622 lines
86 KiB
XML
622 lines
86 KiB
XML
<document id="E7B11710B26583FFBA8035D1BAFDDDF3" ID-CLB-Dataset="45666" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.279705" ID-GBIF-Dataset="8c0d3585-43aa-46cc-8644-99a78d17c82d" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="279705" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460426822551" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Miranda, Lucília S., Haddad, Maria A., Mills, Claudia E. & Marques, Antonio C." docDate="2012" docId="038A87B66329FFC1FF0FFB7EFBF0F830" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03158p064.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3158" docStyle="DocumentStyle:890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E.4:Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleId="890A69B780ED73D6DB8551B71C8AC79E" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2009-2012.journal_article" docStyleVersion="4" docTitle="Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren 1938" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="62" masterDocId="FFB3FFCE6329FFC3FF98FF85FFA0FFF9" masterDocTitle="Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa) in Brazil: first record outside its type locality in South Africa" masterLastPageNumber="64" masterPageNumber="60" pageNumber="60" updateTime="1698330808180" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="51F316E5BD4D907AAAD0625F84B04A1B">Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren, 1938 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa) in Brazil: first record outside its type locality in South Africa</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="00F5F7D5CF455BFCE846D845B45E4C88">Miranda, Lucília S.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="211C4CC0054C8247127E7B129FB19FBD">Haddad, Maria A.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="7E9D5AA95856DE0A798CA6D58E91B54E">Mills, Claudia E.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="69F178064E7F65DD362FDFAA58137B50">Marques, Antonio C.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="3AF4711749FD3449C7B5B3CF1DCD7C88">2012</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="F281A3183AC5887EA57904F5AB5FA918">3158</mods:number>
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<treatment id="038A87B66329FFC1FF0FFB7EFBF0F830" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5687541" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119428815" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5687541" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A87B66329FFC1FF0FFB7EFBF0F830" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A87B66329FFC1FF0FFB7EFBF0F830" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<subSubSection id="C339652B6329FFC3FF0FFB7EFDF1FAEA" box="[151,593,1275,1299]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC3FF0FFB7EFDF1FAEA" blockId="0.[151,593,1275,1299]" box="[151,593,1275,1299]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<heading id="D0D481CC6329FFC3FF0FFB7EFDF1FAEA" bold="true" box="[151,593,1275,1299]" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D236329FFC3FF0FFB7EFDF1FAEA" ID-CoL="3WBBP" authority="Carlgren, 1938" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,593,1275,1299]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF0FFB7EFDF1FAEA" bold="true" box="[151,593,1275,1299]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF0FFB7EFE00FAEA" bold="true" box="[151,416,1275,1299]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FE3FFB7EFDF1FAEA" author="Carlgren" box="[423,593,1275,1299]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets I Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1938">Carlgren, 1938</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C339652B6329FFC3FF0FFABEFDD6FA8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC3FF0FFABEFDD6FA8B" blockId="0.[151,1436,1339,1394]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB33118E6329FFC3FF0FFABEFDD6FA8B" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D236329FFC3FF0FFABEFDFCFAAB" ID-CoL="3WBBP" authority="Carlgren 1938: 1" authorityName="Carlgren" authorityPageNumber="1" authorityYear="1938" box="[151,604,1339,1362]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF0FFABEFE3EFAAB" box="[151,414,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210B16329FFC3FE3FFABEFDFCFAAB" author="Carlgren" box="[423,604,1339,1362]" page="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" year="1938">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FE3FFABEFDE7FAAB" author="Carlgren" box="[423,583,1339,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets I Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1938">Carlgren 1938</bibRefCitation>
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: 1
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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−6.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210B16329FFC3FD0FFABEFCD5FAAB" author="Panikkar" box="[663,885,1339,1362]" page="238" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" year="1944">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FD0FFABEFCE0FAAB" author="Panikkar" box="[663,832,1339,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Panikkar, N. K. (1944) Occurrence of a stauromedusa on the Indian coast. Current Science, Bangalore, 13, 238 - 239." type="journal article" year="1944">Panikkar 1944</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 238
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
−239.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210B16329FFC3FC53FABEFB32FAAB" author="Corbin" box="[971,1170,1339,1362]" page="285" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" year="1978">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FC53FABEFBFAFAAB" author="Corbin" box="[971,1114,1339,1362]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
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: 285
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</treatmentCitation>
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, 289.—
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<treatmentCitation id="0A8210B16329FFC3FB7EFABEFE92FA8B" author="Grohmann" page="386" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" year="1999">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FB7EFABEFEA0FA8B" author="Grohmann" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the Southern Hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="1999">
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Grohmann
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FAFCFABEFA35FAAB" box="[1380,1429,1339,1362]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 1999
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 386
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
.—
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||
<treatmentCitation id="0A8210B16329FFC3FECAFADEFDE0FA8B" author="Zagal" box="[338,576,1371,1394]" page="660" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" year="2011">
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||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FECAFADEFDABFA8B" author="Zagal" box="[338,523,1371,1394]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666." type="journal article" year="2011">
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||
Zagal
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FE0FFADEFE6DFA8B" box="[407,461,1371,1394]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">et al.</emphasis>
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||
2011
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||
</bibRefCitation>
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||
: 660
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||
</treatmentCitation>
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||
-664.
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||
</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C339652B6329FFC3FF0FFA1EFDD2F934" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC3FF0FFA1EFE77F9B9" blockId="0.[151,1437,1435,2025]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF0FFA1EFE11FA4A" bold="true" box="[151,433,1435,1459]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<typeStatus id="549888026329FFC3FF0FFA1EFF6FFA4A" box="[151,207,1435,1459]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Type</typeStatus>
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series and locality.
