1019 lines
197 KiB
XML
1019 lines
197 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1038/s41467-017-01550-z" ID-GBIF-Dataset="32f87f69-77ed-42f8-9d23-58933dde1ecc" ID-PMC="PMC5727220" ID-PubMed="29233973" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1116358" checkinTime="1513278482622" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Enrique Peñalver, Antonio Arillo, Xavier Delclòs, David Peris, David A. Grimaldi, Scott R. Anderson, Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" docDate="2017" docId="038A8794FFD2FFA7AF6EFD72C6B3F9C4" docLanguage="en" docName="natureCommunications.s41467-017-01550-z.pdf" docOrigin="Nature Communications 8 (1924)" docStyle="DocumentStyle{}" docTitle="parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="FFB3FFECFFD3FFAFAC22FFD9C766FFD5" masterDocTitle="parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed" masterLastPageNumber="13" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="2" updateTime="1668243769103" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
|
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
|
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<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>parasitised feathered dinosaurs as Cretaceous amber assemblages revealed</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Enrique Peñalver</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Antonio Arillo</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Xavier Delclòs</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>David Peris</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>David A. Grimaldi</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Scott R. Anderson</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Paul C. Nascimbene</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:name type="personal">
|
||
<mods:role>
|
||
<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
|
||
</mods:role>
|
||
<mods:namePart>Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente</mods:namePart>
|
||
</mods:name>
|
||
<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
|
||
<mods:relatedItem type="host">
|
||
<mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:title>Nature Communications</mods:title>
|
||
</mods:titleInfo>
|
||
<mods:part>
|
||
<mods:date>2017</mods:date>
|
||
<mods:detail type="pubDate">
|
||
<mods:number>2017-12-12</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="volume">
|
||
<mods:number>8</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:detail type="issue">
|
||
<mods:number>1924</mods:number>
|
||
</mods:detail>
|
||
<mods:extent unit="page">
|
||
<mods:start>1</mods:start>
|
||
<mods:end>13</mods:end>
|
||
</mods:extent>
|
||
</mods:part>
|
||
</mods:relatedItem>
|
||
<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1038/s41467-017-01550-z</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="GBIF-Dataset">32f87f69-77ed-42f8-9d23-58933dde1ecc</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="PMC">PMC5727220</mods:identifier>
|
||
<mods:identifier type="PubMed">29233973</mods:identifier>
|
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">1116358</mods:identifier>
|
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6033673" ID-GBIF-Taxon="204885153" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6033673" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:038A8794FFD2FFA7AF6EFD72C6B3F9C4" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/038A8794FFD2FFA7AF6EFD72C6B3F9C4" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
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||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" box="[844,1436,683,705]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Deinocrotonidae Peñalver, Arillo, Anderson and Pérez-de</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" box="[1041,1241,711,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
la Fuente
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1144,1236,711,733]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">fam. nov</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[840,1325,743,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="nomenclature">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" box="[840,1325,743,765]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,961,743,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[840,892,743,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Type</typeStatus>
|
||
genus
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" box="[975,1098,744,765]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[975,1098,744,765]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel box="[1106,1200,743,764]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
Monotypic.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,952,775,796]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. From Greek
|
||
<emphasis box="[1118,1181,775,796]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">deinos</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[1202,1212,775,796]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“</emphasis>
|
||
terrible
|
||
<emphasis box="[1284,1294,775,796]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">”</emphasis>
|
||
, and
|
||
<emphasis box="[1368,1435,770,797]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">krotÓn</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,850,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“</emphasis>
|
||
tick
|
||
<emphasis box="[887,897,803,824]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">”</emphasis>
|
||
. Gender: neutral.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1086,834,856]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis (both sexes)</emphasis>
|
||
. Integument with closely spaced, deep pits, and mound-like elevations between pits; integument not convoluted, lacking microsculpture. Pseudoscutum distinct (abbreviated in females), pitted but without elevations. Eyes absent. Hypostome subterminal. Basis capituli not bordered by coxae I. Palpi elongated, gracile; palpomere II distally thickened and bent in ventral direction, palpomeres III and IV elongated, tubular, fully mobile. Genital aperture transverse, close to the capitulum in males and slightly posteriad in females. Presence of a conspicuous anteroventral depressed area, post-genital in position. Spiracles smooth, medium sized, located at the level of coxae IV. Genital groove distinct, medially divided in two sections and extending posteriorly. Anal pore terminal. Preanal groove prolonged posteriorly, with sides closing. Legs ruffled. All coxae with short spurs in rows. Leg joints not of the ball and socket
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1230,1273,1282,1303]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">type</typeStatus>
|
||
but notch-like processes present. Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[1101,1106,1309,1330]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ proximal capsule completely open. Festoons absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Penalver, Arillo, Anderson" authorityName="Penalver, Arillo, Anderson" box="[840,1322,1369,1391]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draculi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,1041,1369,1390]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Deinocroton draculi</emphasis>
|
||
Peñalver, Arillo, Anderson
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and Pérez- de la Fuente gen. et sp. nov.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="etymology">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis box="[840,943,1428,1449]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Etymology</emphasis>
|
||
. Patronym for the main character of the gothic horror novel by Irish writer Abraham
|
||
<emphasis box="[1223,1233,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">“</emphasis>
|
||
Bram
|
||
<emphasis box="[1288,1298,1457,1478]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">”</emphasis>
|
||
Stoker, which is a fictionalised account of Vlad III, or Vlad Dracula (ca.
|
||
<date box="[840,953,1512,1534]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" value="1429" valueMax="1476">
|
||
1429
|
||
<emphasis box="[888,901,1513,1534]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
|
||
1476
|
||
</date>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<typeStatus box="[840,937,1544,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,937,1544,1565]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
</typeStatus>
|
||
. Adult male (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1079,1158,1544,1565]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
Bu-SA
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1238,1249,1544,1566]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a), ca.
|
||
<quantity box="[1313,1389,1544,1566]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" unit="mm" value="3.9">3.9 mm</quantity>
|
||
long from posterior margin to apex of hypostome (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1364,1376,1572,1593]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, e
|
||
<emphasis box="[1411,1424,1572,1593]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
|
||
g, j, k
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[886,959,1600,1622]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[886,898,1600,1621]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, f
|
||
<emphasis box="[931,944,1600,1621]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">–</emphasis>
|
||
h
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[971,1094,1600,1622]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[971,983,1600,1622]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, c, d, f, g
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1267,1362,1600,1622]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1312,1324,1600,1621]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c, e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1047,1631,1653]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Additional material</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1059,1147,1632,1654]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
: female (CM 63007) (
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1411,1423,1632,1653]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b, c
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1022,1101,1660,1682]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1075,1087,1660,1681]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1113,1125,1660,1681]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1113,1125,1660,1681]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">3</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1146,1246,1660,1681]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Paratypes</typeStatus>
|
||
: male (
|
||
<collectionCode box="[1318,1397,1660,1681]" country="USA" httpUri="http://biocol.org/urn:lsid:biocol.org:col:34925" name="American Museum of Natural History" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">AMNH</collectionCode>
|
||
Bu- SA
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[872,883,1687,1709]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[918,1064,1688,1710]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[973,985,1688,1709]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, d, i, l
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1077,1128,1688,1710]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1077,1089,1688,1709]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d, e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1140,1190,1687,1710]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1140,1152,1687,1709]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b, e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1363,1434,1688,1710]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1407,1419,1688,1709]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and engorged female (CM 63001) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1201,1369,1715,1737]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1257,1269,1716,1737]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b, c, h, m
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1381,1428,1715,1737]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1381,1393,1715,1737]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
h, i
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). All adults (see Supplementary Note
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1213,1225,1743,1764]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="1" pageNumber="2" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
for more details).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1082,1775,1797]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Locality and horizon</emphasis>
|
||
. Southwest of Tanai (close to Maingkhwan village) in the Hukawng Basin,
|
||
<collectingRegion box="[1311,1383,1803,1825]" country="Myanmar" name="Kachin" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Kachin</collectingRegion>
|
||
State area (northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1012,1115,1832,1853]" name="Myanmar" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
|
||
), likely from the Noije bum opencast system of mines; earliest Cenomanian7.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection box="[840,1377,1890,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2" type="diagnosis">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="1.[840,1442,683,1913]" box="[840,1377,1890,1913]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[840,1181,1890,1912]" pageId="1" pageNumber="2">Diagnosis for genus and species</emphasis>
|
||
. As for the family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116362/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" targetBox="[378,1210,136,1374]" targetPageId="2">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,1471,1398,1529]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,165,1398,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Fig. 1</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" box="[172,408,1398,1418]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[172,408,1398,1418]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Cornupalpatum burmanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
hard tick entangled in a feather.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[708,719,1398,1418]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a</emphasis>
|
||
Photograph of the Burmese amber piece (Bu JZC-F18) showing a semicomplete pennaceous feather. Scale bar, 5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[456,467,1425,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">b</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the nymphal tick in dorsal view and barbs (inset in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1018,1029,1425,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a</emphasis>
|
||
). Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1198,1208,1425,1445]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">c</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the tick
|
||
<emphasis box="[1364,1369,1426,1445]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">’</emphasis>
|
||
s capitulum (mouthparts), showing palpi and hypostome with teeth (arrow). Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[861,872,1453,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">d</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of a barb. Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1200,1211,1453,1473]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">e</emphasis>
|
||
Drawing of the tick in dorsal view indicating the point of entanglement. Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[664,671,1481,1501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">f</emphasis>
|
||
Detached barbule pennulum showing hooklets on one of its sides (arrow in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1349,1360,1481,1501]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">a</emphasis>
|
||
indicates its location but in the opposite side of the amber piece). Scale bar, 0.2 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,779,1587,1972]" box="[116,779,1587,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,240,1587,1609]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Description</emphasis>
|
||
. See Supplementary Note 2 for body measurements.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,779,1587,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,192,1615,1636]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Male</emphasis>
|
||
: Body outline subcircular. Integument surface with closely spaced, deep pits and with single, mound-like elevations between pits (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[272,394,1671,1693]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[335,347,1671,1692]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d, k
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[413,492,1671,1693]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[413,425,1671,1693]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
<emphasis box="[436,449,1671,1692]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">–</emphasis>
|
||
c, e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in females (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[688,766,1671,1693]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[741,753,1671,1692]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Integument not convoluted (cf.
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[443,555,1699,1720]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,555,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
), lacking microsculpture (e.g., granulations). Body without conspicuous setal vestiture, except setae present on palpi, legs and anal valves, and very sparse setae present on dorsal and ventral integument. Integumentary pits lacking any associated setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[116,779,1587,1972]" lastBlockId="2.[810,1472,1587,1972]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[142,222,1839,1860]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Dorsum</emphasis>
|
||
. Pseudoscutum distinct (not highly chitinised as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duges" authorityYear="1834" box="[116,205,1866,1888]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ixodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with integument resembling the rest of body), occupying most part of dorsum, reaching anterior margin of dorsum (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[212,289,1922,1944]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[262,274,1922,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), with anterolateral margin broadened posteriorly (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[175,246,1950,1972]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[219,231,1950,1972]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Cervical grooves present, relatively shallow (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[705,825,1587,1972]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[749,761,1950,1972]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pseudoscutum integument with closely spaced, deep pits, but without mound-like elevations as in the rest of body, rendering a surface with smooth appearance in which pits are very apparent (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,887,1671,1693]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity box="[861,887,1671,1692]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="3.0" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" unit="g" value="3.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[861,873,1671,1692]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Pits separated by a length equal to their diameter or less. Festoons absent. Eyes absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="2.[810,1472,1587,1972]" lastBlockId="3.[116,779,1754,1971]" lastPageId="3" lastPageNumber="4" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,902,1727,1748]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">Venter</emphasis>
|
||
. Capitulum partially visible in dorsal view. Hypostome subterminal (sensu Mans et al.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J." box="[1155,1174,1748,1767]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="509 - 535" part="7" refString="16. Mans, B. J. et al. Ancestral reconstruction of tick lineages. Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 7, 509 - 535 (2016)." title="et al. Ancestral reconstruction of tick lineages" type="journal article" year="2016">16</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1205,1357,1755,1777]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1269,1281,1755,1776]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, d, f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1376,1402,1754,1777]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1376,1388,1754,1776]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), well developed, reaching apex of palpomere II. Hypostome ultrastructure obscure, dental formula indeterminate. Chelicerae only partially visible in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1059,1146,1839,1860]" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
male. Palpi elongated, gracile (around two times the length of hypostome), fully mobile (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1398,1467,1866,1888]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1443,1455,1866,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[972,1071,1894,1916]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1019,1031,1894,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
<emphasis box="[1043,1056,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">–</emphasis>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in females (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1247,1323,1894,1916]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="3">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1296,1308,1894,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="2" pageNumber="3" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Palpomere I short. Palpomere II the longest, distally thickened in width and height, bent distally in ventral direction (creating a ventral concavity, with surface of articulation with palpomere III facing that direction). Palpomeres III and IV elongated, tubular, tapering basally. Palpomere III about two times as long as wide, with surface slightly ruffled. Palpomere IV in terminal position, about four times as long as wide. Palpi without spurs but bearing abundant, fine setae. Basis capituli not bordered by coxae I, with anterior margin rimmed and surface smooth (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[613,685,1921,1943]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[664,676,1922,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[214,290,1949,1971]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[264,276,1950,1971]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); auriculae, cornua and porose areas absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[116,1472,558,634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,166,558,578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 2</emphasis>
|
||
Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[882,893,558,578]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus in ventral view of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Poinar and Brown" authorityYear="2003" box="[1168,1405,558,578]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Cornupalpatum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="burmanicum">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1168,1405,558,578]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Cornupalpatum burmanicum</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
nymph associated with feathers. Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[508,519,586,606]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[162,172,614,634]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" targetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" targetPageId="3">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[116,1473,1433,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,167,1433,1453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 3</emphasis>
|
||
Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[648,659,1433,1453]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle family
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[475,594,1461,1480]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Dermestidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[751,762,1461,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
Engorged paratype female in dorsolateral view. Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1327,1337,1461,1481]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">c</emphasis>
|
||
Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[322,333,1488,1508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[511,522,1488,1508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">d</emphasis>
|
||
Paratype male in dorsal view. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[957,968,1488,1508]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">e</emphasis>
|
||
Dorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype, showing Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[169,174,1517,1536]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ, an aggregate of chemoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[355,362,1544,1564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">f</emphasis>
|
||
Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1402,1413,1544,1564]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g</emphasis>
|
||
Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[998,1009,1572,1592]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">h</emphasis>
|
||
Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle. Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[397,403,1600,1620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">i</emphasis>
|
||
Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1070,1076,1600,1620]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">j</emphasis>
|
||
Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[285,296,1628,1648]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">k</emphasis>
|
||
Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[374,380,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">l</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[390,407,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">m</emphasis>
|
||
Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female, respectively. Scale bars, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1392,1403,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1413,1424,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1434,1445,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">e</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1455,1466,1656,1676]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">g</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,142,1684,1704]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
i
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[122,132,1685,1704]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">–</emphasis>
|
||
k
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="3.[810,1471,1754,1971]" lastBlockId="4.[116,779,1252,1972]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Genital aperture a transverse slit in an oval area between anterior half of coxae II (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[996,1091,1782,1804]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1046,1058,1782,1803]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f, i
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), close to capitulum. Presence of a conspicuous anteroventral depressed area (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1290,1372,1810,1832]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity box="[1346,1372,1810,1832]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="5.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1346,1358,1810,1832]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) that is quadrangular in shape and post-genital, laterally limited by anterior section of genital groove. Genital groove well developed and extending posteriorly; medially divided (immediately after coxae IV) into two sections (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1125,1202,1921,1943]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity box="[1175,1202,1921,1943]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="5.0" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" unit="g" value="5.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1175,1187,1921,1943]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anterior genital groove section extending from coxae II to IV, briefly bordering coxae IV distally (i.e., diverging towards body margin). Posterior genital groove section the longest, grooves progressively diverging posteriorly, slightly bordering anal plate. Spiracle well developed and very close to body margin at level of coxae IV, smaller than in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duges" authorityYear="1834" box="[116,203,1364,1386]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ixodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(and in a different position) and larger than in
|
||
<emphasis box="[116,338,1392,1414]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[116,228,1392,1413]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nuttalliella</taxonomicName>
|
||
namaqua
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
17. Spiracle plate structure sub-triangular in shape and consisting of a small macula and a smooth triangular plate, not fenestrated but bearing two small concavities (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[123,213,1475,1498]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[168,180,1475,1497]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e, f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in females (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[373,454,1476,1498]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[427,439,1476,1497]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
h
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[465,492,1475,1498]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[465,477,1475,1497]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
h
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
); macula projecting towards ostium to form a lip; entire plate arising from a depressed cuticular area. Preanal groove prolonged posteriorly, with sides closing, delimiting a guitar pick-shaped anal plate (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[642,709,1559,1581]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[688,700,1560,1581]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
l
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), as in females (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[208,291,1587,1609]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<quantity box="[255,291,1587,1609]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="m" value="3.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[255,267,1587,1608]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
m
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Anal pore close to posterior margin of body. Anal valves with a few long and fine setae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" targetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" targetPageId="4">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[116,1471,1023,1210]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,169,1023,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</emphasis>
|
||
Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1248,1259,1023,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1271,1278,1023,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1289,1300,1023,1043]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">h</emphasis>
|
||
); allotype (CM 63007) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[198,209,1051,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[219,229,1051,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c</emphasis>
|
||
); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[553,564,1051,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[574,585,1051,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[602,633,1051,1071]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
a
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[613,623,1052,1071]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">–</emphasis>
|
||
b
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Right palp and right and left palpi in ventral views, respectively, with indication of the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[469,479,1079,1099]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">c</emphasis>
|
||
Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[233,244,1107,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">d</emphasis>
|
||
Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[835,846,1107,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">e</emphasis>
|
||
Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1323,1330,1107,1127]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">f</emphasis>
|
||
Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[893,904,1135,1155]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">g</emphasis>
|
||
Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[962,967,1136,1155]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1015,1026,1163,1183]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">h</emphasis>
|
||
Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[116,779,1252,1972]" lastBlockId="4.[810,1472,1252,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Legs. Long and strongly flattened laterally from trochanters to tarsi; arising within anterior two-fifths of total body length. Leg joints not of ball and socket
|
||
<typeStatus box="[404,447,1699,1720]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">type</typeStatus>
|
||
as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[507,619,1699,1720]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[507,619,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but leg articles with paired, notch-like ventrodistal processes (without forming sockets for the articulation, balls not distinct), more apparent in basal articulations (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[318,425,1782,1804]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[375,387,1783,1804]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f, h
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[439,492,1782,1804]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[439,451,1782,1804]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c, d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Slight separation between coxae, except coxa I contiguous with II. Coxae armed with rows of small, shallow spurs (i.e., rounded tubercles, such as in some ixodids and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[242,354,1866,1887]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[242,354,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[377,453,1866,1888]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[432,444,1866,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[464,490,1866,1888]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[464,476,1866,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[502,525,1866,1888]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[502,514,1866,1888]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
): one spur on coxa I
|
||
<emphasis box="[734,757,1867,1888]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
in medioposterior position
|
||
<emphasis box="[360,383,1895,1916]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">—</emphasis>
|
||
and three on each coxa II, III, and IV. Three coxal spurs forming a row in coxa II, with two of them in a medial, posterior position while third one in a distal, anterior position. Three coxal spurs aligned in medial position in coxae III and IV (two close together in a slightly basal, posterior position and third one in anterior position at middle of coxa). Trochanter without spurs. Femur, genu, and tibia bearing a sculptured surface of transverse ridges (ruffles), especially marked in genu (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[995,1078,1392,1414]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1054,1066,1392,1413]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1093,1120,1392,1414]" captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1093,1105,1392,1414]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Trochanters I and II with very shallow ruffles, almost indistinct. First pair of legs with deeper ruffles. Femora I and II positioned very high and strongly flattened laterally. Femur III flattened laterally and high only basally. Femur IV tubular. Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[1152,1158,1504,1525]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ conspicuous; although only observed in right tarsus I of
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1219,1308,1531,1553]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1332,1421,1531,1553]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1397,1409,1532,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1442,1467,1532,1553]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<quantity box="[1442,1467,1532,1553]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="kg" metricValue="4.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" unit="g" value="4.0">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1442,1454,1532,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
g
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[982,1062,1559,1581]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1038,1050,1560,1581]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) due to preservation of remaining specimens, situated on a dorsal elevation of tarsus I and composed of two parts, a completely open (without a transverse slit) proximal capsule having long setae and a distal pit followed by more long, distinct setae, capsule larger than pit. Basitarsus as long as tarsus in legs II
|
||
<emphasis box="[1059,1072,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">–</emphasis>
|
||
IV. Pretarsi with two curved pretarsal claws and abundant, long setae. Pretarsal claws large. Pulvilli poorly developed (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1003,1071,1755,1777]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1050,1062,1755,1776]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
j
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="4.[810,1472,1252,1972]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis box="[835,906,1782,1803]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female</emphasis>
|
||
: As in male with the following exceptions: Integument, including that of pseudoscutum, with pits not as well defined as in males. Pseudoscutum abbreviated (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1179,1263,1838,1860]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1239,1251,1838,1859]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1279,1303,1838,1860]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[1279,1291,1838,1859]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
c
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[810,873,1866,1888]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[861,873,1866,1887]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), occupying the anteriormost part of dorsum. Genital aperture in a more posterior position than in males, between coxae II and III, and apparently showing a smooth surface (Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[979,1036,1950,1972]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[1024,1036,1950,1971]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). Marginal groove absent.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" targetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" targetPageId="5">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,1473,1277,1492]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,168,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Fig. 5</emphasis>
|
||
CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1228,1239,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1250,1260,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1271,1282,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1295,1302,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">f</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1313,1324,1277,1297]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">g</emphasis>
|
||
); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[296,307,1305,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[319,330,1305,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e</emphasis>
|
||
); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[719,730,1305,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">h</emphasis>
|
||
,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[742,748,1305,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">i</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[767,778,1305,1325]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">a</emphasis>
|
||
Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[457,468,1333,1353]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">b</emphasis>
|
||
Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows). Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[415,425,1361,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg III (femur length ca. 0.5 mm). Note the notch-like processes (arrows).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1460,1471,1361,1381]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">d</emphasis>
|
||
Ruffled genual surface (genu length ca. 0.6 mm).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[547,558,1389,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">e</emphasis>
|
||
Right spiracle in frontal view. Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[984,991,1389,1409]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">f</emphasis>
|
||
Left spiracle in lateral view (arrow). Scale bar, 0.2 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,127,1417,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">g</emphasis>
|
||
Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1383,1394,1417,1437]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">h</emphasis>
|
||
Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle). Scale bar, 1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1408,1414,1445,1465]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">i</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<subSubSection lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[116,779,1531,1971]" lastBlockId="5.[810,1472,1531,1971]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,208,1531,1552]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Remarks</emphasis>
|
||
. A suite of unique, presumably derived characters defines Deinocrotonidae: the integument structure, the palp morphology, and the shape of the preanal groove. Likewise, the discontinuous genital groove is unique among ticks. The subterminal hypostome and the presence of a pseudoscutum suggest a close relationship between Deinocrotonidae and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. Schulze" authorityYear="1935" box="[631,775,1670,1692]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nuttalliellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Pending a phylogenetic analysis when more material is available (see Supplementary Note
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[383,395,1726,1747]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), we propose here that both families are sister to (
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[253,332,1754,1776]" class="Arachnida" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="order">Ixodida</taxonomicName>
|
||
+
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.L.Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[356,460,1754,1776]" class="Arachnida" family="Argasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Argasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
). So far, a few more deinocrotonids have been found in Burmese amber, and one additional undescribed immature specimen from 105 Ma old Spanish amber most likely belongs to this new family. Apart from the unique characters among ticks, the new family differs from
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="P. Schulze" authorityYear="1935" box="[636,778,1865,1887]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Nuttalliellidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the following features (see Supplementary Tables
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[649,661,1893,1914]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[714,726,1893,1914]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[758,768,1893,1915]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) pseudoscutum pitted (vs. mesh-like), (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[508,522,1921,1943]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) pseudoscutum reaching the anterior margin of the dorsum in males, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[587,600,1949,1971]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) cervical grooves present, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[904,918,1531,1553]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) capitulum not bordered laterally by coxae I, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[1394,1407,1531,1553]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) basis capituli simple and with smooth surface, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. G. & Pienaar, R. & de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A." box="[1251,1265,1559,1581]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="450 - 462" part="6" refString="6. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D. G., Pienaar, R., de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A. Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6, 450 - 462 (2015)." title="Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) cornua absent, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shi, G." box="[1450,1463,1559,1581]" journalOrPublisher="Cret. Res." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="155 - 163" part="37" refString="7. Shi, G. et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155 - 163 (2012)." title="et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) genital area smooth (vs. irregularly striated), (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[1304,1317,1587,1609]" journalOrPublisher="Hist. Naturelle, Paris" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 472" refString="8. Lamarck, J. B. Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Chez L ' auteur, au Museum d ' Hist. Naturelle, Paris, 1 - 472 (1801)." title="Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Chez L ' auteur, au Museum d" type="book chapter" year="1801">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) anteroventral depressed area in post-genital position (vs. in pre-genital position), (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reuter, E. R." box="[880,893,1643,1665]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 288" part="36" refString="9. Reuter, E. R. Zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Acariden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung von Pediculopsis graminum (E. Reut.). Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 36, 1 - 288 (1909)." title="Zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Acariden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung von Pediculopsis graminum (E. Reut.)" type="journal article" year="1909">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) all coxae armed and spurs forming rows, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Leach, W. E. A" box="[1338,1364,1643,1665]" journalOrPublisher="Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="306 - 400" part="11" refString="10. Leach, W. E. A tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, & c. and descriptions of several new genera and species. Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond. 11, 306 - 400 (1815)." title="tabular view of the external characters of four classes of animals, which Linne arranged under Insecta; with the distribution of the genera composing three of these classes into orders, & c. and descriptions of several new genera and species" type="journal article" year="1815">10</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) leg joints not of the ball and socket
|
||
<typeStatus box="[1096,1141,1671,1692]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">type</typeStatus>
|
||
, at least as in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[1302,1414,1670,1691]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1302,1414,1670,1691]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duges, A. L." box="[1438,1463,1670,1692]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="5 - 46" part="2" refString="11. Duges, A. L. Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 2, 5 - 46 (1834)." title="Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier" type="journal article" year="1834">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) proximal capsule of Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[1075,1080,1698,1719]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ completely open, (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O. & Brown, A. E. A" box="[1345,1371,1698,1720]" journalOrPublisher="Syst. Parasitol" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="199 - 205" part="54" refString="12. Poinar, G. O. & Brown, A. E. A new genus of hard ticks in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae). Syst. Parasitol. 54, 199 - 205 (2003)." title="new genus of hard ticks in Cretaceous Burmese amber (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae)" type="journal article" year="2003">12</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) different morphology and size of the spiracle, and (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O. & Buckley, R." box="[1271,1297,1726,1748]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="445 - 450" part="110" refString="13. Poinar, G. O. & Buckley, R. Compluriscutula vetulum (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae), a new genus and species of hard tick from lower Cretaceous Burmese amber. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 110, 445 - 450 (2008)." title="Compluriscutula vetulum (Acari: Ixodida: Ixodidae), a new genus and species of hard tick from lower Cretaceous Burmese amber" type="journal article" year="2008">13</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) preanal groove different in microscopic detail (smooth vs. posterior and anterior margins with dentate integumental projections).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="5.[810,1472,1531,1971]" lastBlockId="8.[116,778,137,1553]" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="9" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
The pseudoscutum in Deinocrotonidae occupies most of the dorsum in males and is abbreviated in females, as occurs in ticks with a scutum/pseudoscutum. The special shape of palpomere II, distally thickened and bending distally in a ventral direction (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[817,910,1921,1943]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[861,873,1921,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a, b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[1079,1175,1921,1943]" captionStart="Fig.2" captionStartId="3.[116,146,558,578]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,137,533]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[309,1279,135,534]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig.2 Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showing the hard tick morphology. a Habitus in ventral view of the Cornupalpatum burmanicum nymph associated with feathers.Scale bar,0.2mm.b Detail of the gnathosoma and coxal area in ventral view revealing the absence of genital pore.Scale bar,0.1 mm. c Dorsal view detail of the gnathosoma and anterior part of the scutum (arrow indicates the lateral margin of the scutum). Scale bar, 0.1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116364/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[1122,1134,1921,1942]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
<emphasis box="[1147,1160,1922,1943]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">–</emphasis>
|
||
d
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
), appears to be an adaptation to protect the distal part of the gnathosoma dorsally and anteriorly, especially the delicate teeth of the hypostome and the chelicerae. Such expansion of the distal part of the palpomere II is present in all ixodids (namely their upper inner margin, creating an inner groove), although palpomere III is also expanded, taking part in the protection of the gnathosoma, and both palpomeres are straight, directed forwards18, 19. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" box="[505,628,1951,1972]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[505,628,1951,1972]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, palpomere III is elongated and tubular, directed ventrally due to the surface of articulation between palpomeres II and III facing that direction and due to the shape of the palpomere II. In
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[1354,1466,1866,1887]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1354,1466,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, palpomere II is massive, expanded laterally and provides most of the gnathosomal protection; palpomere III is smaller, triangular in shape and slightly laterally expanded ventrally, whereas both palpomeres are straight, directed forwards as in ixodids20. Argasids lack any palpomere expansion for gnathosomal protection due to the ventral position of their capitulum in adults. On the other hand, the Haller
|
||
<emphasis box="[413,419,1699,1720]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">’</emphasis>
|
||
s organ in deinocrotonids has a generalised morphology, with a proximal capsule and a distal small pit, but fine details are obscure under optical microscopy and they have remained unresolved using CT-scanning. Nevertheless, the proximal capsule is fully open (lacking a transverse slit) as in
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[238,301,1838,1859]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Ixodes" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[238,301,1838,1859]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Ixodes</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and unlike in other ixodids, argasids and
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[116,228,1866,1887]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[116,228,1866,1887]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
21
|
||
<emphasis box="[248,258,1859,1877]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">–</emphasis>
|
||
23. Furthermore, CT-scanning revealed the spiracular morphology and position in detail, which are very similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="C.L.Koch" authorityYear="1844" box="[212,311,1922,1944]" class="Arachnida" family="Argasidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Argasidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
24. Although the spiracle position in
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is coincident with that of
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[481,593,1950,1971]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[481,593,1950,1971]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the latter has a minute spiracle with a cribose spiracular plate20. Also, the spiracle of the new family is quite different from that in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Duges" authorityYear="1834" box="[1331,1418,1643,1665]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Ixodidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(i.e., bigger and in a posterior position, not hidden by coxae
|
||
<date box="[1382,1457,1664,1692]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" value="1925-04-19">
|
||
IV
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Furman, D. P. & Loomis, E. C." box="[1408,1427,1664,1683]" journalOrPublisher="Bull. Calif. Insect Surv" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="1 - 239" part="25" refString="19. Furman, D. P. & Loomis, E. C. The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida). Bull. Calif. Insect Surv. 25, 1 - 239 (1984)." title="The ticks of California (Acari: Ixodida)" type="journal article" year="1984">19</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Roshdy, M. A. & Hoogstraal, H. & Banaja, A. A. & El Shoura, S. M." box="[1438,1457,1664,1683]" journalOrPublisher="Parasitenkd" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" pagination="817 - 821" part="69" refString="25. Roshdy, M. A., Hoogstraal, H., Banaja, A. A. & El Shoura, S. M. Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae): spiracle structure and surface morphology. Z. Parasitenkd. 69, 817 - 821 (1983)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae): spiracle structure and surface morphology. Z" type="journal article" year="1983">25</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</date>
|
||
). Lastly, the ventroposterior grooves that are posterior to coxae IV and diverge towards the posterior body margin have been named herein
|
||
<emphasis box="[889,899,1755,1776]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">“</emphasis>
|
||
posterior genital groove sections
|
||
<emphasis box="[1250,1260,1755,1776]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">”</emphasis>
|
||
, despite not being connected to the longitudinal grooves that arise from the genital area. Although the origin of these posterior grooves is unclear, the set of the anterior and posterior sections is very similar in position and extension to the genital grooves of some ixodids. Other ixodids, such as
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Curtice" authorityYear="1891" box="[1051,1149,1894,1915]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Boophilus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1051,1149,1894,1915]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Boophilus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, have posterior grooves due to the presence of adanal shields; however, since
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" box="[1290,1413,1923,1944]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1290,1413,1923,1944]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
lacks any structure resembling this shield, the posterior section of the genital groove in the new family appears to be unique among ticks.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116372/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" targetBox="[214,1374,136,1527]" targetPageId="6">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="6.[116,1473,1552,1767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,168,1552,1572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Fig. 6</emphasis>
|
||
Hastisetae on the two deinocrotonid ticks preserved together and comparisons with extant
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[997,1121,1553,1572]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megatominae">Megatominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1130,1141,1552,1572]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
Hastiseta preserved with its spearshaped head entangled in a leg of the paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). Scale bar, 0.1 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[936,947,1580,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">b</emphasis>
|
||
Detail of the spear-shaped head of the hastiseta from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1440,1451,1580,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">a</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1462,1472,1580,1600]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">c</emphasis>
|
||
Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head (arrow) entangled in the holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a). Scale bar, 0.05 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1119,1130,1608,1628]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head photographed from above entangled in the base of the right femur I of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.05 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1117,1128,1636,1656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">e</emphasis>
|
||
Spear-shaped head magnified from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1453,1464,1636,1656]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">d</emphasis>
|
||
showing its six knobs.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[317,324,1664,1684]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">f</emphasis>
|
||
Multi-segmented portion of a hastiseta, without preserved head, on the posterior body margin of the holotype (segments to the right are distal). Scale bar, 0.05 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[441,452,1691,1711]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
Extant larval cast-off skin after molt in dorsal view of the
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1815" box="[958,1080,1692,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Megatominae">Megatominae</taxonomicName>
|
||
genus
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[1143,1228,1692,1712]" class="Insecta" family="Dermestidae" genus="Anthrenus" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Coleoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="7" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1143,1228,1692,1712]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">Anthrenus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(arrows indicate two of the hastisetal tufts on abdominal segments), which can be found in bird nests. Scale bar, 0.5 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[949,960,1719,1739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
Several hastisetae from a posterior tuft from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[1364,1375,1719,1739]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">g</emphasis>
|
||
. Scale bar, 0.05 mm.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[208,214,1747,1767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">i</emphasis>
|
||
Basal (left), middle and distal (right) multi-segmented sections of one hastiseta from
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[990,1001,1747,1767]" pageId="6" pageNumber="7">h</emphasis>
|
||
. Scale bar, 0.02 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116374/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" targetBox="[300,1287,138,1427]" targetPageId="7">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="7.[116,1471,1450,1553]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[116,167,1450,1470]" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Fig. 7</emphasis>
|
||
Reconstruction of the male and engorged female of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[642,803,1450,1470]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="7" pageNumber="8" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draculi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[642,803,1450,1470]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="8">Deinocroton draculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Upper dorsal, ventral, frontal, and lateral views based on CT-scans of the holotype male (see Supplementary Movie 1) (Artist: Oscar Sanisidro). Lower lateral and ventral reconstructions based on CT-scans of the engorged paratype female (performed by the authors using elements from the male model performed by O. Sanisidro). Both reconstructions at the same scale and with modifications based on compound microscope observations. Scale bar, 1 mm
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[116,778,137,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
The
|
||
<typeStatus box="[199,287,192,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">holotype</typeStatus>
|
||
and
|
||
<typeStatus box="[362,449,193,214]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
male
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" box="[534,657,193,214]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[534,657,193,214]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, preserved together, have at least seven spear-headed, multi-segmented setae of exogenous origin attached to their bodies (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[584,642,248,270]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="6.[116,146,1552,1572]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,136,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1375,135,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 6 Hastisetae on the two deinocrotonid ticks preserved together and comparisons with extant Megatominae. a Hastiseta preserved with its spearshaped head entangled in a leg of the paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. b Detail of the spear-shaped head of the hastiseta from a. c Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head (arrow) entangled in the holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a).Scale bar, 0.05mm. d Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head photographed from above entangled in the base of the right femur I of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. e Spear-shaped head magnified from d showing its six knobs.f Multi-segmented portion of a hastiseta,without preserved head, on the posterior body margin of the holotype (segments to the right are distal).Scale bar,0.05mm.g Extant larval cast-off skin after molt in dorsal view of the Megatominae genus Anthrenus (arrows indicate two of the hastisetal tufts on abdominal segments),which can be found in bird nests.Scale bar, 0.5mm. h Several hastisetae from a posterior tuft from g. Scale bar, 0.05mm. i Basal (left), middle and distal (right) multi-segmented sections of one hastiseta from h. Scale bar, 0.02mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116372/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. G. & Pienaar, R. & de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A." box="[630,642,248,270]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="450 - 462" part="6" refString="6. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D. G., Pienaar, R., de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A. Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6, 450 - 462 (2015)." title="Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[170,234,276,298]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[222,234,276,297]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
). The longer setae remains are 311 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[696,773,276,298]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="6.[116,146,1552,1572]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,136,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1375,135,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 6 Hastisetae on the two deinocrotonid ticks preserved together and comparisons with extant Megatominae. a Hastiseta preserved with its spearshaped head entangled in a leg of the paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. b Detail of the spear-shaped head of the hastiseta from a. c Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head (arrow) entangled in the holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a).Scale bar, 0.05mm. d Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head photographed from above entangled in the base of the right femur I of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. e Spear-shaped head magnified from d showing its six knobs.f Multi-segmented portion of a hastiseta,without preserved head, on the posterior body margin of the holotype (segments to the right are distal).Scale bar,0.05mm.g Extant larval cast-off skin after molt in dorsal view of the Megatominae genus Anthrenus (arrows indicate two of the hastisetal tufts on abdominal segments),which can be found in bird nests.Scale bar, 0.5mm. h Several hastisetae from a posterior tuft from g. Scale bar, 0.05mm. i Basal (left), middle and distal (right) multi-segmented sections of one hastiseta from h. Scale bar, 0.02mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116372/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. G. & Pienaar, R. & de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A." box="[749,761,276,298]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="450 - 462" part="6" refString="6. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D. G., Pienaar, R., de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A. Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6, 450 - 462 (2015)." title="Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
a
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[283,361,304,326]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[335,347,304,325]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) and 286 µm (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[532,607,304,326]" captionStart="Fig. 6" captionStartId="6.[116,146,1552,1572]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,136,1527]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[213,1375,135,1528]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="Fig. 6 Hastisetae on the two deinocrotonid ticks preserved together and comparisons with extant Megatominae. a Hastiseta preserved with its spearshaped head entangled in a leg of the paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b). Scale bar, 0.1 mm. b Detail of the spear-shaped head of the hastiseta from a. c Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head (arrow) entangled in the holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a).Scale bar, 0.05mm. d Hastiseta with the spear-shaped head photographed from above entangled in the base of the right femur I of the paratype male. Scale bar, 0.05 mm. e Spear-shaped head magnified from d showing its six knobs.f Multi-segmented portion of a hastiseta,without preserved head, on the posterior body margin of the holotype (segments to the right are distal).Scale bar,0.05mm.g Extant larval cast-off skin after molt in dorsal view of the Megatominae genus Anthrenus (arrows indicate two of the hastisetal tufts on abdominal segments),which can be found in bird nests.Scale bar, 0.5mm. h Several hastisetae from a posterior tuft from g. Scale bar, 0.05mm. i Basal (left), middle and distal (right) multi-segmented sections of one hastiseta from h. Scale bar, 0.02mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116372/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. G. & Pienaar, R. & de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A." box="[586,598,304,326]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="450 - 462" part="6" refString="6. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D. G., Pienaar, R., de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A. Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6, 450 - 462 (2015)." title="Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
f
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary
|
||
<figureCitation box="[116,186,332,354]" captionStart="Fig. 4" captionStartId="4.[116,146,1023,1043]" captionTargetBox="[214,1374,137,999]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[213,1375,135,1000]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="Fig. 4 Photomicrographs showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, f, h); allotype (CM 63007) (b,c); paratype male(AMNHBu-SA5b) (d, e). a–b Right palp and right and left palpiin ventral views,respectively,with indicationof the number of visible palpomeres. Scale bars, 0.1mm. c Pseudoscutum and detail of the integument showing mound-like elevations between the pits (see inset). Scale bar,0.5mm.d Coxa II showing a row of three spurs (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1mm.e Ruffled surface of the left genu III. Scale bar,0.1mm. f Articulations of the left leg III in ventral view.Note the notch-like processes (arrows).Scale bar,0.1 mm.g Haller’s organ in dorsal surface of the tarsus I (bottom structure is the proximal capsule, in contact with the distal pit). Arrows point to sensilla. Scale bar, 0.05mm. h Trochanterofemoral articulation of the right leg I. Note the notch-like processes (arrows). Scale bar, 0.1 mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116368/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Fig.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[162,174,332,353]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
e
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
) in length as preserved and contain 27 segments plus its spear-head and 23 segments, respectively. The spear-head is 27 µm long, 5 µm wide (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duges, A. L." box="[328,353,388,409]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="5 - 46" part="2" refString="11. Duges, A. L. Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 2, 5 - 46 (1834)." title="Recherches sur l ' ordre des Acariens en general et de la famille Trombididies en particulier" type="journal article" year="1834">11</bibRefCitation>
|
||
µm in the base), more sclerotised than the rest of the seta and with six basal knobs arranged in circle. The basalmost segments are long (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Keirans, J. E. & Clifford, C. M. & Hoogstraal, H. & Easton, E. R." box="[426,452,444,465]" journalOrPublisher="Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="926 - 932" part="69" refString="23. Keirans, J. E., Clifford, C. M., Hoogstraal, H. & Easton, E. R. Discovery of Nuttalliella namaqua Bedford (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae) in Tanzania and redescription of the female based on scanning electron microcopy. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69, 926 - 932 (1976)." title="Discovery of Nuttalliella namaqua Bedford (Acarina: Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae) in Tanzania and redescription of the female based on scanning electron microcopy" type="journal article" year="1976">23</bibRefCitation>
|
||
µm long the longest preserved) and quickly decrease in length towards the apex of the seta. The distal setal section shows short segments of similar length (ca.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Reuter, E. R." box="[761,773,499,520]" journalOrPublisher="Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 288" part="36" refString="9. Reuter, E. R. Zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Acariden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung von Pediculopsis graminum (E. Reut.). Acta Soc. Sci. Fenn. 36, 1 - 288 (1909)." title="Zur Morphologie und Ontogenie der Acariden mit besonderer Berucksichtigung von Pediculopsis graminum (E. Reut.)" type="journal article" year="1909">9</bibRefCitation>
|
||
µm long in the
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Latif, A. A. & Putterill, J. F. & de Klerk, G. & Pienaar, R. & Mans, B. J." box="[279,303,527,548]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="41651" part="7" refString="20. Latif, A. A., Putterill, J. F., de Klerk, G., Pienaar, R. & Mans, B. J. Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae): first description of the male, immature stages and re-description of the female. PLoS ONE 7, e 41651 (2012)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae): first description of the male, immature stages and re-description of the female" type="journal article" year="2012">20</bibRefCitation>
|
||
distal segments), with the distalmost segment (that in connection with the spear-head) not differing in shape and size from the immediately preceding ones.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="8.[116,778,137,1553]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Despite the dilated body of the engorged specimen (
|
||
<typeStatus box="[689,778,611,632]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">paratype</typeStatus>
|
||
female), it belongs to
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[343,545,639,660]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="draculi">
|
||
<emphasis box="[343,545,639,660]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Deinocroton draculi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the virtually identical size and morphology of the capitulum (including the basis capituli), pseudoscutum, legs (including the relative length of leg segments), two sections of the genital groove, spiracle and anal plate. The morphoanatomical changes in the engorged specimen when compared to the three unengorged ones (attributed to engorgement) are as follows (
|
||
<figureCitation box="[565,734,806,828]" captionStart="Fig. 3" captionStartId="3.[116,146,1433,1453]" captionTargetBox="[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetId="figure@3.[154,1434,693,1409]" captionTargetPageId="3" captionText="Fig. 3 Morphology of the new tick family Deinocrotonidae. a Holotype (left) and paratype male in ventral view (arrows indicate the location of some entangled hastisetae of the beetle familyDermestidae).Scale bar,1mm.b Engorgedparatype female in dorsolateral view.Scale bar,1mm.c Pseudoscutum (arrow) of specimen in b. Scale bar,0.5mm.d Paratype male in dorsal view.Scale bar,0.5mm.eDorsal surface of the tarsus I from the holotype,showing Haller’s organ,an aggregate of chemoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and hygroreceptors in ticks for locating hosts and mates (lines mark the length of the organ). Scale bar, 0.1mm. f Transverse genital aperture between coxae II, coxal spurs, and basis capituli from the holotype. Scale bar, 0.5mm. g Pitted dorsal integument without elevations in the pseudoscutum of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1 mm.h Engorged paratype female in ventral view with detail of the spiracle.Scale bar,1mm.i Genital aperture between coxae II of the paratype male.Scale bar,0.2mm.j Pulvillus and pretarsal claws of the holotype. Scale bar, 0.1 mm. k Lateral body margin showing the non-convoluted, mound-like elevations of the integument (arrows) between pits of the same specimen.Scale bar,0.1mm.l, m Anus and preanal groove of the paratype male and engorged paratype female,respectively.Scale bars,0.1mm.a, b, e, g, i–k obtained with compound microscopy, the remainder with CT-scans" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116366/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
Figs.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[622,634,806,827]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
b, c, h, m
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Fig. 5" captionStartId="5.[116,146,1277,1297]" captionTargetBox="[310,1278,136,1253]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[309,1279,135,1254]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="Fig. 5 CT-scan images showing some anatomical features of the new family Deinocrotonidae. Holotype (AMNH Bu-SA5a) (a, c, d, f, g); paratype male (AMNH Bu-SA5b) (b, e); engorged paratype female (CM 63001) (h, i). a Pseudoscutum showing the cervical grooves (arrows). Note the abundant bubbles (bottom). Scale bar, 0.5mm. b Pseudoscutum in anterodorsal view showing its posteriorly broadened anterior margin and the cervical grooves (right arrows).Scale bar,0.5 mm.cTrochanterofemoral articulation of the rightleg III (femurlength ca.0.5mm).Note the notch-like processes(arrows).d Ruffled genual surface (genulength ca.0.6mm).eRight spiraclein frontal view.Scale bar,0.2mm.f Left spiraclein lateral view (arrow).Scale bar,0.2mm. g Post-genital, anteroventral depressed area (bold arrow) and genital groove medially divided in two sections (thin arrows). Scale bar, 1mm. h Habitus showing the deformation of the body and the completely stretched integument due to engorgement (arrow indicates the spiracle).Scale bar,1mm.i Detail of the ventral surface showing the genital aperture extruded as a rounded protuberance (arrow). Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116370/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[747,759,806,828]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
h, i
|
||
</figureCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shi, G." box="[136,148,834,855]" journalOrPublisher="Cret. Res." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="155 - 163" part="37" refString="7. Shi, G. et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155 - 163 (2012)." title="et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons" type="journal article" year="2012">
|
||
<figureCitation box="[136,148,834,855]" captionStart="Fig. 7" captionStartId="7.[116,146,1450,1470]" captionTargetBox="[300,1287,138,1427]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[307,1232,137,1425]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="Fig. 7 Reconstruction of the male and engorged female of Deinocroton draculi. Upper dorsal, ventral, frontal, and lateral views based on CT-scans of the holotype male (see Supplementary Movie 1) (Artist: Oscar Sanisidro). Lower lateral and ventral reconstructions based on CT-scans of the engorged paratype female (performed by the authors using elements from the male model performed by O. Sanisidro).Both reconstructions at the same scale and with modifications based on compound microscope observations. Scale bar, 1mm" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1116374/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">7</figureCitation>
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; Supplementary Table
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[384,396,834,855]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
): (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[427,437,834,856]" journalOrPublisher="Proc. Biol. Sci." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="255" part="271" refString="1. Wappler, T., Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C. Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil" type="journal article" year="2004">1</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the body increased ca. 1.7 times its length, ca. 1.4 times its greatest width, and ca. 3.6 times its greatest height
|
||
<emphasis box="[272,295,890,911]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">—</emphasis>
|
||
this corresponds to an approximate volume change from 15.0 to 126.0 mm3 (i.e., a volume increase of ca. 8.5 times); (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wappler, T. & Smith, V. S. & Dalgleish, R. C." box="[199,213,946,968]" journalOrPublisher="Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="59 - 74" part="21" refString="2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein. Mitt. Geol. Staatsinst. Hamburg 21, 59 - 74 (1952)." title="Scratching an ancient itch: an Eocene bird louse fossil. Proc. Biol. Sci. 271, S 255 - S 258 (2004). 2. Voigt, E. Ein Haareinschluss mit Phthirapteren-Eiern im Bernstein" type="journal article" year="1952">2</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the dorso-ventrally planar body became inflated (more pronouncedly so medially along the longitudinal axis) and its subcircular outline became elongated (bean-shaped), particularly in the transverse medial portion of the body or area that separates the anterior and posterior sections of the genital groove; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Poinar, G. O." box="[716,729,1057,1079]" journalOrPublisher="Experientia" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="384 - 387" part="51" refString="3. Poinar, G. O. First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host. Experientia 51, 384 - 387 (1995)." title="First fossil soft ticks, Ornithodoros antiquus n. sp. (Acari: Argasidae) in Dominican amber with evidence of their mammalian host" type="journal article" year="1995">3</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the body integument became smooth, without evidence of the original pits; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A" box="[267,281,1113,1135]" journalOrPublisher="Am. Mus. Novit." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 9" part="3205" refString="4. Lewis, R. E. & Grimaldi, D. A pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). Am. Mus. Novit. 3205, 1 - 9 (1997)." title="pulicid flea in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic (Insecta: Siphonaptera: Pulicidae)" type="journal article" year="1997">4</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the post-genital depressed, quadrangular area disappeared; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. & Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A." box="[266,279,1141,1163]" journalOrPublisher="PLoS ONE" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="23675" part="6" refString="5. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D., Pienaar, R. & Latif, A. A. Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks. PLoS ONE 6, e 23675 (2011)." title="Nuttalliella namaqua: a living fossil and closest relative to the ancestral tick lineage: implications for the evolution of blood-feeding in ticks" type="journal article" year="2011">5</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) coxae became strongly separated from one another, particularly coxae II from III and III from IV; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mans, B. J. & de Klerk, D. G. & Pienaar, R. & de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A." box="[715,729,1169,1191]" journalOrPublisher="Ticks Tick Borne Dis" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="450 - 462" part="6" refString="6. Mans, B. J., de Klerk, D. G., Pienaar, R., de Castro, M. H. & Latif, A. A. Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae). Ticks Tick Borne Dis. 6, 450 - 462 (2015)." title="Nextgeneration sequencing as means to retrieve tick systematic markers, with the focus on Nuttalliella namaqua (Ixodoidea: Nuttalliellidae)" type="journal article" year="2015">6</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the genital aperture became deformed to a plate with a globular extruded protrusion; (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Shi, G." box="[341,354,1225,1247]" journalOrPublisher="Cret. Res." pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="155 - 163" part="37" refString="7. Shi, G. et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons. Cret. Res. 37, 155 - 163 (2012)." title="et al. Age constraint on Burmese amber based on UePb dating of zircons" type="journal article" year="2012">7</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the spiracle was displaced to a posterior position regarding coxae IV, but without changes in its morphology and size; and (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lamarck, J. B." box="[403,416,1281,1303]" journalOrPublisher="Hist. Naturelle, Paris" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" pagination="1 - 472" refString="8. Lamarck, J. B. Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Chez L ' auteur, au Museum d ' Hist. Naturelle, Paris, 1 - 472 (1801)." title="Systeme des animaux sans vertebres, ou Tableau general des classes, des ordres et des genres de ces animaux. Chez L ' auteur, au Museum d" type="book chapter" year="1801">8</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) the anal plate became dilated (its greatest width increased by one-and-half times) but the anal valves remained unchanged in morphology and size. It is noteworthy that the pseudoscutum preserved its size and pits in the engorged specimen, without signs of dilation, as in the
|
||
<typeStatus box="[116,198,1420,1442]" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">allotype</typeStatus>
|
||
. The pseudoscutum does not change its morphology with engorgement in
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Bedford" authorityYear="1931" box="[291,403,1448,1469]" class="Arachnida" family="Nuttalliellidae" genus="Nuttalliella" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="9" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[291,403,1448,1469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Nuttalliella</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
either5. The engorged
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente, 2017" authorityName="Enrique Peñalver & Antonio Arillo & Xavier Delclòs & David Peris & David A. Grimaldi & Scott R. Anderson & Paul C. Nascimbene & Ricardo Pérez-de la Fuente" authorityYear="2017" box="[655,778,1448,1469]" class="Arachnida" family="Ixodidae" genus="Deinocroton" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Ixodida" pageId="8" pageNumber="12" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis box="[655,778,1448,1469]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="9">Deinocroton</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
represents the third engorged tick known in the fossil record; the other records have been found in Cretaceous Burmese amber7 and Miocene Dominican amber26.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |