageNumber="34">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFB94427FF30FCD9AC9E537B" box="[151,1217,822,847]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335613/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" startId="34.[151,250,822,847]" targetBox="[151,1436,182,802]" targetPageId="34">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB94427FF30FCD9AC9E537B" blockId="34.[151,1217,822,847]" box="[151,1217,822,847]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FF30FCD9A946537A" bold="true" box="[151,281,822,847]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">FIGURE 87</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB94427FE81FCD9AA55537B" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[294,522,822,846]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FE81FCD9AA55537B" box="[294,522,822,846]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
pupa. (87) Abdominal armature. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 1.0 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB94427FF60FA9AAB9355E2" blockId="34.[151,1437,893,2035]" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FF60FA9AA94155BA" box="[199,286,1397,1423]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Cocoon</emphasis>
: Length 3.0–4.0 mm, close fitting, often covering whole pupa, or just to half of the thorax, gills extended; irregular weave, less unorganized than others in the genus, silk fibers (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FBA4FA76AC0A5581" box="[1027,1109,1433,1460]" captionStart="FIGURES 81–86" captionStartId="33.[151,264,1889,1914]" captionTargetBox="[220,1368,210,1869]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[220,1368,181,1869]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURES 81–86. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (81) Female pupa. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (82) Female cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (83) Male cephalic capsule. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (84) Pupal gill. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (85) Gill filament surface. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (86) Cocoon silk. Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335611/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 86</figureCitation>
) light brown and thick, some markedly so and strong; extraneous material from substrate incorporated.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB94426FF60FA0DAA8A53DA" blockId="34.[151,1437,893,2035]" lastBlockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" lastPageId="35" lastPageNumber="36" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FF60FA0DA95555CE" box="[199,266,1506,1531]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Larva</emphasis>
(based on numerous last instar larvae). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FD6FFA0EAB5D55CE" box="[712,770,1505,1531]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Body</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FCB6FA0EAB3A55CE" box="[785,869,1505,1531]" captionStart="FIGURES 88–90" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1233,1258]" captionTargetBox="[172,1436,227,1211]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,181,1213]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 88–90. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (88) Habitus, last instar, showing prothoracic (pt p) and posterior prolegs (p p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (89) Head, dorsal view, last instar. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (90) Mandible apex. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335615/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
): total length 8.0–11.0 mm, evenly mottled brown, smoothly expanded from the head posteriorly, expanded posteroventrally. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FC47F9EAAC42562A" box="[992,1053,1541,1567]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FB8AF9EAACDC562A" box="[1069,1155,1541,1567]" captionStart="FIGURES 88–90" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1233,1258]" captionTargetBox="[172,1436,227,1211]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,181,1213]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 88–90. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (88) Habitus, last instar, showing prothoracic (pt p) and posterior prolegs (p p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (89) Head, dorsal view, last instar. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (90) Mandible apex. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335615/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 89</figureCitation>
): relative to body, small, evenly dark brown; head spot pattern poorly developed, but positive; length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FC50F9C7ACC25676" box="[1015,1181,1576,1603]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="9.75" metricValueMax="11.5" metricValueMin="8.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.975" valueMax="1.15" valueMin="0.8">0.80–1.15 mm</quantity>
, width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FB56F9C6ADC75676" box="[1265,1432,1577,1603]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.3" metricValueMax="9.3" metricValueMin="7.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.83" valueMax="0.93" valueMin="0.73">0.73–0.93 mm</quantity>
; distance between antennal bases 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FDAFF9A3AAF15652" box="[520,686,1612,1639]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.9" metricValueMax="5.5" metricValueMin="4.3" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.49" valueMax="0.55" valueMin="0.43">0.43–0.55 mm</quantity>
; anterior margins of head tapered anteriorly, straight, broadest posterior to stemmata; ecdysial lines markedly visible, divergent albeit straight until posterior of stemmata, then broadly curved medially; cervical sclerites distinct and finely joined to postocciput, varied; genae markedly dark brown. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FF30F956A8AB56E6" box="[151,244,1721,1747]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Antenna</emphasis>
: short, not extended to end of labral fan stem; total length 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FCDFF956AB8156E6" box="[888,990,1721,1747]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.3">0.30 mm</quantity>
; basal article short and clear proximally, dark brown distally, medial article and distal articles dark brown with marked clear junction, subequal in length; two sensilla at junction markedly pointed; basal article shorter than medial article, proportional lengths of basal, medial, and apical articles 1.0:1.4:1.5; medial article expanded towards distal junction, distal article longer than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB94427FF12F8A6A93B5756" box="[181,356,1865,1891]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiacum">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FF12F8A6A93B5756" box="[181,356,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A. aurantiacum</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FED5F8A6A9B55756" box="[370,490,1865,1891]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Labral fan</emphasis>
: stem short and dark brown, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FC91F8A5AB075756" box="[822,856,1866,1891]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca.</emphasis>
43–50 fine rays, six to ten posterior rays finer than remainder, length 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FEC1F881A9DF57B2" box="[358,384,1902,1927]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">ca</emphasis>
. 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FE37F882A9A757B2" box="[400,504,1901,1927]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.6" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.66">0.66 mm</quantity>
, mid-ray width 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFB94427FD09F883AB7A57B2" box="[686,805,1900,1927]" metricMagnitude="-5" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" unit="mm" value="0.015">0.015 mm</quantity>
; pattern of microtrichia not markedly developed, larger microtrichia longer than ray width, four or five smaller microtrichia interspersed, varied. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FBD3F87EAC80579E" box="[1140,1247,1937,1963]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Mandible</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB94427FB49F87EAD1D579E" box="[1262,1346,1937,1963]" captionStart="FIGURES 88–90" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1233,1258]" captionTargetBox="[172,1436,227,1211]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,181,1213]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 88–90. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (88) Habitus, last instar, showing prothoracic (pt p) and posterior prolegs (p p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (89) Head, dorsal view, last instar. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (90) Mandible apex. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335615/files/figure.png" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">Fig. 90</figureCitation>
): darkly pigmented; short; brushes markedly developed; dorsal margin slightly more curved than in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB94427FB17F85AAD1357FA" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1200,1356,1973,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="34" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB94427FB17F85AAD1357FA" box="[1200,1356,1973,1999]" italics="true" pageId="34" pageNumber="35">A. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
; outer, apical and subapical teeth not accentuated, subequal in length; six to seven spinous teeth, distal two teeth markedly developed (but varied); serration small, often no evidence of sensillum; blade region smoothly convex. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FA9AFF76ADCB5086" box="[1341,1428,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Maxilla</emphasis>
: palp cone-shaped 1.8–2.0× as long as basal width, darkly pigmented; dense tuft of hair and long spinous hairs at base of palp. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FE8CFF0EA98D50CE" box="[299,466,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Postgenal cleft</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FE46FF0EAA6A50CE" box="[481,565,225,251]" captionStart="FIGURES 91–94" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1934,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,773,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,705,1915]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 91–94. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (91) Ventral head cuticle. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (92) Hypostoma. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (93) Hypostoma. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (94) Pupal gill histoblast. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335617/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 91</figureCitation>
): moderately developed, shallow, U-shaped, sclerotized with slightly irregular edges and occasionally a small medial projection; posterior tentorial pits small and rectangular in shape; postgenal bridge evenly lighter brown; elongated posteroventral muscles spots not markedly obvious; ratio of hypostoma: genal bridge: postgenal cleft variable—1.0:1.5(1.7):0.5(0.8). 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FCF6FEA1AB8E5152" box="[849,977,334,359]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Hypostoma</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FC44FEA2AC2E5152" box="[995,1137,333,359]" captionStart="FIGURES 91–94" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1934,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,773,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,705,1915]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 91–94. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (91) Ventral head cuticle. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (92) Hypostoma. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (93) Hypostoma. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (94) Pupal gill histoblast. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335617/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Figs. 92, 93</figureCitation>
): small, darkly pigmented and not markedly extended from head margin, lateral margins gently sloped; teeth in various arrangements; tooth 0 prominent, flanked by teeth 1–3, subequal, 2 &amp; 3 sometime smaller and varied; tooth 4 slightly larger than previous teeth, slightly flanged basally, teeth 5–7 markedly small and difficult to observe, tooth 8 often directed laterally; lateral serrations on hypostoma absent; six to eight substantial, closely-packed hypostomal setae on each side; ventral edge of hypostoma not markedly developed, still, slightly obscuring teeth 5–7. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FBACFDEEAC03522E" box="[1035,1116,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Thorax</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FBCCFDEEACE0522E" box="[1131,1215,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 91–94" captionStartId="37.[151,264,1934,1959]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,773,1913]" captionTargetId="figure@37.[151,1436,705,1915]" captionTargetPageId="37" captionText="FIGURES 91–94. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (91) Ventral head cuticle. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (92) Hypostoma. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (93) Hypostoma. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (94) Pupal gill histoblast. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335617/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 94</figureCitation>
): anteriorly mottled brown, remainder pale; pupal gill histoblast with 5–7 basal trunks visible, broadly L-shaped, directed ventrally, then sharply posteriorly, broadly rounded with filaments directed anteriorly then dorsally, some bifurcations visible. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF30FD82A92F52B2" box="[151,368,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Prothoracic proleg</emphasis>
: strongly developed with distinct L-shaped lateral plates; lateral lappet extensions markedly obvious (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FEA5FD7EA907529E" box="[258,344,656,683]" captionStart="FIGURES 95, 96" captionStartId="38.[151,264,827,852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,181,758]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,181,807]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95, 96. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (95) Prothoracic proleg—arrow indicates lappets. (Mossman Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (96) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a), and circlet of hooks (c h). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430664/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
), in some localities shorter and broader, or apparently not extended. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FBD0FD7EACBE529E" box="[1143,1249,657,683]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Abdomen</emphasis>
: evenly mottled brown; expanded evenly posteriorly. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FD98FD5AAAA052FA" box="[575,767,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Ventral tubercles</emphasis>
: absent. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FCC1FD5AABA952FA" box="[870,1014,693,719]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Anal sclerite</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FBAFFD5AAC0352FA" box="[1032,1116,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURES 95, 96" captionStartId="38.[151,264,827,852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,181,758]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,181,807]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95, 96. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (95) Prothoracic proleg—arrow indicates lappets. (Mossman Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (96) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a), and circlet of hooks (c h). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430664/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Fig. 96</figureCitation>
, 
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFB84426FBCDFD5AACD552FA" box="[1130,1162,693,719]" captionStart="FIGURE 97" captionStartId="38.[151,250,1596,1621]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,946,1577]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,946,1577]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURE 97. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (97) Anal sclerite showing campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a) and circlet of hooks. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. FIGURE 98. (98) Typical habitat of A. strenua. (Souita Falls), Queensland. Image courtesy Waterfalls of Oz." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430668/files/figure.png" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">97</figureCitation>
): complex and variable, anterolateral arms basically just anterior flanges of the medial region, itself various; medial region with the well developed posteromedial space sometimes closed off to form a hole, posterolateral arms from medial region parallel the elongated, substantial posteroventral arms—giving appearance of doubled ventral arms (also in earlier instars); elongated extensions from the medial ends of the posteroventral arms between the dorsal junction of circlet of hooks variable—not well developed. Array (14 or 15) of campaniform (sometimes as markedly short setae) sensilla between the posteroventral arms and circlet of hooks, varied. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FCEDFC62ABAB5392" box="[842,1012,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Rectal papillae</emphasis>
: three simple lobes. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FB7AFC61ADCB5392" box="[1245,1428,909,935]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Posterior circlet</emphasis>
: markedly developed and directed slightly ventrally on posterior abdomen; large numbers of hooks, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FB49FC5DAD4F53FE" box="[1262,1296,946,971]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
340 rows of hooks with 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FEBDFC39A96B53DA" box="[282,308,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca</emphasis>
. 50 hooks per row (total 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FDE8FC39AA2F53DA" box="[591,624,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca.</emphasis>
17,000).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB84426FF60FC16A9D25496" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60FC16AA7A5402" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF60FC16A9175426" bold="true" box="[199,328,1017,1043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Etymology</emphasis>
. Named by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FE7EFC16ABDF5426" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[473,896,1016,1043]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172)</bibRefCitation>
, literally, for the preferred strenuous habitat of larvae—that of high velocity water.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60FBAEA9D25496" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF60FBAEA953546E" bold="true" box="[199,268,1089,1115]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Types</emphasis>
. The type locality is 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFB84426FE58FBAEAAD9546E" box="[511,646,1089,1115]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Queensland</collectingRegion>
, Cairns, Cascades, Freshwater Creek (
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFB84426FB9DFBAEACEE546E" box="[1082,1201,1089,1115]" degrees="16.9300" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="5" value="-16.93">S16.9300°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFB84426FB1EFBAFAD1B546E" box="[1209,1348,1088,1115]" degrees="145.6900" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" precision="5" value="145.69">E145.6900°</geoCoordinate>
). Adult. Coll. Mackerras. ANIC. The female 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB84426FD9DFB8AAAC3544A" box="[570,668,1125,1151]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
and two male 
<typeStatus id="54988878FFB84426FCEEFB8AABEB544A" box="[841,948,1125,1151]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="paratype">paratypes</typeStatus>
were examined by LHG-A in 2007. Exact labeling not recorded.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFB84426FF60FB43AA0357EA" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60FB43AD1C5506" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF60FB43AA7154F2" bold="true" box="[199,558,1196,1223]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Additional material examined</emphasis>
: Two pinned specimens from ANIC were examined by DAC in detail. One, a female from [Little Crystal Cr./ Mt Spec, N.Q./ 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB84426FD00FB3FAAA154DE" box="[679,766,1232,1259]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="54-06-12">6.12.54</date>
] [bred out] [
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB84426FC21FB3EABA754DE" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[902,1016,1233,1259]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">C. strenua</taxonomicName>
/ det. J. Prince] [Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll.], the other a gravid female from [Lamington/ Nat. Pk., Qld/ 6-1-. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFB84426FCCBFB1AAB9F553A" box="[876,960,1269,1295]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" value="1961-02">ii.1961</date>
/ I. C. Yeo] [Gressitt/ Trap] [Open forest] [
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFB84426FF3AFAF6A8A25506" authorityName="A. Rothfels" authorityYear="1979" box="[157,253,1305,1331]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Cnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Cnephia</taxonomicName>
nr/ strenua/ det. J. Prince] [Aust. Nat. Ins. Coll.]. Both specimens are now slide mounts in ANIC.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60FAD2A99155F6" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF60FAD2A9DA5562" box="[199,389,1341,1367]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Alcohol material</emphasis>
: Large numbers of larvae and pupae from collections by P. &amp; H. Zwick, made mainly in the 1970’s. [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB84426FF50FA8EA961554E" box="[247,318,1377,1403]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ANIC</collectionCode>
Database No. 29 026508–523, 29 026525–528, 29 026530–531]. Also, considerable material of all stages collected, in the main, by JKM, 1996. [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB84426FD31FA6AAAB655AA" box="[662,745,1413,1439]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">UASM</collectionCode>
#/370803–370806, 370827, 370828]. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FB37FA6AAD7F55AA" box="[1168,1312,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Slide mounts</emphasis>
: All stages [
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFB84426FF3AFA47A8AE55F6" box="[157,241,1448,1475]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">UASM</collectionCode>
#/370749–370781].
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60FA23AC005642" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FF60FA23A91C55D2" bold="true" box="[199,323,1484,1511]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Bionomics</emphasis>
. Both 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FE28FA22AB7C55D2" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[399,803,1484,1511]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950:170)</bibRefCitation>
and 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FCFDFA22ABAF55D2" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[858,1008,1485,1511]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
noted that little was known about this species. It appears, however, to be multivoltine since later instar larvae plus pupae have been found from October to June—an Austral early summer to autumn species. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FD70F9FAAB30561A" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[727,879,1557,1583]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo (1974)</bibRefCitation>
, though, noted that for SE 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFB84426FB3AF9FAAD7E561A" box="[1181,1313,1557,1583]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Queensland</collectingRegion>
the season was April to November—an extended ‘winter’ species? For Northern 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFB84426FC0CF9D6AC705666" box="[939,1071,1593,1619]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">Queensland</collectingRegion>
the season was from September to December, a ‘spring’ species. There is no useful information on water temperatures.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60F96EAD5D5732" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
There is no record of this species biting humans and no adults have been taken in the field. For the Souita Falls population, however, females possess teeth on both sides of the mandible (unique in the genus), have poorly developed abdominal tergites, maxillary palp sensory vesicle well expressed and a substantial tarsal claw basal tooth, characters that point to probable ornithophily (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FD07F902AB1A5732" author="Shewell, G. E." box="[672,837,1772,1799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="345 - 349" refId="ref57173" refString="Shewell, G. E., (1955) Identity of the black fly that attacks ducklings and goslings in Canada (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Entomologist, 87, 345 - 349. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 87345 - 8" type="journal article" year="1955">Shewell, 1955</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FCF6F902AC7D5732" author="Sasaki, H &amp; Nishijima, Y. &amp; Ono, H." box="[849,1058,1772,1799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="187 - 192" refId="ref57116" refString="Sasaki, H, Nishijima, Y. &amp; Ono, H. (1985) Studies on the relation between blood sources and the shape of the fore tarsal claw of the female black flies in Hokkaido (Diptera: Simuliidae). Journal of the College of Dairying, 11, 187 - 192." type="journal article" year="1985">
Sasaki 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FC06F901ABBF5732" box="[929,992,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
1985
</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FB8BF902ACA95732" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M." box="[1068,1270,1773,1799]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref52324" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Adler 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FBD4F901ACED5732" box="[1139,1202,1773,1799]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">et al.,</emphasis>
2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60F8FEACC6577A" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
The number of eggs from the gravid Lamington specimen, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFB84426FCF5F8FDAB33571E" box="[850,876,1810,1835]" italics="true" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">ca</emphasis>
. 600, is towards the upper numbers of eggs known for simuliids (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FE93F8DAAA425765" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[308,541,1845,1872]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" refId="ref53977" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1990) The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, 711 pp." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey, 1990: 462</bibRefCitation>
) and again, suggests blood feeding rather than autogeny.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFB84426FF60F8B6AA0357EA" blockId="35.[151,1437,153,2015]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36">
Larvae and pupae are often clumped, with the latter forming mats of overlapping specimens, most of similar developmental stage. That aspect of the biology is discussed later. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFB84426FC20F892AD7B57A2" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[903,1316,1916,1943]" pageId="35" pageNumber="36" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 173)</bibRefCitation>
noted that larvae are found in extremely fast flow to the point where they are difficult to collect. Pupae were in lower velocity. Recent collections are in full agreement.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBF4421FF30FB3EAA7F5504" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335615/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" startId="36.[151,264,1233,1258]" targetBox="[172,1436,227,1211]" targetPageId="36">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBF4421FF30FB3EAA7F5504" blockId="36.[151,1437,1233,1330]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBF4421FF30FB3EA91254DF" bold="true" box="[151,333,1233,1258]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">FIGURES 88–90</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBF4421FEFEFB3DAA6354DC" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[345,572,1234,1258]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBF4421FEFEFB3DAA6354DC" box="[345,572,1234,1258]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (88) Habitus, last instar, showing prothoracic (pt p) and posterior prolegs (p p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (89) Head, dorsal view, last instar. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (90) Mandible apex. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFBF4420FF60FAB0A9985256" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBF4421FF60FAB0AD1B554E" blockId="36.[151,1437,1375,2015]" box="[199,1348,1375,1403]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBF4421FF60FAB0A906554F" bold="true" box="[199,345,1375,1402]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Distribution</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBF4421FECEFA8FA994554E" box="[361,459,1376,1403]" captionStart="FIGURE 196" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1068,1093]" captionTargetBox="[255,1330,212,1008]" captionTargetId="figure@75.[226,1361,181,1056]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 196. Distribution of Austrocnephia aurantiaca species-group (A. aurantiaca, A. strenua)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335673/files/figure.png" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Fig. 196</figureCitation>
). 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBF4421FE79FA8FAA84554F" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[478,731,1376,1402]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBF4421FE79FA8FAA84554F" box="[478,731,1376,1402]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is the most northerly-distributed member of the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBF4420FF60FA6BA9985256" blockId="36.[151,1437,1375,2015]" lastBlockId="37.[151,1437,152,683]" lastPageId="37" lastPageNumber="38" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFBF4421FF60FA6BA91255AB" box="[199,333,1412,1438]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBF4421FF60FA6BA91255AB" box="[199,333,1412,1438]" italics="true" pageId="36" pageNumber="37">Queensland</emphasis>
</collectingRegion>
: Mossman, Mossman Gorge, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD00FA6BAB4255AB" box="[679,797,1412,1438]" degrees="16.4748" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.4748">S16.4748°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FC80FA6CABEF55AB" box="[807,944,1411,1438]" degrees="145.3432" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.3432">E145.3432°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FC1BFA6BAC0A55AB" box="[956,1109,1412,1438]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2002-10-18">18 Oct. 2002</date>
, Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, near Cairns, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FDF4FA47AA9755F7" box="[595,712,1448,1474]" degrees="16.4748" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.4748">S16.4748°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD68FA48AB0655F7" box="[719,857,1447,1474]" degrees="145.3432" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.3432">E145.3432°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FCC4FA47ABA655F7" box="[867,1017,1448,1474]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1973-02-20">20 Feb. 1973</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, Rex Creek, main stream, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD29FA24AB5B55D3" box="[654,772,1483,1510]" degrees="16.4695" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.4695">S16.4695°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FCA9FA24ABC855D3" box="[782,919,1483,1510]" degrees="145.3291" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.3291">E145.3291°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FC03FA23AC1B55D3" box="[932,1092,1484,1511]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1992-03-26">26 Mar. 1992</date>
. Larvae. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Mossman Gorge, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FE73FA1FAA15563F" box="[468,586,1520,1546]" degrees="16.4748" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.4748">S16.4748°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FDF1FA00AA80563F" box="[598,735,1519,1546]" degrees="145.3432" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.3432">E145.3432°</geoCoordinate>
. Coll. Cantrell (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBF4421FC07FA1FAC70563F" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[928,1071,1520,1546]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Redlynch, nr. Cairns, Crystal Cascade, tributary, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FED3F9FBA9B5561B" box="[372,490,1556,1582]" degrees="16.9617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.9617">S16.9617°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FE54F9FCAA23561B" box="[499,636,1555,1582]" degrees="145.6794" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.6794">E145.6794°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FD2EF9FCAB4B561B" box="[649,788,1555,1582]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1997-04-05">5 Apr. 1997</date>
, Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Freshwater Creek, nr. Cairns, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FEBFF9D7A9D15667" box="[280,398,1592,1618]" degrees="16.9617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.9617">S16.9617°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FE3FF9D8AA7E5667" box="[408,545,1591,1618]" degrees="145.6794" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.6794">E145.6794°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FD88F9D8AAE75667" box="[559,696,1591,1619]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1973-01-05">5 Jan. 1973</date>
, Larvae. Coll. B. Cheesman (ANIC). Cairns, Freshwater Creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FF30F9B3A9525643" box="[151,269,1628,1654]" degrees="16.9617" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-16.9617">S16.9617°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FEB3F9B4A9C25643" box="[276,413,1627,1654]" degrees="145.6794" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.6794">E145.6794°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FE00F9B4AA1A5643" box="[423,581,1627,1654]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1949-09-15">15 Sept. 1949</date>
. Larvae. Coll. Mackerras (UASM, ANIC). Malandra, The Crater, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FA81F9B3ADC35643" box="[1318,1436,1628,1654]" degrees="17.2800" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.28">S17.2800°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FF30F990A97F56AF" box="[151,288,1663,1690]" degrees="145.6200" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.62">E145.6200°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FE8EF96FA9E656AF" box="[297,441,1664,1691]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1971-06-27">27 Jun. 1971</date>
. Larvae. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). Ringrose National Park, Atherton, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FB32F96FAD5456AF" box="[1173,1291,1664,1690]" degrees="17.4200" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.42">S17.4200°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FAB7F990ADC656AF" box="[1296,1433,1663,1690]" degrees="145.4800" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.48">E145.4800°</geoCoordinate>
. Coll. Cantrelli (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBF4421FEEFF94BA98C568B" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[328,467,1700,1726]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Malandra, upper Barron R., Dinner Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FC63F94BAC71568B" box="[964,1070,1700,1726]" degrees="17.4331" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.4331">S17.4331</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FB92F94CACE1568B" box="[1077,1214,1699,1726]" degrees="145.4833" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.4833">E145.4833°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FB6DF94BAD3E568B" box="[1226,1377,1700,1726]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2002-10-24">24 Oct. 2002</date>
. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Mt. Bartle Frere, Josephine Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FCEEF927ABE056D7" box="[841,959,1736,1762]" degrees="17.4420" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.442">S17.4420°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FC60F928AC0F56D7" box="[967,1104,1735,1762]" degrees="145.8600" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.86">E145.8600°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FBFBF927ACAF56D7" box="[1116,1264,1736,1762]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1997-04-06">6 April 1997</date>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FB5BF927ADC756D7" box="[1276,1432,1736,1763]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1997-12-10">10 Dec. 1997</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Souita Falls, nr Millaa Millaa, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FC3CF904AC4E5733" box="[923,1041,1771,1798]" degrees="17.5600" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.56">S17.5600°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FBBEF904ACFD5733" box="[1049,1186,1771,1798]" degrees="145.6500" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.65">E145.6500°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FB09F903AD645733" box="[1198,1339,1772,1799]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2001-03-06">6 Mar. 2001</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Atherton Tablelands, Souita Falls, Middlebrook Rd., ex. Old Palmerston Rd, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FF30F8DCA952577B" box="[151,269,1843,1870]" degrees="17.5600" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.56">S17.5600°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FEB1F8DCA9C0577B" box="[278,415,1843,1870]" degrees="145.6500" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.65">E145.6500°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FE0CF8DBAA1B577B" box="[427,580,1844,1870]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1996-10-18">18 Oct. 1996</date>
. Larvae, pupae, adults. Coll. J. K. Moulton (UASM). Atherton Tablelands, nr. Millaa Millaa, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FEC2F8B8A9845747" box="[357,475,1879,1906]" degrees="17.5000" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.5">S17.5000°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FE44F8B8AA015747" box="[483,606,1879,1906]" degrees="145.600" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="55" value="145.6">E145.600°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FDCEF8B7AB5E5747" box="[617,769,1880,1906]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="2002-10-19">19 Oct. 2002</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Palmerston Hwy., nr. McHugh Bridge, Little Beatrice River, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FDC6F894AA8857A3" box="[609,727,1915,1942]" degrees="17.5521" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.5521">S17.5521°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD46F894AB3557A3" box="[737,874,1915,1942]" degrees="145.6092" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.6092">E145.6092°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FCDFF893AC4A57A3" box="[888,1045,1916,1942]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1973-02-22">22 Feb. 1973</date>
. Larvae. Coll. Unknown (ANIC). Atherton Tablelands, Emerald Ck., 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD8DF870AAFF578F" box="[554,672,1951,1978]" degrees="17.0580" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.058">S17.0580°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FD0EF870AB6D578F" box="[681,818,1951,1978]" degrees="145.5470" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.547">E145.5470°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FC99F84FAB9A578F" box="[830,965,1952,1979]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1998-01-01">1 Jan. 1998</date>
. Larvae. Coll. A. Zwick (ANIC). Fishery Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FF7CF82BA90E57EB" box="[219,337,1988,2014]" degrees="17.1800" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="-17.18">S17.1800°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBF4421FEFFF82CA9BE57EB" box="[344,481,1987,2014]" degrees="145.8800" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" precision="5" value="145.88">E145.8800°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBF4421FE4CF82BAA2257EB" box="[491,637,1988,2015]" pageId="36" pageNumber="37" value="1971-06-29">29 Jun. 1971</date>
. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). South of Gordonvale, Behana Gorge, Clamshell Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FF79FF76A90B5086" box="[222,340,153,179]" degrees="17.1894" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-17.1894">S17.1894°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FEF9FF77A9B85086" box="[350,487,152,179]" degrees="145.8233" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="145.8233">E145.8233°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FE53FF76AACD5086" box="[500,658,153,179]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1997-03-28">28 Mar. 1997</date>
. Larvae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Behana Gorge, nr Cairns, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FA81FF77ADC35086" box="[1318,1436,152,179]" degrees="17.1650" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-17.165">S17.1650°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FF30FF53A97F50E2" box="[151,288,188,215]" degrees="145.8320" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="145.832">E145.8320°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FE89FF52A99550E2" box="[302,458,189,215]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1973-02-12">12 Feb. 1973</date>
. Larvae. Coll. Zwick. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FD76FF52AB3450E2" box="[721,875,189,215]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1971-06-29">29 Jun. 1971</date>
. Pupae. Coll. E. Riek (ANIC). Mt. Bartle Frere, Josephine Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FEF5FF0EA99750CE" box="[338,456,225,251]" degrees="17.4328" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-17.4328">S17.4328°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FE68FF0FAA0750CE" box="[463,600,224,251]" degrees="145.8597" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="145.8597">E145.8597°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FDC5FF0EAAA850CE" box="[610,759,225,251]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1997-10-10">10 Oct. 1997</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. A. Zwick; 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FBC1FF0EACA050CE" box="[1126,1279,225,251]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1992-03-24">24 Mar. 1992</date>
. Coll. H. &amp; P. Zwick (ANIC). Little Crystal Creek, 
<quantity id="4CDB9B3FFFBE4420FD9EFEEBAA2D512A" box="[569,626,260,287]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.5" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" unit="m" value="45.0">45 m</quantity>
N of Townsville, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FC9AFEEAABFA512A" box="[829,933,261,287]" degrees="18.979" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="55" value="-18.979">S18.979°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FC0BFEEAAC78512A" box="[940,1063,261,287]" degrees="146.197" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="55" value="146.197">E146.197°</geoCoordinate>
. (November-December) 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBE4420FA99FEEAA9F55176" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950)</bibRefCitation>
. Paluma Range, Mt. Spec Road, Little Crystal Creek, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FBB3FEC7ACD55176" box="[1044,1162,296,323]" degrees="19.0154" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-19.0154">S19.0154°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FB35FEC7AD475176" box="[1170,1304,296,323]" degrees="146.2656" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="146.2656">E146.2656°</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBE4420FA80FEC6A88C5152" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref52542" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Diptera: Nematocera, Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich 1999</bibRefCitation>
); 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FF40FEA2A9DF5152" box="[231,384,333,359]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1997-03-19">19 Mar. 1997</date>
, Larvae. Coll. Zwick. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FDDEFEA2AB525152" box="[633,781,333,359]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2002-04-12">12 Apr. 2002</date>
, Coll. A. Zwick (ANIC). Springbrook National Park, Purling Brook Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FEFEFE9EA99051BE" box="[345,463,369,395]" degrees="28.1898" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.1898">S28.1898°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FE70FE9FAA0251BE" box="[471,605,368,395]" degrees="153.2709" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="153.2709">E153.2709°</geoCoordinate>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBE4420FDCAFE9EAAA751BE" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[621,760,369,395]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Lamington National Park, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FB9BFE9EACEC51BE" box="[1084,1203,369,395]" degrees="28.2200" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.22">S28.2200°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FB1CFE9FAD1B51BE" box="[1211,1348,368,395]" degrees="153.1500" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="153.15">E153.1500°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBE4420FAF7FE9EA908519A" author="Bugledich, E. - M. A." pageId="37" pageNumber="38" pagination="325 - 337" refId="ref52542" refString="Bugledich, E. - M. A. (1999) Simuliidae. In: Wells, A. &amp; Houston, W. W. K. (Eds.), Diptera: Nematocera, Zoological Catalogue of Australia. Vol. 30.1. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 325 - 337." type="book chapter" year="1999">Bugledich (1999: 328)</bibRefCitation>
. Lamington Plateau, Elabana Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FD48FE7BAB3A519A" box="[751,869,404,431]" degrees="28.2500" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.25">S28.2500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FCCAFE7BABA9519A" box="[877,1014,404,431]" degrees="153.1497" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="153.1497">E153.1497°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FBA6FE7AAC84519A" box="[1025,1243,404,431]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1954-12-26">26 December 1954</date>
. Coll. Mackerras (ANIC). Wilsons Peak, Teviot Brook, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FDE6FE57AAE851E6" box="[577,695,440,467]" degrees="28.2500" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.25">S28.2500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FD1AFE57AB1951E6" box="[701,838,440,467]" degrees="152.4800" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="152.48">E152.4800°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FCE8FE56ABBC51E6" box="[847,995,441,467]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1971-04-23">23 Apr. 1971</date>
. Larva, pupa. Coll. M.H. Colbo (ROM) Springbrook, Wilsons Peak, Condamine River, near Queen Mary Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FC61FE32AC6351C2" box="[966,1084,477,503]" degrees="28.3400" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.34">S28.3400°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FBE3FE33AC9251C2" box="[1092,1229,476,503]" degrees="152.3735" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="152.3735">E152.3735°</geoCoordinate>
. April–November. (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBE4420FF38FDEEA974522E" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[159,299,513,539]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo 1974</bibRefCitation>
). Lamington Nat. Park, Binna Burra, Lower Ballanjui Falls, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FC57FDEEAC39522E" box="[1008,1126,513,539]" degrees="28.2166" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.2166">S28.2166°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FBD7FDEFACA6522E" box="[1136,1273,512,539]" degrees="153.2333" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="153.2333">E153.2333°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FAA1FDEEADC7522E" box="[1286,1432,513,539]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1997-03-09">9 Mar. 1997</date>
. Larvae, pupae. Coll. Zwick (ANIC). Wilsons Peak, Teviot Brook, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FC2FFDCBABA1520A" box="[904,1022,548,575]" degrees="28.2500" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-28.25">S28.2500°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FBA1FDCBACD0520A" box="[1030,1167,548,575]" degrees="152.4800" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="152.48">E152.4800°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FB3DFDCAAD64520A" box="[1178,1339,549,575]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="1971-04-23">23 April 1971</date>
. Larvae, pupa. Coll. Zwick (ANIC).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFBE4423FF68FD81A9175718" lastPageId="38" lastPageNumber="39" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBE4420FF68FD81AC5C529E" blockId="37.[151,1437,152,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B3C87FFBE4420FF68FD81ABA0529E" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2274831401" collectingDate="2014-10" collectingDateMax="2018-11-05" collectingDateMin="2014-10" collectionCode="UASM" collectorName="Larvae &amp; Coll. D. A. &amp; R. E. G. Craig" county="Blue Mountains National Park" latitude="-33.6333" location="Govetts Leap" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="150.3129" municipality="Bridal Veil Falls" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="New South Wales">
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFBE4420FF68FD81A9CB52B2" box="[207,404,621,647]" country="Australia" name="New South Wales" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBE4420FF68FD81A9CB52B2" box="[207,404,621,647]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">New South Wales</emphasis>
</collectingRegion>
: 
<collectingCounty id="62FD4E56FFBE4420FE03FD82AAA052B2" box="[420,767,621,647]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Blue Mountains National Park</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACA0FFBE4420FCABFD82AB9752B2" box="[780,968,621,647]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Bridal Veil Falls</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EFC6001FFBE4420FC72FD82AC3052B2" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E:8EFC6001FFBE4420FC72FD82AC3052B2" box="[981,1135,621,647]" county="Blue Mountains National Park" latitude="-33.6333" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="150.3129" municipality="Bridal Veil Falls" name="Govetts Leap" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" stateProvince="New South Wales">Govetts Leap</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FBDBFD82ACAD52B2" box="[1148,1266,621,647]" degrees="33.6333" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="-33.6333">S33.6333°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBE4420FB5DFD83ADDC52B2" box="[1274,1411,620,647]" degrees="150.3129" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" precision="5" value="150.3129">E150.3129°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectingDate id="EFD9E9F2FFBE4420FA29FD83A8AF529E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2018-11-05">
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FA29FD83A8AF529E" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2018-11-05">5 Nov. 18</date>
</collectingDate>
1998; 
<collectingDate id="EFD9E9F2FFBE4420FE9AFD7EA9EF529E" box="[317,432,657,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2014-10">
<date id="FF9D101AFFBE4420FE9AFD7EA9EF529E" box="[317,432,657,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" value="2014-10">Oct. 2014</date>
</collectingDate>
. 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBE4420FE1DFD7EAA54529E" box="[442,523,657,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Larvae</collectorName>
, pupae. 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBE4420FDC1FD7EAA84529E" box="[614,731,657,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Coll. D.A.</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBE4420FD58FD7EABCE529E" box="[767,913,657,683]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">R.E.G. Craig</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFBE4420FC07FD7EABA8529E" box="[928,1015,657,683]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">UASM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBE4420FF30F861A9A557DB" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335617/files/figure.png" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" startId="37.[151,264,1934,1959]" targetBox="[151,1436,773,1913]" targetPageId="37">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBE4420FF30F861A9A557DB" blockId="37.[151,1437,1934,2031]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBE4420FF30F861A9115792" bold="true" box="[151,334,1934,1959]" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">FIGURES 91–94</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBE4420FEFBF860AA1D5792" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[348,578,1935,1959]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="37" pageNumber="38" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBE4420FEFBF860AA1D5792" box="[348,578,1935,1959]" italics="true" pageId="37" pageNumber="38">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larva. (91) Ventral head cuticle. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (92) Hypostoma. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (93) Hypostoma. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (94) Pupal gill histoblast. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBD4423FF30FCD4ABD953AE" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430664" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430664/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,264,827,852]" targetBox="[151,1424,181,758]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBD4423FF30FCD4ABD953AE" blockId="38.[151,1436,827,924]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FF30FCD4A9785361" bold="true" box="[151,295,827,852]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURES 95</emphasis>
, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FE94FCD4A9135361" bold="true" box="[307,332,827,852]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">96</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FEFFFCD3AA635366" box="[344,572,828,852]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
larva. (95) Prothoracic proleg—arrow indicates lappets. (Mossman Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (96) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a), and circlet of hooks (c h). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.2 mm.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF5C6652FFBD4423FF30F9D3AB0756A8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430668" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3430668" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430668/files/figure.png" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" startId="38.[151,250,1596,1621]" targetBox="[151,1436,946,1577]" targetPageId="38">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBD4423FF30F9D3AB0756A8" blockId="38.[151,1437,1596,1693]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FF30F9D3A9445660" bold="true" box="[151,283,1596,1621]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 97</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FE8EF9D2AA505660" box="[297,527,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
larva. (97) Anal sclerite showing campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a) and circlet of hooks. (Govetts Leap). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FBA0F98FACD4564C" bold="true" box="[1031,1163,1632,1657]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">FIGURE 98</emphasis>
. (98) Typical habitat of 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FA21F98EA8BD56A8" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">A. strenua</emphasis>
. (Souita Falls), Queensland. Image courtesy Waterfalls of Oz.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBD4423FF69F923A9175718" blockId="38.[151,1437,1738,2018]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<materialsCitation id="3B4B3C87FFBD4423FF69F923AD0056D0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2274831438" box="[206,1375,1738,1766]" collectingDate="1972-04-01" collectionCode="ANIC" collectorName="Larvae. Coll. Zwick &amp; Coll. Zwick" latitude="-37.7239" location="Cement Creek" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.7542" municipality="Warburton" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FF69F923A96E56D0" box="[206,305,1740,1765]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFBD4423FF69F923A97456D0" box="[206,299,1740,1765]" country="Australia" name="Victoria" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Victoria</collectingRegion>
:
</emphasis>
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACA0FFBD4423FE9EF924A9EC56D0" box="[313,435,1739,1765]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Warburton</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EFC6001FFBD4423FE19F924AA3C56D0" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E:8EFC6001FFBD4423FE19F924AA3C56D0" box="[446,611,1739,1765]" latitude="-37.7239" longLatPrecision="6" longitude="145.7542" municipality="Warburton" name="Cement Creek" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Victoria">Cement Creek</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBD4423FDC9F924AABB56D0" box="[622,740,1739,1765]" degrees="37.7239" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="5" value="-37.7239">S37.7239°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBD4423FD4CF925AB2B56D0" box="[747,884,1738,1765]" degrees="145.7542" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="5" value="145.7542">E145.7542°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectingDate id="EFD9E9F2FFBD4423FCD9F924AC5056D0" box="[894,1039,1739,1765]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1972-04-01">
<date id="FF9D101AFFBD4423FCD9F924AC5056D0" box="[894,1039,1739,1765]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="1972-04-01">1 April 1972</date>
</collectingDate>
. 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBD4423FBBCF923ACA256D0" box="[1051,1277,1739,1766]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Larvae. Coll. Zwick</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFBD4423FAABF924AD0856D0" box="[1292,1367,1739,1765]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:32981" name="Australian National Insect Collection" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">ANIC</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
. 
<materialsCitation id="3B4B3C87FFBD4423FACEF923A91B5718" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="2274831484" collectingDate="2014-10-22" collectionCode="UASM" collectorName="Reared &amp; Coll. D. A. &amp; R. E. G. Craig" county="Narbethong" latitude="-37.54607" location="Stony Creek" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="145.6546" municipality="Anderson Lane" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Victoria">
<collectingCounty id="62FD4E56FFBD4423FACEF923A8AB573C" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Narbethong</collectingCounty>
, 
<collectingMunicipality id="6BF8ACA0FFBD4423FF59F900A9F2573F" box="[254,429,1775,1802]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Anderson Lane</collectingMunicipality>
, 
<location id="8EFC6001FFBD4423FE1FF900AA18573C" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87CCFF814422FF30F8DAAA9F571E:8EFC6001FFBD4423FE1FF900AA18573C" box="[440,583,1775,1801]" county="Narbethong" latitude="-37.54607" longLatPrecision="4" longitude="145.6546" municipality="Anderson Lane" name="Stony Creek" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" stateProvince="Victoria">Stony Creek</location>
, 
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBD4423FDF5F901AA89573C" box="[594,726,1774,1801]" degrees="37.54607" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="1" value="-37.54607">S37.54607°</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="EE17501DFFBD4423FD7AF901AB39573C" box="[733,870,1774,1801]" degrees="145.6546" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" precision="5" value="145.6546">E145.6546°</geoCoordinate>
. 
<collectingDate id="EFD9E9F2FFBD4423FCD7F900AC59573C" box="[880,1030,1775,1801]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2014-10-22">
<date id="FF9D101AFFBD4423FCD7F900AC59573C" box="[880,1030,1775,1801]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" value="2014-10-22">22 Oct. 2014</date>
</collectingDate>
. 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBD4423FBB7F900AC00573C" box="[1040,1119,1775,1801]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Reared</collectorName>
males. 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBD4423FB11F900AD74573C" box="[1206,1323,1775,1801]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Coll. D.A.</collectorName>
&amp; 
<collectorName id="26D6530CFFBD4423FAE8F900A88A5718" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">R.E.G. Craig</collectorName>
(
<collectionCode id="ED32AE1FFFBD4423FF43F8FCA9645718" box="[228,315,1811,1837]" country="Canada" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" lsid="urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34404" name="University of Alberta, E.H. Strickland Entomological Museum" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">UASM</collectionCode>
)
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3396551FFBD4422FF60F8D8AA9F571E" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBD4422FF60F8D8AB0550CE" blockId="38.[151,1437,1738,2018]" lastBlockId="39.[151,1437,153,1835]" lastPageId="39" lastPageNumber="40" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FF60F8D8A96B5764" bold="true" box="[199,308,1847,1873]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Remarks</emphasis>
. 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBD4423FEE3F8D8AA1C5764" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[324,579,1847,1873]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBD4423FEE3F8D8AA1C5764" box="[324,579,1847,1873]" italics="true" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Austrocnephia strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a distinctively large species and was so noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBD4423FB07F8D8A9165740" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 170)</bibRefCitation>
. Apart from the large size, in particular that of the larvae, the adults are brightly coloured on the thorax and have pigmentation on the wings. The male eyes have reduced rows of large upper ommatidia, thought at the time to be unique in Australian 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBD4423FD9AF84CAC3C5788" authority="(Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170)" authorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" authorityPageNumber="170" authorityYear="1950" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityPageNumber="170" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[573,1123,1954,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">
Simuliidae (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBD4423FD62F84CAC055788" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[709,1114,1954,1981]" pageId="38" pageNumber="39" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950: 170</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. That, however, was mainly because most simuliid species in 
<collectingCountry id="F334764AFFBD4423FDA0F828AA3157D4" box="[519,622,1991,2017]" name="Australia" pageId="38" pageNumber="39">Australia</collectingCountry>
were then described from female adults. This feature of the males is now known to be common for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FE11FF76AA075086" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton, 2019" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" box="[438,600,153,179]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FE11FF76AA075086" box="[438,600,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Austrocnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Large upper ommatidia are reminiscent of some species of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FB51FF76A95850E2" authority="Enderlein" authorityName="Enderlein" authorityYear="1921" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Gomphostilbia" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FB51FF76ADC35086" box="[1270,1436,153,179]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Gomphostilbia</emphasis>
Enderlein
</taxonomicName>
, such as 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FECEFF52A98C50E2" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" box="[361,467,189,215]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FECEFF52A98C50E2" box="[361,467,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FE44FF52A9A850E2" box="[483,503,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">G</emphasis>
.) 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FDA9FF52AAD950E2" box="[526,646,189,215]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">laciniatum</emphasis>
Edwards, of 
<collectingCountry id="F334764AFFBC4422FCBEFF52AB1B50E2" box="[793,836,189,215]" name="Fiji" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fiji</collectingCountry>
. The markedly domed thorax in both male and female 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FF30FF0EA95650CE" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,265,225,251]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF30FF0EA8F750CE" box="[151,168,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF11FF0DA95650CE" box="[182,265,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
adults is also well expressed elsewhere in the genus.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBC4422FF60FEEAAA45529E" blockId="39.[151,1437,153,1835]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
There is considerable variation in the degree of tuberculation on pupal abdominal tergites. We illustrate the condition from Bartle Frere (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FE46FEC6AA6B5176" box="[481,564,297,323]" captionStart="FIGURE 87" captionStartId="34.[151,250,822,847]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,182,802]" captionTargetId="figure@34.[151,1436,181,802]" captionTargetPageId="34" captionText="FIGURE 87. Austrocnephia strenua pupa. (87) Abdominal armature. (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 1.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335613/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 87</figureCitation>
) where it is well expressed. Tubercles, however, are absent from Lamington National Park material and elsewhere. Similarly there is variation in the development of the spinous teeth of the larval mandible. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FEFFFE9EAA4251B9" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[344,541,369,396]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo (1974: 68)</bibRefCitation>
noted that South 
<collectingRegion id="49E7F838FFBC4422FD4CFE9EAB3051BE" box="[747,879,369,395]" country="Australia" name="Queensland" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Queensland</collectingRegion>
larvae differed from northern larvae in having a different pattern of microtrichia on the labral fan rays, plus the prothoracic proleg lappet expression was slightly different. The variation in character states in different populations (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FC21FE56ABBA51E1" box="[902,997,441,468]" captionStart="FIGURE 196" captionStartId="75.[151,250,1068,1093]" captionTargetBox="[255,1330,212,1008]" captionTargetId="figure@75.[226,1361,181,1056]" captionTargetPageId="75" captionText="FIGURE 196. Distribution of Austrocnephia aurantiaca species-group (A. aurantiaca, A. strenua)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335673/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 196</figureCitation>
) of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FBB5FE56ACDB51E6" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[1042,1156,441,467]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FBB5FE56ACDB51E6" box="[1042,1156,441,467]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, such as teeth on the one or other sides of the female mandible, differences in the apex of the male ventral plate (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FB23FE32AC8951C2" box="[1156,1238,477,503]" captionStart="FIGURES 75–79" captionStartId="32.[151,264,1828,1853]" captionTargetBox="[241,1352,189,1803]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[235,1352,174,1816]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURES 75–79. Austrocnephia strenua male. (75) Antenna. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (76) Genitalia, ventral view. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (77) Gonocoxa and gonostylus. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (78) Slide mounted genitalia showing basal arms (b a), parameres (p), paramere connector (p c), ventral plate (v p). (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. (79) Apical view of genitalia showing median sclerite (m s), parameres (p) and ventral plate (v p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm. FIGURE 80. Austrocnephia strenua pupae. (80) Pupal mass. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 2.0 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335609/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 76</figureCitation>
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FB79FE31ACA251C2" box="[1246,1277,478,503]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">vs.</emphasis>
78) from that illustrated by (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FE9EFDEEAACA522E" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[313,661,512,539]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras, 1950</bibRefCitation>
. Their 
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FD43FDEEAB79522E" box="[740,806,513,539]" captionStart="FIGURES 1–6" captionStartId="8.[151,264,1864,1889]" captionTargetBox="[228,1359,181,1843]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[228,1359,181,1844]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURES 1–6. Austrocnephia aurantiaca female. (1) Dorsal view of paratype. (Mount Wilson). Image by LHG-A. Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (2) Habitus. (Steavenson Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (3) Frontal view of head. (Steavenson Falls). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (4) Antenna, showing flagellum, pedisulcus (pd) and scape (sc). (Brindabella). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (5) Maxillary palp, showing palpomeres III–V, sensory vesicle (s v) and lacinia (lc) (Brindabella). Scale bar = 0.1 mm. (6) Mandible (mnd) and lacinia (lc). (Steavenson Falls). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335571/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
), pupal gill filament number, tuberculation on the pupal abdomen, serrations on the larval mandible, and those mentioned previously, well indicate that as presently defined, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FF30FDA6A9575256" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,264,585,611]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF30FDA6A9575256" box="[151,264,585,611]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is likely a complex of closely related entities. There are, indeed, considerable distances between different populations, particularly those to the south. Since, however, we lack complete material from such populations, we refrain from designating new taxa.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBC4422FF60FD5AADCD5392" blockId="39.[151,1437,153,1835]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FF60FD5AA99352FA" author="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A." box="[199,460,693,719]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref56631" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig (2000)</bibRefCitation>
examined total number of hooks comprising the posterior circlet in larvae of simuliids in relation to velocity of preferred habitat. Such a correlation was noted by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FC7BFD36AD2A52C6" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[988,1397,728,755]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172)</bibRefCitation>
for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FF30FD12A9565322" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,265,765,791]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF30FD12A9565322" box="[151,265,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and for other simuliid larvae by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FDD4FD12AB3A5322" author="Crosskey, R. W." box="[627,869,765,791]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref53977" refString="Crosskey, R. W. (1990) The natural history of blackflies. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Chichester, 711 pp." type="book" year="1990">Crosskey (1990: 110)</bibRefCitation>
, 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FCC8FD12AC385322" author="Adler, P. H. &amp; Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M." box="[879,1127,764,791]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref52324" refString="Adler, P. H., Currie, D. C. &amp; Wood, D. M. (2004) The Black Flies of (Simuliidae) of North America. Royal Ontario Museum and Comstock University Press, Ithaca, 941 pp." type="book" year="2004">
Adler 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FC12FD11ABBA5322" box="[949,997,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2004: 58)
</bibRefCitation>
and Figueiróa 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FAAAFD11AD615322" box="[1293,1342,765,791]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">et al</emphasis>
. (2015), amongst others. Inhabiting extreme velocity flow, an expectation would be that 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FBB1FCCEACD7530E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[1046,1160,801,827]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FBB1FCCEACD7530E" box="[1046,1160,801,827]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
might perhaps approach the record number of hooks known for simuliid larvae. While numerous (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FC69FCA9ABB7536A" box="[974,1000,838,863]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">ca</emphasis>
. 17,200), hooks do not approach numbers exhibited by larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FE65FC86AA8D53B6" authority="Crosskey" authorityName="Crosskey" authorityYear="1969" box="[450,722,873,899]" class="Insecta" genus="Freemanellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FE65FC86AA3B53B6" box="[450,612,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Freemanellum</emphasis>
Crosskey
</taxonomicName>
species (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FC91FC86AC3953B6" author="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A." box="[822,1126,873,899]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="199 - 218" refId="ref56631" refString="Palmer, R. W. &amp; Craig, D. A. (2000) An ecological classification of primary labral fans of filter-feeding black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78, 199 - 218. https: // doi. org / 10.1139 / z 99 - 205" type="journal article" year="2000">Palmer &amp; Craig, 2000: 202</bibRefCitation>
), or of those of 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FAB7FC86ADC353B6" box="[1296,1436,873,899]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Daviesellum</emphasis>
Takaoka &amp; Adler (
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FEC1FC62AAC55392" author="Takaoka, H. &amp; Adler, P. H." box="[358,666,909,935]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="17 - 27" refId="ref57516" refString="Takaoka, H. &amp; Adler, P. H. (1997) A new subgenus, Simulium (Daviesellum), and a new species, S. (D.) courtneyi, (Diptera: Simuliidae) from Thailand and Peninsular Malaysia. Japanese Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25, 17 - 27. https: // doi. org / 10.2149 / tmh 1973.25.17" type="journal article" year="1997">Takaoka &amp; Adler, 1997: 18</bibRefCitation>
), larvae of which inhabit jets of water impinging on rocky surfaces.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBC4422FF60FC5EAB7055D2" blockId="39.[151,1437,153,1835]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
There are a number of other character states of larvae and pupae that appear to directly relate to the extreme high velocity habitats, 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FE3EFC39A9E553DA" box="[409,442,982,1007]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">e.g</emphasis>
., Souita Falls (Fig. 98)—firstly, the substantial nature and size of the larvae. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FA81FC3AA9E45426" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172)</bibRefCitation>
commented that the body was very muscular. The anal sclerite is markedly developed with the posteroventral arms paralleled by the posterolateral arms arising from the medial region of the anal sclerite. Further, there are numerous campaniform sensilla between the posterior arm and the circlet of hooks—in other simuliid larvae they generally number four or so. The circlet of hooks is also markedly developed with number of hooks considerable and expression substantive; again fitting well with the extreme habitat. Further, unique to 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FF30FB42A96654F2" authority="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton, 2019" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" box="[151,313,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="85" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF30FB42A96654F2" box="[151,313,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Austrocnephia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and in particular 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FDADFB42AADC54F2" box="[522,643,1197,1223]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FDADFB42AADF54F2" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[522,640,1197,1223]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">A. strenua</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
is possession of two anterolateral structures on the prothoracic proleg (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FF07FB3EA8A954DE" box="[160,246,1232,1259]" captionStart="FIGURES 95, 96" captionStartId="38.[151,264,827,852]" captionTargetBox="[151,1424,181,758]" captionTargetId="figure@38.[151,1436,181,807]" captionTargetPageId="38" captionText="FIGURES 95, 96. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (95) Prothoracic proleg—arrow indicates lappets. (Mossman Gorge). Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (96) Anal sclerite showing anterior arms (a a), campaniform sensilla (c s), posterolateral arms (pl a), posteroventral arms (pv a), and circlet of hooks (c h). (Bartle Frere). Scale bar = 0.2 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3430664" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3430664/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 95</figureCitation>
). As noted previously, these were termed ‘palp-like processes’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FC56FB3EADC854DE" author="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M." box="[1009,1431,1232,1259]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="167 - 187" refId="ref55837" refString="Mackerras, M. J. &amp; Mackerras, I. M. (1950) Notes on Australasian Simuliidae (Diptera). II. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, 75, 167 - 187. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / item / 109152 # page / 209 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1950">Mackerras &amp; Mackerras (1950: 172)</bibRefCitation>
, and ‘lapets’ by 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FEE1FB1AAA585525" author="Colbo, M. H." box="[326,519,1269,1296]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" refId="ref52930" refString="Colbo, M. H. (1974) Studies on the biology of the Simuliidae in north Eastern Australia: with reference to their potential as vectors of pathogens. Ph. D. thesis, University of Queensland, Brisbane, 379 pp. Available from: https: // espace. library. uq. edu. au / view / UQ: 36610 0 (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="book" year="1974">Colbo (1974: 69)</bibRefCitation>
—we use the term ‘lappets’. The proleg also has well expressed L-shaped lateral sclerites and the lappets arise from the internal apices of those, but while the lappets are often pigmented, they are not well sclerotised. Neither does there appear to be any muscular attachment. What function these lappets serve is unknown. Less well developed lappets can occasionally be observed in 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FC11FA8EAC10554E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[950,1103,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FC11FA8EAC10554E" box="[950,1103,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FBFAFA8EACB9554E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[1117,1254,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="orientalis">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FBFAFA8EACB9554E" box="[1117,1254,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. orientalis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FABBFA8EADC3554E" box="[1308,1436,1377,1403]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FABBFA8EADC7554E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Drummond" baseAuthorityYear="1931" box="[1308,1432,1377,1403]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="tonnoiri">A. tonnoiri</taxonomicName>
,
</emphasis>
but have not been observed in larvae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FDF7FA6AAABE55AA" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1949" box="[592,737,1413,1439]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fuscoflava">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FDF7FA6AAABE55AA" box="[592,737,1413,1439]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. fuscoflava</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Homologies of the lappets is moot. 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FBDFFA6AAD765595" author="Van Oye, P." box="[1144,1321,1413,1440]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="445 - 455" refId="ref58131" refString="Van Oye, P. (1936) Observations sur la biologie des larvaes de Simulium (Melusina) Diptere. Memoires Musee Royal d'histoire Naturelle Belgique, Series II, Fasc, 3, 445 - 455." type="journal article" year="1936">Van Oye (1936)</bibRefCitation>
illustrates a possible homolog, albeit on the prothoracic proleg of 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FD5BFA46AB3955F6" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" box="[764,870,1449,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Simulium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FD5BFA46AB3955F6" box="[764,870,1449,1475]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Simulium</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
larvae. For pupae of the 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FBDEFA45ACAB55F6" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Tonnoir" baseAuthorityYear="1925" box="[1145,1268,1450,1475]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="aurantiaca">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FBDEFA45ACAB55F6" box="[1145,1268,1450,1475]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">aurantiaca</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
species-group, cuticle is well sclerotized and cocoon silk markedly strong.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B9C36DAFFBC4422FF60FA1EAA9F571E" blockId="39.[151,1437,153,1835]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">
Forming aggregations for aquatic organisms in high velocity flow is a well-known ploy to ameliorate drag forces (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF18F9F9A8B1561A" box="[191,238,1558,1583]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">e.g.,</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FF51F9FAAA61561A" author="Nowell, A. M. R. &amp; Jumars, P. A." box="[246,574,1557,1583]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="303 - 328" refId="ref56527" refString="Nowell, A. M. R. &amp; Jumars, P. A. (1984) Flow environments of aquatic benthos. Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics, 15, 303 - 328. https: // doi. org / 10.1146 / annurev. es. 15.110184.001511" type="journal article" year="1984">Nowell &amp; Jumars, 1984: 317</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FDECF9FAAB45561A" author="Craig, D. A." box="[587,794,1557,1583]" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="1079 - 1093" refId="ref53342" refString="Craig, D. A. (2003) Geomorphology, development of running water habitats, and evolution of black flies on Polynesian islands. Bioscience, 53, 1079 - 1093." type="journal article" year="2003">Craig, 2003: 1087</bibRefCitation>
). In such an arrangement the boundary layer of the water lifts and flows over the aggregation rather than around or between individuals, thereby reducing drag and is known as ‘skimming flow’. However, consequences of such behaviour are probably that for larvae, packed close together, individuals must be elongated and labral fans well expressed to access particulate matter. Indeed, an expanded posteroventral abdomen (
<figureCitation id="13182A5FFFBC4422FE37F94AA9BC568A" box="[400,483,1701,1727]" captionStart="FIGURES 88–90" captionStartId="36.[151,264,1233,1258]" captionTargetBox="[172,1436,227,1211]" captionTargetId="figure@36.[151,1436,181,1213]" captionTargetPageId="36" captionText="FIGURES 88–90. Austrocnephia strenua larva. (88) Habitus, last instar, showing prothoracic (pt p) and posterior prolegs (p p). (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 1.0 mm. (89) Head, dorsal view, last instar. (Souita Falls). Scale bar = 0.5 mm. (90) Mandible apex. (Behana Gorge). Scale bar = 0.05 mm." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3335615/files/figure.png" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">Fig. 88</figureCitation>
) appears characteristic of simuliid larvae that inhabit fast flows (
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FB6DF949ACB3568A" box="[1226,1260,1702,1727]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">e.g</emphasis>
., 
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B2BFFBC4422FAA5F94AA89A56D1" author="Craig, D. A." pageId="39" pageNumber="40" pagination="372 - 429" refId="ref53149" refString="Craig, D. A. (1987 a) A taxonomic account of the Black Flies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of the Society Islands-Tahiti, Moorea, Raiatea. Quaestiones Entomologicae, 23, 372 - 429. Available from: https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 51346944 # page / 399 / mode / 1 up (accessed 24 April 2019)" type="journal article" year="1987">Craig, 1987a: 396</bibRefCitation>
). Similarly, clumped pupae achieving skimming flow would still require the gills to be exposed to flow and thence the cocoons are stacked, with only the posterior of the abdomen attached to the substrate, as noted here for 
<taxonomicName id="4C234D59FFBC4422FF30F8FEA956571E" authorityName="Craig &amp; Currie &amp; Gil-Azevedo &amp; Moulton" authorityYear="2019" baseAuthorityName="Mackerras &amp; Mackerras" baseAuthorityYear="1950" box="[151,265,1809,1835]" class="Insecta" family="Simuliidae" genus="Austrocnephia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="39" pageNumber="40" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="strenua">
<emphasis id="B957EAC8FFBC4422FF30F8FEA956571E" box="[151,265,1809,1835]" italics="true" pageId="39" pageNumber="40">A. strenua</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and some other members of the genus.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>