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</emphasis>
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East London, Eastern Cape,
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<collectingCountry id="F33476306329FFC3FD61FA1EFC28FA4B" box="[761,904,1435,1458]" name="South Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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, Indian Ocean; 1 individual. The specimen was received from the Zoological Institute of the University of Cape Town and described by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FBFAFA3BFAB2FA2C" author="Carlgren" box="[1122,1298,1470,1493]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets I Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1938">Carlgren (1938)</bibRefCitation>
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. The current location of
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<typeStatus id="549888026329FFC3FE81FA67FEE7FA00" box="[281,327,1506,1529]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">type</typeStatus>
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material is unknown. Also unknown are the collector, collection date, and substrate. The material, received by Carlgren after 1935, retained its green color in formalin (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516329FFC3FC1EF980FB83F9E5" author="Carlgren" box="[902,1059,1541,1564]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" refString="Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets I Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1938">Carlgren 1938</bibRefCitation>
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) so was probably collected a short time before being sent to him.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC3FF5FF9C9FDD2F934" blockId="0.[151,1437,1435,2025]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF5FF9C9FE0AF99D" bold="true" box="[199,426,1612,1636]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Material examined.</emphasis>
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Itanhaém, São Paulo,
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<collectingCountry id="F33476306329FFC3FD34F9C9FD50F99A" box="[684,752,1612,1635]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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, Atlantic Ocean, ~
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<geoCoordinate id="EE1750676329FFC3FC5FF9C9FBEAF99A" box="[967,1098,1612,1635]" direction="south" orientation="latitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" precision="15" value="-24.191666">24°11’30’’S</geoCoordinate>
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;
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||
<geoCoordinate id="EE1750676329FFC3FBC2F9C9FB47F99A" box="[1114,1255,1612,1635]" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" precision="15" value="-46.791668">46°47’30’’W</geoCoordinate>
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||
. 0
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<date id="FF9D10606329FFC3FA9CF9C9FA37F99A" box="[1284,1431,1612,1635]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" value="1985-04-08">8 April 1985</date>
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, intertidal zone, on algae (
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<taxonomicName id="4C234D236329FFC3FE3FF9F5FDBBF97E" box="[423,539,1648,1671]" class="Phaeophyceae" family="Sargassaceae" genus="Sargassum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Chromista" order="Fucales" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" phylum="Heterokontophyta" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FE3FF9F5FDBBF97E" box="[423,539,1648,1671]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Sargassum</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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sp.), formaldehyde solution, col. M.A. Haddad, det. L.S. Miranda and C.E. Mills, 1 individual (
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||
<figureCitation id="13182A256329FFC3FE89F916FEEFF953" box="[273,335,1683,1706]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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),
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<collectionCode id="ED32AE656329FFC3FEFEF916FE1FF953" box="[358,447,1683,1706]" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/6yx0-3nm7" name="Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de Sao Paulo" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">MZUSP</collectionCode>
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1566. The material is not well preserved, making it difficult to observe some structures (
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FAF7F916FA35F953" box="[1391,1429,1683,1706]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">e.g.</emphasis>
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, gonads, inner part of stalk, and manubrium).
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||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection id="C339652B6329FFC3FF5FF95FFEACF8ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="distribution">
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||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC3FF5FF95FFEACF8ED" blockId="0.[151,1437,1435,2025]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF5FF95FFEF9F90B" bold="true" box="[199,345,1754,1778]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Distribution.</emphasis>
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||
East London,
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<collectingCountry id="F33476306329FFC3FD94F95FFD3FF908" box="[524,671,1754,1777]" name="South Africa" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">South Africa</collectingCountry>
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||
, Indian Ocean (
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD296329FFC3FCFAF95FFC46F908" box="[866,998,1754,1777]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
); Itanhaém,
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||
<collectingCountry id="F33476306329FFC3FBE0F95FFB1CF908" box="[1144,1212,1754,1777]" name="Brazil" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Brazil</collectingCountry>
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||
, Atlantic Ocean (
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||
<specimenCount id="9D25FD296329FFC3FA08F95FFEA1F8ED" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="generic">1 specimen</specimenCount>
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||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339652B6329FFC1FF5FF8A4FAA0FEEE" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A06329FFC2FF5FF8A4FC7EFDCC" blockId="0.[151,1437,1435,2025]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,152,565]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">
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||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26329FFC3FF5FF8A4FEF2F8C0" bold="true" box="[199,338,1825,1849]" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Description.</emphasis>
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||
Calyx (umbrella) pyramidal, narrowing aborally, height
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FC4BF8A4FB98F8C1" box="[979,1080,1825,1848]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.34" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="3.34">3.34 mm</quantity>
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||
(excluding arms and tentacular clusters), maximum width
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FE2BF8C1FDB5F8A2" box="[435,533,1860,1883]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.25" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="3.25">3.25 mm</quantity>
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||
; calyx separated from stalk (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256329FFC3FCDDF8C1FC20F8A2" box="[837,896,1860,1883]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A −C). Eight adradial arms, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FB6CF8C1FAF5F8A2" box="[1268,1365,1860,1883]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.8" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.28">0.28 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FF0FF8EDFF56F886" box="[151,246,1896,1919]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.39">0.39 mm</quantity>
|
||
(excluding tentacular clusters) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256329FFC3FDD3F8EDFD27F886" box="[587,647,1896,1919]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, B, E). Arms paired, maximum distance between arms (between base of tentacular cluster)
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FEFFF80EFE6CF85B" box="[359,460,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.09" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="1.09">1.09 mm</quantity>
|
||
, minimum distance
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456329FFC3FD28F80EFCB7F85B" box="[688,791,1931,1954]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="0" pageNumber="60" unit="mm" value="0.76">0.76 mm</quantity>
|
||
. Distal region of each arm with 11−15 capitate tentacles. Tentacles morphologically similar, varied in length (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256329FFC3FD4DF82AFCB4F83F" box="[725,788,1967,1990]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="0" pageNumber="60">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E); each tentacle with hollow stem and distal globular end covered with nematocysts. Anchors lacking, except one small globular knob between two of the arms, which is probably a vestigial primary tentacle (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FE49FF1DFDAFFF56" box="[465,527,152,175]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E). Aboral stalk morphologically distinct from calyx, with one internal chamber at median region (no histological details at base of stalk), without muscles; length
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FC7FFF3EFBE8FF2B" box="[999,1096,187,210]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.1" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="3.1">3.10 mm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FB2EFF3EFAB8FF2B" box="[1206,1304,187,210]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.17" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.17">1.17 mm</quantity>
|
||
, diameter of base of stalk (swollen adhesive disc)
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FDB3FF5BFD2AFF0C" box="[555,650,222,245]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.82" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="1.82">1.82 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FD02FF5BFD76FF0C" box="[666,726,222,245]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A −C). Base of stalk with an ovoid pit, 0.35 x
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FB56FF5BFA8EFF0C" box="[1230,1326,222,245]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.2">0.20 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FAA5FF5BFADAFF0C" box="[1341,1402,222,245]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
F). Abaxial cushion or pad-like adhesive organ at base of tentacular cluster, length
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FC6EFE87FBF9FEE0" box="[1014,1113,258,281]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.13">0.13 mm</quantity>
|
||
, width
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B456328FFC2FB32FE87FAA9FEE0" box="[1194,1289,258,281]" metricMagnitude="-4" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="0.6">0.60 mm</quantity>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FA82FE87FAF7FEE0" box="[1306,1367,258,281]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
A, E). Manubrium four-sided in cross-section. Numerous gastric cirri in gastrovascular cavity (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FBD1FEA0FB26FEC5" box="[1097,1158,293,316]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Eight adradial gonads extending from manubrium to distal end of arms, organized into four pairs of bands; each band consisting of elongated, nodular lobes of irregular shape (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FE6FFEE9FD93FE7A" box="[503,563,364,387]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
D). Numerous nematocyst vesicles distributed at margin on subumbrellar surface. Preserved material yellowish-brown in color. Tentacles with two
|
||
<typeStatus id="549888026328FFC2FCCEFE15FC2EFE5E" box="[854,910,400,423]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocysts: isorhizas (light microscopy was insufficient to distinguish spines), abundant, 11.74 x 2.56 µm (n=10) (mean size of undischarged capsules); euryteles (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549888026328FFC2FF06FE52FF6DFE17" box="[158,205,471,494]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
I), scarce, 11.0 x 6.0 µm (n=1) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FDBFFE52FDC2FE17" box="[551,610,471,494]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
G, H). Subumbrellar vesicles with three
|
||
<typeStatus id="549888026328FFC2FB88FE52FBE8FE17" box="[1040,1096,471,494]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of nematocysts: isorhizas (light microscopy was insufficient to distinguish spines), scarce, 10.57 x 2.36 μm (n=2); euryteles (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549888026328FFC2FB1FFE7FFB16FDE8" box="[1159,1206,506,529]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
II), abundant, 8.36 x 6.33 μm (n=10); euryteles (
|
||
<typeStatus id="549888026328FFC2FE23FD9BFE4BFDCC" box="[443,491,542,565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">type</typeStatus>
|
||
III), scarce, 6.77 x 3.35 μm (n=2) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A256328FFC2FCFCFD9BFC00FDCC" box="[868,928,542,565]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<date id="FF9D10606328FFC2FC0EFD9BFC00FDCC" box="[918,928,542,565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">1</date>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
I −K).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C66286328FFC2FF0FFAF9FB92F9B8" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" targetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" targetPageId="1">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A06328FFC2FF0FFAF9FB92F9B8" blockId="1.[151,1436,1404,1601]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FF0FFAF9FEB8FA6D" bold="true" box="[151,280,1404,1428]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FE86FAF9FD08FA6A" authority="Carlgren. A" authorityName="Carlgren. A" box="[286,680,1404,1427]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FE86FAF9FD82FA6A" box="[286,546,1404,1427]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
|
||
Carlgren. A
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FE8CFA1AFE8FFA4F" box="[276,303,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gd</emphasis>
|
||
) and gastric cirri (
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FD98FA1AFDB9FA4F" box="[512,537,1439,1462]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">gc</emphasis>
|
||
). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A–F: 0.6 mm; G–K: 5.0 µm.
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FDE6F982FD16F9E7" box="[638,694,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">am—</emphasis>
|
||
arm;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FD76F982FC80F9E7" box="[750,800,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">bd—</emphasis>
|
||
basal disc of stalk;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC77F982FBBAF9E7" box="[1007,1050,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">cl—</emphasis>
|
||
calyx;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FBFBF982FB36F9E7" box="[1123,1174,1543,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">pd—</emphasis>
|
||
pad-like adhesive organ;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FF0FF9AFFF66F9B8" box="[151,198,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">pr—</emphasis>
|
||
primary tentacle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FE1AF9AFFE0EF9B8" box="[386,430,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">pt—</emphasis>
|
||
pit;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FE41F9AFFDA7F9B8" box="[473,519,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">sc—</emphasis>
|
||
secondary tentacle;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FD44F9AFFCAAF9B8" box="[732,778,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">sk—</emphasis>
|
||
stalk;
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FCD2F9AFFCD5F9B8" box="[842,885,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">tc—</emphasis>
|
||
tentacular cluster.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A06328FFC2FF5FF9EFFB5DF822" blockId="1.[151,1437,1642,2011]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">
|
||
The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FEDCF9EFFE4AF978" box="[324,490,1642,1665]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Kishinouyeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, encompassing the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FC90F9EFFC2AF978" box="[776,906,1642,1665]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC90F9EFFC2AF978" box="[776,906,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kishinouyea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FC01F9EFFB97F978" box="[921,1079,1642,1665]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC01F9EFFB97F978" box="[921,1079,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FBECF9EFFB7FF978" box="[1140,1247,1642,1665]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Sasakiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FBECF9EFFB7FF978" box="[1140,1247,1642,1665]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sasakiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, is taxonomically problematic. The distinction between the genera
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FD22F909FC9CF95A" box="[698,828,1676,1699]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FD22F909FC9CF95A" box="[698,828,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kishinouyea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FCDCF909FC42F95A" box="[836,994,1676,1699]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FCDCF909FC42F95A" box="[836,994,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FBB9F909FB2CF95A" box="[1057,1164,1676,1699]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Sasakiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FBB9F909FB2CF95A" box="[1057,1164,1676,1699]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sasakiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is based on absence or presence of primary tentacles, respectively, in the stauromedusa stage (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FC18F92AFBAAF93F" author="Kramp" box="[896,1034,1711,1734]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). However, juvenile stauromedusae of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FF0FF957FEBAF910" box="[151,282,1746,1769]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FF0FF957FEBAF910" box="[151,282,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kishinouyea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FECCF957FE52F910" box="[340,498,1746,1769]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FECCF957FE52F910" box="[340,498,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also have primary tentacles (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FCAFF957FC62F910" author="Corbin" box="[823,962,1746,1769]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FC49F957FB65F910" author="Grohmann" box="[977,1221,1746,1769]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the Southern Hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Grohmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FBD4F957FBDDF910" box="[1100,1149,1746,1769]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), so this distinction cannot be used because it only reflects developmental stages in the life cycle. The difference between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FB49F971FACFF8F2" box="[1233,1391,1780,1803]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FB49F971FACFF8F2" box="[1233,1391,1780,1803]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FF0FF892FEB9F8D7" box="[151,281,1815,1838]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FF0FF892FEB9F8D7" box="[151,281,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kishinouyea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FEB8F892FE2BF8D7" box="[288,395,1815,1838]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Sasakiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FEB8F892FE2BF8D7" box="[288,395,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sasakiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the number of internal chambers in the stalk: one chamber throughout the stalk in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FB60F892FA36F8D7" box="[1272,1430,1815,1838]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FB60F892FA36F8D7" box="[1272,1430,1815,1838]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, one in most part of the stalk but four-chambered basally in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FC96F8BFFCD9F8A8" box="[782,889,1850,1873]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Sasakiella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC96F8BFFCD9F8A8" box="[782,889,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Sasakiella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FC36F8BFFB71F8A8" authority="Kramp 1961" authorityName="Kramp" authorityYear="1961" box="[942,1233,1850,1873]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC36F8BFFB91F8A8" box="[942,1073,1850,1873]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">Kishinouyea</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FBA7F8BFFB69F8A8" author="Kramp" box="[1087,1225,1850,1873]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. However, detailed histological studies are not common, especially because few individuals (sometimes only one, as in this study) are available. Consequently, some misunderstandings exist concerning this character (
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FC1FF8FAFC0DF86F" box="[903,941,1919,1942]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">e.g.</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FC22F8FAFBD2F86F" author="Edmondson" box="[954,1138,1919,1942]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 9, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1930">Edmondson 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
describing four chambers at median part of stalk in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D236328FFC2FE1DF827FDBEF840" box="[389,542,1954,1977]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="hawaiiensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB26328FFC2FE1DF827FDBEF840" box="[389,542,1954,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="61">K. hawaiiensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when in fact it has one chamber with four regions; see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B516328FFC2FBF8F827FAB9F840" author="Edmondson" box="[1120,1305,1954,1977]" pageId="1" pageNumber="61" refString="Edmondson, C. H. (1930) New Hawaiian medusae. Occasional Papers of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 9, 1 - 16." type="journal article" year="1930">Edmondson 1930</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, fig. 6b) that hamper evolutionary understanding of the character and the suitability of using it in taxonomic discussions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF5FFF1DFAA0FEEE" blockId="2.[151,1437,152,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
We present here the second recorded individual of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FD78FF1DFCF7FF56" box="[736,855,152,175]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FD78FF1DFCF7FF56" box="[736,855,152,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and the first record of it from outside its type-locality. The morphology of Brazilian material matches the original description as presented by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FBDEFF3FFB52FF28" author="Carlgren" box="[1094,1266,186,209]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Carlgren, O. (1938) Eine neue sudafrikanische Lucernariidae, Lucernariopsis capensis. Kungliga Fysiografiska Sallskapets I Lund Forhandlingar, 8, 1 - 6." type="journal article" year="1938">Carlgren (1938)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
from the South African
|
||
<typeStatus id="54988802632BFFC1FF6AFF58FE83FF0D" box="[242,291,221,244]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">type</typeStatus>
|
||
. However, the specimen from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FDEDFF58FD16FF0D" box="[629,694,221,244]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
is smaller (
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6A1031B632BFFC1FCA2FF58FC2CFF0D" box="[826,908,221,244]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,322,346]" captionTargetBox="[151,1435,408,843]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="TABLE 1. Comparison of measurements between Lucernariopsis capensis from South Africa (SA) (Carlgren, 1938) and Brazil (BR) (this study)." httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6628632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" tableUuid="DF5C6628632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
) and perhaps a juvenile, as corroborated by the probable vestige of a primary tentacle found between two of the arms (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FC2CFE85FB9DFEEE" author="Corbin" box="[948,1085,256,279]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 285) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FB39FE85FB7DFEEE" box="[1185,1245,256,279]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption id="DF5C6628632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85" ID-Table-UUID="DF5C6628632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85" httpUri="http://table.plazi.org/id/DF5C6628632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[151,1435,408,843]" targetIsTable="true" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FE3BFE85" blockId="2.[151,1435,322,380]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FF0FFEC7FEA9FEA3" bold="true" box="[151,265,322,346]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">TABLE 1.</emphasis>
|
||
Comparison of measurements between
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FD2AFEC7FC15FEA0" box="[690,949,322,345]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FD2AFEC7FC15FEA0" box="[690,949,322,345]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from South Africa (SA) (Carlgren, 1938) and Brazil (BR) (this study).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FC9BFE1CFA8DFCB2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<table id="F923C400632B003CFF0FFE1DFA3BFCB2" box="[151,1435,408,843]" gridcols="3" gridrows="11" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFE1DFA3BFE57" box="[151,1435,408,430]" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" rowspan-0="1">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFE1DFC56FE57" box="[770,1014,408,430]" gridcol="1" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FC9BFE1CFCD4FE57" box="[771,884,409,430]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FC9BFE1CFCD4FE57" box="[771,884,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(SA)
|
||
</th>
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFE1DFA3BFE57" box="[1107,1435,408,430]" gridcol="2" gridrow="0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FBCBFE1CFB64FE57" box="[1107,1220,409,430]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FBCBFE1CFB64FE57" box="[1107,1220,409,430]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(BR)
|
||
</th>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFE44FA3BFE2E" box="[151,1435,449,471]" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFE44FDD2FE2E" box="[151,626,449,471]" gridcol="0" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Length of arms</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFE44FC56FE2E" box="[770,1014,449,471]" gridcol="1" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">1.8 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFE44FA3BFE2E" box="[1107,1435,449,471]" gridcol="2" gridrow="1" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">0.28 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFE6FFA3BFDF9" box="[151,1435,490,512]" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFE6FFDD2FDF9" box="[151,626,490,512]" gridcol="0" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Length of calyx</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFE6FFC56FDF9" box="[770,1014,490,512]" gridcol="1" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">6.5 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFE6FFA3BFDF9" box="[1107,1435,490,512]" gridcol="2" gridrow="2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">3.34 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFD96FA3BFDD3" box="[151,1435,531,554]" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFD96FDD2FDD3" box="[151,626,531,554]" gridcol="0" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Diameter of calyx</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFD96FC56FDD3" box="[770,1014,531,554]" gridcol="1" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">5.5 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFD96FA3BFDD3" box="[1107,1435,531,554]" gridcol="2" gridrow="3" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">3.25 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFDB8FA3BFDAA" box="[151,1435,573,595]" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFDB8FDD2FDAA" box="[151,626,573,595]" gridcol="0" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Length of stalk</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFDB8FC56FDAA" box="[770,1014,573,595]" gridcol="1" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">5.5 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFDB8FA3BFDAA" box="[1107,1435,573,595]" gridcol="2" gridrow="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">3.10 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFDE3FA3BFD85" box="[151,1435,614,636]" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFDE3FDD2FD85" box="[151,626,614,636]" gridcol="0" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Diameter of stalk</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFDE3FC56FD85" box="[770,1014,614,636]" gridcol="1" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">2.0 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFDE3FA3BFD85" box="[1107,1435,614,636]" gridcol="2" gridrow="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">1.17 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFD15FA3BFD5F" box="[151,1435,656,678]" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFD15FDD2FD5F" box="[151,626,656,678]" gridcol="0" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Base of stalk (swollen adhesive disk)</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFD15FC56FD5F" box="[770,1014,656,678]" gridcol="1" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">3.5 mm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFD15FA3BFD5F" box="[1107,1435,656,678]" gridcol="2" gridrow="6" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">1.82 mm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFD3CFA3BFD36" box="[151,1435,697,719]" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFD3CFDD2FD36" box="[151,626,697,719]" gridcol="0" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Tentacles per cluster</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFD3CFC56FD36" box="[770,1014,697,719]" gridcol="1" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">11–27</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFD3CFA3BFD36" box="[1107,1435,697,719]" gridcol="2" gridrow="7" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">11–15</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFD67FA3BFD01" box="[151,1435,738,760]" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFD67FDD2FD01" box="[151,626,738,760]" gridcol="0" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Isorhiza nematocysts of tentacle</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFD67FC56FD01" box="[770,1014,738,760]" gridcol="1" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">12.0–14.0 x 2.0–2.5 µm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFD67FA3BFD01" box="[1107,1435,738,760]" gridcol="2" gridrow="8" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">11.1–12.4 x 2.2–3.0 µm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFC8EFA3BFCDB" box="[151,1435,779,802]" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFC8EFDD2FCDB" box="[151,626,779,802]" gridcol="0" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Isorhiza nematocysts of subumbrellar vesicles</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFC8EFC56FCDB" box="[770,1014,779,802]" gridcol="1" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">12.0 x 2.5 µm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFC8EFA3BFCDB" box="[1107,1435,779,802]" gridcol="2" gridrow="9" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">10.3–10.8 x 2.2–2.5 µm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
<tr id="351334E2632B003CFF0FFCB0FA3BFCB2" box="[151,1435,821,843]" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<th id="76C25D9E632B003CFF0FFCB0FDD2FCB2" box="[151,626,821,843]" gridcol="0" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Euryteles of subumbrellar vesicles</th>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFC9AFCB0FC56FCB2" box="[770,1014,821,843]" gridcol="1" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">7.0–10.0 x 4.0–4.5 µm</td>
|
||
<td id="76C25D9E632B003CFBCBFCB0FA3BFCB2" box="[1107,1435,821,843]" gridcol="2" gridrow="10" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">8.1–8.6 x 5.8–6.9 µm</td>
|
||
</tr>
|
||
</table>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C339652B632BFFC1FF5FFC0BFBF0F830" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" type="reference_group">
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF5FFC0BFB2EFA7A" blockId="2.[151,1437,910,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FF5FFC0BFE6FFC5C" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[199,463,910,933]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FF5FFC0BFE6FFC5C" box="[199,463,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is the second staurozoan species recorded from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FC61FC0BFB9EFC5C" box="[1017,1086,910,933]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
. The first,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FB26FC0BFF44FC3E" ID-CoL="3R8QH" authority="Larson" authorityName="Larson" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="corbini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FB26FC0BFA3CFC5C" box="[1214,1436,910,933]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Kishinouyea corbini</emphasis>
|
||
Larson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FEEEFC35FDDAFC3E" box="[374,634,944,968]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the Southern Hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388." type="journal article">
|
||
Grohmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FE69FC34FD82FC31" box="[497,546,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. (1999)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, also belongs to the family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FC35FC35FBF8FC3E" ID-CoL="84KBS" box="[941,1112,944,967]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Kishinouyeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FB62FC34FAD4FC31" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[1274,1396,945,968]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FB62FC34FAD4FC31" box="[1274,1396,945,968]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FA1CFC34FF44FC13" ID-CoL="3R8QH" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Kishinouyea" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="corbini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FA1CFC34FF44FC13" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">K. corbini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a shorter stalk, a wide-open calyx, and larger arms (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FCECFC56FBA3FC13" author="Larson" box="[884,1027,979,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Larson, R. J. (1980) A new stauromedusa, Kishinouyea corbini (Scyphozoa, Stauromedusae) from the tropical western Atlantic. Bulletin of Marine Science, 30, 102 - 107." type="journal article" year="1980">Larson 1980</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FB8CFC56FAB2FC13" author="Grohmann" box="[1044,1298,979,1002]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Grohmann, P. A., Magalhaes, M. P. & Hirano, Y. M. (1999) First record of the order Stauromedusae (Cnidaria Scyphozoa) from the tropical southwestern Atlantic, with a review of the distribution of Stauromedusae in the Southern Hemisphere. Species Diversity, 4, 381 - 388." type="journal article" year="1999">
|
||
Grohmann
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FB0AFC56FB66FC13" box="[1170,1222,979,1002]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 1999
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The genus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FF0FFC70FE99FBF5" ID-CoL="d1bc1f24-4360-466f-a797-004439d7b034" box="[151,313,1013,1036]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FF0FFC70FE99FBF5" box="[151,313,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes four other species: 1) the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FCC0FC70FA8FFBF2" ID-CoL="3WBBN" authority="Lamouroux" authorityName="Lamouroux" box="[856,1327,1012,1036]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="campanulata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FCC0FC70FB33FBF5" box="[856,1171,1013,1036]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis campanulata</emphasis>
|
||
(Lamouroux)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FADEFC71FA2EFBF2" box="[1350,1422,1012,1035]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), intertidal, on algae, with pad-like adhesive organs on the distal arm tentacles (one to each tentacle), equidistant and larger arms (compared to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FEFCFBBCFE7BFBA9" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[356,475,1081,1104]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FEFCFBBCFE7BFBA9" box="[356,475,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), and gonads embedded in the gastric pouch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FC58FBBCFB9AFBA9" author="Eales" box="[960,1082,1081,1104]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Eales, N. B. (1938) Lucernaria discoidea, a new species from the Channel Islands. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 23, 167 - 170." type="journal article" year="1938">Eales 1938</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FBF8FBBCFAE4FBA9" box="[1120,1348,1081,1104]" class="Staurozoa" family="Lucernariidae" genus="Lucernaria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="discoidea">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FBF8FBBCFAE4FBA9" box="[1120,1348,1081,1104]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernaria discoidea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FACAFBBCFF6FFB8B" author="Kramp" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Kramp, P. L. (1961) Synopsis of the medusae of the world. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 40, 1 - 469." type="journal article" year="1961">Kramp 1961</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FF45FBDEFEC9FB8B" author="Corbin" box="[221,361,1115,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FEE0FBDEFD9AFB8B" author="Zagal" box="[376,570,1115,1138]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Zagal
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FE26FBDEFE51FB8B" box="[446,497,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 2) the European
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FC92FBDEFB03FB8B" ID-CoL="3WBBQ" authority="Corbin" authorityName="Corbin" box="[778,1187,1115,1138]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="cruxmelitensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FC92FBDEFBEFFB8B" box="[778,1103,1115,1138]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis cruxmelitensis</emphasis>
|
||
Corbin
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FB2DFBDEFB59FB8B" box="[1205,1273,1115,1138]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), intertidal, on algae, with a different pad structure (“the distal arms tentacles arising directly from it”,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FBA3FBF8FB64FB6D" author="Corbin" box="[1083,1220,1149,1172]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, p. 289), equidistant arms, which are also larger than those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FDC9FB25FD6AFB4E" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[593,714,1184,1207]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FDC9FB25FD6AFB4E" box="[593,714,1184,1207]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and gonads embedded in the gastric pouch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FB36FB1AFA99FB4F" author="Corbin" box="[1198,1337,1183,1206]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Corbin, P. G. (1978) A new species of the stauromedusan genus Lucernariopsis (Coelenterata: Scyphomedusae). Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58, 285 - 290." type="journal article" year="1978">Corbin 1978</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FADCFB1AFF52FB21" author="Zagal" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Zagal
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FA11FB25FF0CFB20" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); 3) the South Australian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FD9AFB47FC13FB21" ID-CoL="3WBBR" authority="Zagal et al." authorityName="Zagal et al." box="[514,947,1217,1241]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="tasmaniensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FD9AFB47FC94FB20" box="[514,820,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis tasmaniensis</emphasis>
|
||
Zagal
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FCE6FB47FC0DFB20" box="[894,941,1218,1241]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FC5AFB44FBA3FB21" box="[962,1027,1217,1240]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B45632BFFC1FB8FFB44FBF4FB21" box="[1047,1108,1217,1240]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="5.0" metricValueMin="2.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="3.5" valueMax="5.0" valueMin="2.0">2–5m</quantity>
|
||
depth, on algae, with a shorter stalk, wide-open calyx, equidistant arms, adhesive pad similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FCF9FB61FC7BFB02" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[865,987,1252,1275]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FCF9FB61FC7BFB02" box="[865,987,1252,1275]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and gonads not embedded in the gastric pouch, with several attached nodular lobes, rather irregular in shape, similar to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FC65FA83FAEFFAE4" ID-CoL="3WBBP" authority="Zagal et al. 2011" authorityName="Zagal et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[1021,1359,1286,1309]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FC65FA83FBD7FAE4" box="[1021,1143,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FB1FFA83FAE8FAE4" author="Zagal" box="[1159,1352,1286,1309]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Zagal
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FB56FA83FAA6FAE4" box="[1230,1286,1286,1309]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; 4) the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FF0FFAADFF5AFAC6" box="[151,250,1320,1343]" name="Antarctica" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Antarctic</collectingCountry>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FE9EFAADFD01FAC6" ID-CoL="8536J" authority="Browne" authorityName="Browne" box="[262,673,1320,1343]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="vanhoeffeni">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FE9EFAADFD8FFAC6" box="[262,559,1320,1343]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis vanhoeffeni</emphasis>
|
||
(Browne)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FD2DFAADFD5BFAC6" box="[693,763,1320,1343]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
),
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B45632BFFC1FC8DFAADFC26FAC6" box="[789,902,1320,1343]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.45" metricValueMax="13.7" metricValueMin="3.2" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="m" value="84.5" valueMax="137.0" valueMin="32.0">32–137 m</quantity>
|
||
depth, on rocks, with a smaller stalk, pad-like adhesive organ on the distal arm tentacles, different from the pad on the arms of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FBBEFACFFB01FA98" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[1062,1185,1354,1377]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FBBEFACFFB01FA98" box="[1062,1185,1354,1377]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FB2BFACFFB53FA98" box="[1203,1267,1354,1377]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="1.[151,254,1404,1428]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetId="figure@1.[151,1436,606,1380]" captionTargetPageId="1" captionText="FIGURE 1. Lucernariopsis capensis Carlgren. A, B, C. General views of the preserved specimen from Itanhaém, Brazil. D. Gonad (gd) and gastric cirri (gc). E. Two arms, with cushion or pad-like organ, tentacular cluster, and a probable vestige of primary tentacle. F. Base of stalk, with a central pit. G. Isorhiza of tentacle. H. Eurytele (type I) of tentacle. I. Eurytele (type II) of subumbrellar vesicles. J. Eurytele (type III) of subumbrellar vesicles. K. Isorhiza of subumbrellar vesicles. Scale: A – F: 0.6 mm; G – K: 5.0 µm. am— arm; bd— basal disc of stalk; cl— calyx; pd— pad-like adhesive organ; pr— primary tentacle; pt— pit; sc— secondary tentacle; sk— stalk; tc— tentacular cluster." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279706/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
E), and gonads embedded in the gastric pouch (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FE72FAE9FDDFFA7A" author="Browne" box="[490,639,1388,1411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Browne, E. T. (1910) Coelentera. V. Medusae. Reports of the National Antarctic Expedition, 1901 - 1904 of Natural History, 5, 1 - 62." type="journal article" year="1910">Browne 1910</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FD12FAE9FCE1FA7A" author="Zagal" box="[650,833,1388,1411]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Zagal, C. J., Hirano, Y. M., Mills, C. E., Edgar, G. J. & Barrett, N. S. (2011) New records of Staurozoa from Australian coastal waters, with a description of a new species of Lucernariopsis Uchida, 1929 (Cnidaria, Staurozoa, Stauromedusae) and a key to Australian Stauromedusae. Marine Biology Research, 7, 651 - 666." type="journal article" year="2011">
|
||
Zagal
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FD56FAE9FD5DFA7A" box="[718,765,1388,1411]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2011
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Smithsonian online database).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF5FFA0BFB9DFA13" blockId="2.[151,1437,910,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
Our specimen was found intertidally in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FD1CFA0BFD65FA5C" box="[644,709,1422,1445]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
during
|
||
<quantity id="4CDB9B45632BFFC1FCB8FA0BFCD4FA5C" box="[800,884,1422,1445]" metricMagnitude="1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.0419" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" unit="in" value="1985.0">1985 in</quantity>
|
||
a relatively well known area (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FB55FA0BFF71FA3E" author="Marques" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Marques, A. C. & Lamas, C. J. E. (2006) Taxonomia zoologica no Brasil: estado da arte, expectativas e sugestoes de acoes futuras. Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, 46, 139 - 174." type="journal article" year="2006">Marques & Lamas 2006</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Despite decades of sampling there, the species has never been found again, perhaps because of gradual pollution and environmental decay along the southern coast of São Paulo (Sant’anna
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FC24FA56FC49FA13" box="[956,1001,1491,1514]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
|
||
. 2007).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF5FFA70FA31F8C6" blockId="2.[151,1437,910,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
The disjunct distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FE68FA70FD54F9F5" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[496,756,1525,1548]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FE68FA70FD54F9F5" box="[496,756,1525,1548]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Lucernariopsis capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FCA3FA70FC64F9F5" box="[827,964,1525,1548]" name="South Africa" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">South Africa</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3347630632BFFC1FC60FA70FB99F9F5" box="[1016,1081,1525,1548]" name="Brazil" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Brazil</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FBDFFA70FB28F9F5" box="[1095,1160,1525,1548]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
), might be explained by a vicariant event of about 160−100 million years, at the opening of the Atlantic. If this really happened and populations have been isolated since then, one could expect highly derived DNA, but molecular data are currently unavailable for the species. Another hypothesis to account for this distribution would be active or passive locomotion of at least some stage of the life cycle. However, Staurozoa have a limited capacity for movement: stauromedusae and stauropolyps spend most of their lives attached to a substrate by their stalk (although they can detach themselves, see
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FBEFF91AFAF8F94F" author="Wietrzykowski" box="[1143,1368,1695,1718]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Wietrzykowski, W. (1912) Recherches sur le developpement des Lucernaires. Archives de Zoologie Experimentale et Generale, 5 e Serie, 10, 1 - 95." type="journal article" year="1912">Wietrzykowski 1912</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FAFBF91AFEE4F920" author="Mills" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Mills, C. E. & Hirano, Y. M. (2007) Stauromedusae. In: Denny, M. W. & Gaines, S. D. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Tidepools and Rocky Shores. University of California Press, Berkeley, pp. 541 - 543." type="book chapter" year="2007">Mills & Hirano 2007</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); and their slow-moving benthic planulae do not possess cilia, unlike other Medusozoa (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFB24B51632BFFC1FA84F947FA30F920" author="Otto" box="[1308,1424,1730,1753]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" refString="Otto, J. J. (1976) Early development and planula movement in Haliclystus (Scyphozoa: Stauromedusae). In: Mackie, G. O. (Ed.), Coelenterate Ecology and Behavior. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 319 - 329." type="book chapter" year="1976">Otto 1976</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Passive transport, such as by rafting, is a more likely means for these animals to cross oceanic barriers. Nevertheless, there are no data concerning the occurrence of such long-range transport in literature on Staurozoa. Finally, members of the class Staurozoa have been little-studied, and the reported distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FC5AF8ADFB9AF8C6" ID-CoL="3WBBP" box="[962,1082,1832,1855]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" genus="Lucernariopsis" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="capensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B957EAB2632BFFC1FC5AF8ADFB9AF8C6" box="[962,1082,1832,1855]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">L. capensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
may not reflect its actual range.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B9C36A0632BFFC1FF5FF8CFFBF0F830" blockId="2.[151,1437,910,1993]" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">
|
||
The family
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C234D23632BFFC1FEDFF8CFFE4EF898" ID-CoL="84KBS" box="[327,494,1866,1889]" class="Staurozoa" family="Kishinouyeidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Stauromedusae" pageId="2" pageNumber="62" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="family">Kishinouyeidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is widespread, and the only staurozoan family with species in shallow tropical waters (
|
||
<figureCitation id="13182A25632BFFC1FF07F8E8FF7FF87D" box="[159,223,1901,1924]" captionStart="FIGURE 2" captionStartId="3.[151,255,862,886]" captionTargetBox="[152,1434,194,836]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[151,1436,194,838]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="FIGURE 2. Distribution of species of the family Kishinouyeidae. Lucernariopsis (in blue): A. L. campanulata, B. L. capensis (star represents the new record), C. L. cruxmelitensis, D. L. tasmaniensis, E. L. vanhoeffeni, F. Lucernariopsis sp.; Kishinouyea (in red): G. K. corbini, H. K. hawaiiensis, I. K. nagatensis, J. Kishinouyea sp.; Sasakiella (in green): K. S. cruciformis, L. S. tsingtaoensis (Browne 1910; Edmondson 1930; Eales 1938; Panikkar 1944; Kramp 1961; Corbin 1978; Larson 1980; Grohmann et al. 1999; Cairns et al. 2009; Zagal et al. 2011; Smithsonian NMNH Online Database, available from: http: // collections. nmnh. si. edu / search / iz /, 0 5 Nov 2011; this study)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/279707/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="62">Fig. 2</figureCitation>
|
||
).This distribution is biogeographically and evolutionarily interesting because most species of Staurozoa inhabit cold waters. New records with morphological and intraspecific data are crucial for solving taxonomic problems in the class Staurozoa and improving knowledge about the diversity and evolution of the group.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |