366 lines
36 KiB
XML
366 lines
36 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac025" ID-ISSN="0024-4082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7386885" ID-ZooBank="C4BBB151-A36C-4B55-AC20-9AB5F52B9424" checkinTime="1669807698120" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Costa, Ana P. B., Mcfee, Wayne, Wilcox, Lynsey A., Archer, Frederick I. & Rosel, Patricia E." docDate="2022" docId="03808787FFA65C30FF72FAE1FC7FF9F8" docLanguage="en" docName="zlac025.pdf" docOrigin="Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 196 (4)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac025" docStyle="DocumentStyle:36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8.7:ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleId="36B3BD6A90C22AB4F7F465C853188CC8" docStyleName="ZoolJLinnSoc.2017-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="7" docTitle="Tursiops erebennus" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="1630" masterDocId="FFB9FFFFFFB35C26FF84FF90FFB0FFBC" masterDocTitle="The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ecotypes of the western North Atlantic revisited: an integrative taxonomic investigation supports the presence of distinct species" masterLastPageNumber="1636" masterPageNumber="1608" pageNumber="1629" updateTime="1669915001503" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) ecotypes of the western North Atlantic revisited: an integrative taxonomic investigation supports the presence of distinct species</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Costa, Ana P. B.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Mcfee, Wayne</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Wilcox, Lynsey A.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Archer, Frederick I.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Rosel, Patricia E.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2022</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="series">
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<mods:title>Zool. J. Linn. Soc.</mods:title>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="pubDate">
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<mods:number>2022-05-13</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>196</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail type="issue">
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<mods:number>4</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>1608</mods:start>
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<mods:end>1636</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac025</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac025</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ISSN">0024-4082</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Zenodo-Dep">7386885</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">C4BBB151-A36C-4B55-AC20-9AB5F52B9424</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03808787FFA65C30FF72FAE1FC7FF9F8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03808787FFA65C30FF72FAE1FC7FF9F8" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1630" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<subSubSection box="[246,659,1392,1417]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[246,659,1392,1417]" box="[246,659,1392,1417]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<heading box="[246,659,1392,1417]" centered="true" fontSize="9" level="2" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" reason="2">
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<taxonomicName authority="(COPE, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[246,659,1392,1417]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[246,504,1393,1416]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">TURSIOPS EREBENNUS</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation author="Cope ED" box="[519,650,1392,1417]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref21173" refString="Cope ED. 1865. Second contribution to a history of the Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17: 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1865">COPE, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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||
<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[145,761,1432,1484]" box="[145,657,1432,1454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<emphasis box="[145,269,1433,1454]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Synonymy:</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName authority="Cope, 1865" authorityName=", Cope" authorityYear="1865" box="[282,650,1432,1454]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[282,520,1432,1453]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Delphinus erebennus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="Cope ED" box="[526,650,1432,1454]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref21173" refString="Cope ED. 1865. Second contribution to a history of the Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17: 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1865">Cope, 1865</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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;
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="21.[145,761,1432,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<taxonomicName authority="True, 1884" authorityName="True" authorityYear="1884" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="subridens">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Tursiops subridens</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation author="True FW" box="[262,384,1463,1484]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" pagination="623 - 644" refId="ref24001" refString="True FW. 1884. Catalogue of the aquatic mammals. United States National Museum Bulletin 27: 623 - 644." type="journal article" year="1884">True, 1884</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="vernacular_names">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[145,759,1526,1578]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<emphasis box="[145,463,1526,1547]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Suggested common name:</emphasis>
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Tamanend’s bottlenose dolphin.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="etymology">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[145,761,1619,1887]" lastBlockId="21.[809,1426,197,710]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<emphasis box="[145,272,1619,1640]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Etymology:</emphasis>
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The generic name,
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Gervais" authorityYear="1855" box="[502,601,1620,1641]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[502,601,1620,1641]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Tursiops</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, derived from Latin
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<taxonomicName authority="(Latin)" baseAuthorityName="Latin" box="[221,395,1650,1672]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursio" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis box="[221,298,1650,1671]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Tursio</emphasis>
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(Latin)
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</taxonomicName>
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, a dolphin-like fish in Pliny’s
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<emphasis box="[145,341,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Natural History</emphasis>
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, originally from
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<emphasis box="[553,652,1680,1702]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">thyrsiōn</emphasis>
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(Greek). The suffix -
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<emphasis box="[284,323,1712,1733]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">ops</emphasis>
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(Greek) is a reference to the face or appearance. For the species epithet,
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<taxonomicName authority=", Cope" authorityName=", Cope" authorityYear="1865" box="[573,760,1742,1763]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[573,689,1742,1763]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">erebennus</emphasis>
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, Cope
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</taxonomicName>
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did not provide an etymology, but he mentioned an apparently darker coloration (
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<bibRefCitation author="Cope ED" box="[494,678,1803,1825]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref21173" refString="Cope ED. 1865. Second contribution to a history of the Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17: 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1865">Cope, 1865: 281</bibRefCitation>
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). Thus, his use of
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<taxonomicName authorityName=", Cope" authorityYear="1865" box="[256,370,1834,1855]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Delphinus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[256,370,1834,1855]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">erebennus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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might reference Erebus or Erebos, (Ἔρεβος) a Greek mythological primordial deity representing deep darkness or shadow. The English common name references Chief Tamanend (1628– 1701) of the Turtle Clan of the Nanticoke LenniLenape Tribal Nation. Chief Tamanend (‘The Affable’) was known for his wisdom and peaceful nature, and he signed a series of peace treaties with William Penn (founder of the Province of
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<collectingRegion box="[1142,1307,381,403]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
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), starting in 1683. The Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation is formed by the descendants of the Lenni-Lenape Tribe and the Nanticoke Tribe, the original people to inhabit the lands between south-eastern
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="New York" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">New York</collectingRegion>
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and Delmarva Peninsula, including all of
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<collectingRegion country="United States of America" name="New Jersey" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">New Jersey</collectingRegion>
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, eastern
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<collectingRegion box="[992,1150,565,587]" country="United States of America" name="Pennsylvania" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Pennsylvania</collectingRegion>
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and
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<collectingRegion box="[1210,1321,565,587]" country="United States of America" name="Delaware" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Delaware</collectingRegion>
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Bay, the region where the
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<typeStatus box="[1014,1113,596,618]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">holotype</typeStatus>
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of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1149,1373,596,617]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[1149,1373,596,617]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Tursiops erebennus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was found. This common name was chosen in consultation with representatives of the Nanticoke Lenni-Lenape Tribal Nation.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[809,1425,750,1110]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<materialsCitation collectorName="S. B. Howell" country="United States of America" location="Delaware River" municipality="Philadelphia" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="PA" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis box="[809,1167,750,772]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<typeStatus box="[809,922,750,771]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Holotype</typeStatus>
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and type locality:
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</emphasis>
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Physically mature (incomplete) postcranial skeleton (
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<figureCitation box="[1208,1273,781,803]" captionStart="Figure 7" captionStartId="22.[163,241,675,697]" captionTargetBox="[243,1363,198,635]" captionTargetId="figure-613@22.[243,1363,198,635]" captionTargetPageId="22" captionText="Figure 7. Assembled portions of the postcranial skeleton of the holotype Tursiops erebennus (Cope, 1865) deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (museum number ANSP 3020)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7386913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7386913/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Fig. 7</figureCitation>
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) of unknown sex (≥
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<quantity box="[885,990,812,834]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" unit="cm" value="228.6">228.6 cm</quantity>
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) in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (deposited under the museum number
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<emphasis box="[919,1067,873,894]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">ANSP 3020</emphasis>
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), collected by
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<collectorName box="[1264,1423,873,895]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">S. B. Howell</collectorName>
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(collector). The specimen was obtained from a fisherman’s seine net at the Red Bank, a community in the West Deptford Township (NJ, USA), along the
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<location LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03808787FFA65C30FF72FAE1FC7FF9F8:8EF6604AFFA65C33FCADFC74FC6AFC46" box="[809,986,996,1018]" country="United States of America" municipality="Philadelphia" name="Delaware River" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" stateProvince="PA">Delaware River</location>
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, to the east of
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<collectingMunicipality box="[1151,1297,996,1018]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Philadelphia</collectingMunicipality>
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(
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<collectingRegion box="[1310,1346,996,1017]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">PA</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingCountry box="[1357,1414,996,1017]" name="United States of America" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">USA</collectingCountry>
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). Vertebral formula: C7 + T12 + L14 + Ca14+. Mitochondrial DNA control region haplotype (354 bp): Ttr2 (GenBank accession number:
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<accessionNumber box="[1023,1152,1088,1110]" httpUri="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nucleotide/OM540927" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">OM540927</accessionNumber>
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).
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="1630" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph blockId="21.[809,1426,1156,1883]" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">
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<emphasis box="[809,947,1156,1178]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Diagnosis:</emphasis>
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The skulls of
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1156,1324,1156,1178]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[1156,1324,1156,1178]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">T. erebennus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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can be differentiated from
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1043,1186,1187,1208]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
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<emphasis box="[1043,1186,1187,1208]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">T. truncatus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(offshore ecotype in the western North Atlantic) using the following five morphological features together. As observed from the left lateral view (Supporting Information,
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<figureCitation box="[1309,1410,1278,1300]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,241,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[163,1448,825,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-359@2.[254,1448,869,1687]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the western North Atlantic study area showing the sampling locations of samples with only morphological data available (brown), with morphological and genetic data available (cyan) or with only genetic data available (gold). The 200 m isobath line is shown in bold black. Thin black lines represent the 2000 and 4000 m isobaths." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7386887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7386887/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Fig. S1C</figureCitation>
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): (1) cranial vertex elevated (anterior end of the nasals at slightly higher height than the other components of the cranial vertex); (2) shorter lacrimal, with its anterior end more flat (square shaped) and ending before the anterior end of the ascending process of the maxilla (usually, the latter is fully covering the anterior end of the lacrimal, which ends at almost the same height as the preorbital process of the frontal); and (3) straight (non-convex) pharyngeal crest. As observed from the ventral view (Supporting Information,
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<figureCitation box="[964,1064,1616,1638]" captionStart="Figure 1" captionStartId="2.[163,241,1819,1841]" captionTargetBox="[163,1448,825,1780]" captionTargetId="figure-359@2.[254,1448,869,1687]" captionTargetPageId="2" captionText="Figure 1. Map of the western North Atlantic study area showing the sampling locations of samples with only morphological data available (brown), with morphological and genetic data available (cyan) or with only genetic data available (gold). The 200 m isobath line is shown in bold black. Thin black lines represent the 2000 and 4000 m isobaths." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7386887" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7386887/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Fig. S1D</figureCitation>
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): (4) intermediate to narrower vomer when compared with the posterior process of the pterygoids; and (5) the posterior border of the pterygoid hamuli is more in an acute angle to the sagittal plane of the skull.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1191,1424,1738,1760]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
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<emphasis box="[1191,1424,1738,1760]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">Tursiops erebennus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens can also be differentiated from
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[1287,1425,1770,1791]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
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<emphasis box="[1287,1425,1770,1791]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="1629">T. truncatus</emphasis>
|
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</taxonomicName>
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specimens based on molecular genetic characters: one fixed difference was found in the mtDNA control region between the species (based on a fragment of
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph blockId="22.[163,518,128,155]" box="[163,518,128,155]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">
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1630 A. P. B.
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<collectingRegion box="[344,430,132,153]" country="New Zealand" name="West Coast" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">COSTA</collectingRegion>
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<emphasis box="[437,512,133,154]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">ET AL</emphasis>
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.
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</paragraph>
|
||
<caption ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7386913" ID-Zenodo-Dep="7386913" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/7386913/files/figure.png" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" startId="22.[163,241,675,697]" targetBox="[243,1363,198,635]" targetPageId="22">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[163,1443,675,726]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" box="[163,267,675,697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Figure 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Assembled portions of the postcranial skeleton of the holotype
|
||
<taxonomicName authority="(Cope, 1865)" baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[933,1270,675,697]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[933,1134,675,697]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Tursiops erebennus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Cope ED" box="[1148,1261,675,697]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="278 - 281" refId="ref21173" refString="Cope ED. 1865. Second contribution to a history of the Delphinidae. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia 17: 278 - 281." type="journal article" year="1865">Cope, 1865</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University (museum number
|
||
<emphasis box="[886,1006,704,726]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">ANSP 3020</emphasis>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[163,778,815,867]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">311 bp and 249 mtDNA control region haplotype sequences).</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[163,780,908,1881]" lastBlockId="22.[827,1443,815,868]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">
|
||
<emphasis box="[163,332,908,929]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Redescription:</emphasis>
|
||
This is a small species of bottlenose dolphin, with a known maximum total body length of
|
||
<quantity box="[192,278,970,992]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.86" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="cm" value="286.0">286 cm</quantity>
|
||
. When considering only physically mature animals based on the vertebral column (
|
||
<emphasis box="[645,665,1001,1022]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">N</emphasis>
|
||
= 13), we found a known minimum total adult body length of
|
||
<quantity box="[163,246,1062,1083]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.32" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="cm" value="232.0">232 cm</quantity>
|
||
and a mean of
|
||
<quantity box="[432,516,1062,1084]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.56" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="cm" value="256.0">256 cm</quantity>
|
||
for the species. It can be differentiated from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Montagu" baseAuthorityYear="1821" box="[443,592,1093,1114]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="truncatus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[443,592,1093,1114]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">T. truncatus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on skull morphometrics (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mead JG & Potter CW" box="[360,608,1123,1145]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="31 - 44" refId="ref22250" refString="Mead JG, Potter CW. 1995. Recognizing two populations of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) off the Atlantic coast of North America: morphologic and ecologic considerations. IBI Reports 5: 31 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Mead & Potter, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Toledo GAC" box="[623,772,1123,1145]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="1855" refId="ref23873" refString="Toledo GAC. 2013. Variacao geografica em cranios de golfinhos nariz-de-garrafa, Tursiops Gervais, 1855, no Atlantico Ocidental [Geographic variation in the skulls of bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops Gervais, 1855, in the western Atlantic]. Unpublished D. Phil. Thesis, Universidade Federal da Paraiba." type="book chapter" year="2013">Toledo, 2013</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study), vertebral column morphology (present study), several genetic markers (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hoelzel AR & Potter CW & Best PB" box="[549,772,1184,1206]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="1177 - 1183" refId="ref21758" refString="Hoelzel AR, Potter CW, Best PB. 1998. Genetic differentiation between parapatric ' nearshore' and ' offshore' populations of the bottlenose dolphin. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 265: 1177 - 1183." type="journal article" year="1998">
|
||
Hoelzel
|
||
<emphasis box="[644,702,1184,1206]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1998
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Kingston SE & Rosel PE" box="[163,448,1215,1237]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="1 - 10" refId="ref21904" refString="Kingston SE, Rosel PE. 2004. Genetic differentiation among recently diverged delphinid taxa determined using AFLP markers. Journal of Heredity 95: 1 - 10." type="journal article" year="2004">Kingston & Rosel, 2004</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rosel PE & Hansen L & Hohn AA" box="[464,672,1215,1237]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="5030 - 5045" refId="ref23418" refString="Rosel PE, Hansen L, Hohn AA. 2009. Restricted dispersal in a continuously distributed marine species: common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in coastal waters of the western North Atlantic. Molecular Ecology 18: 5030 - 5045." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Rosel
|
||
<emphasis box="[539,599,1215,1237]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study), body length (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mead JG & Potter CW" box="[418,670,1246,1268]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="31 - 44" refId="ref22250" refString="Mead JG, Potter CW. 1995. Recognizing two populations of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) off the Atlantic coast of North America: morphologic and ecologic considerations. IBI Reports 5: 31 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Mead & Potter, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
; present study), distribution (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Torres LG & Rosel PE & D'Agrosa C & Read AJ" box="[411,625,1276,1298]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="502 - 514" refId="ref23927" refString="Torres LG, Rosel PE, D'Agrosa C, Read AJ. 2003. Improving management of overlapping bottlenose dolphin ecotypes through spatial analysis and genetics. Marine Mammal Science 19: 502 - 514." type="journal article" year="2003">
|
||
Torres
|
||
<emphasis box="[495,554,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2003
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rosel PE & Hansen L & Hohn AA" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="5030 - 5045" refId="ref23418" refString="Rosel PE, Hansen L, Hohn AA. 2009. Restricted dispersal in a continuously distributed marine species: common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in coastal waters of the western North Atlantic. Molecular Ecology 18: 5030 - 5045." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Rosel
|
||
<emphasis box="[713,772,1276,1298]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Waring GT & Josephson E & Fairfield-Walsh CP & MazeFoley K" box="[230,446,1307,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" refId="ref24328" refString="Waring GT, Josephson E, Fairfield-Walsh CP, MazeFoley K. 2009. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments - 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE 210. Available at: https: // repository. library. noaa. gov / view / noaa / 3630." type="journal volume" year="2009">
|
||
Waring
|
||
<emphasis box="[321,378,1307,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Hayes SA & Josephson E & Maze-Foley K & Rosel PE" box="[459,663,1307,1329]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" refId="ref21705" refString="Hayes SA, Josephson E, Maze-Foley K, Rosel PE. 2017. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments - 2016. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE 241. Available at: https: // repository. library. noaa. gov / view / noaa / 14864." type="journal volume" year="2017">
|
||
Hayes
|
||
<emphasis box="[538,595,1307,1329]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2017
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), parasite load (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mead JG & Potter CW" box="[224,453,1338,1360]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="165 - 195" refId="ref22203" refString="Mead JG, Potter CW. 1990. Natural history of bottlenose dolphins along the central Atlantic Coast of the United States. In: Leatherwood S, Reeves RR, eds. The bottlenose dolphin. San Diego: Academic Press, 165 - 195." type="book chapter" year="1990">Mead & Potter, 1990</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), food habits (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mead JG & Potter CW" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="31 - 44" refId="ref22250" refString="Mead JG, Potter CW. 1995. Recognizing two populations of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) off the Atlantic coast of North America: morphologic and ecologic considerations. IBI Reports 5: 31 - 44." type="journal article" year="1995">Mead & Potter, 1995</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), haematological profile (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Duffield DA & Ridgway SH & Cornell LH" box="[530,770,1368,1390]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="930 - 933" refId="ref21351" refString="Duffield DA, Ridgway SH, Cornell LH. 1983. Hematology distinguishes coastal and offshore forms of dolphins (Tursiops). Canadian Journal of Zoology 61: 930 - 933." type="journal article" year="1983">
|
||
Duffield
|
||
<emphasis box="[637,697,1368,1390]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 1983
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and, possibly, colour pattern (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Wells R & Scott MD" box="[525,763,1399,1421]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="137 - 182" refId="ref24412" refString="Wells R, Scott MD. 1999. Bottlenose dolphin - Tursiops truncatus (Montagu, 1821). In: Ridgway SH, Harrison R, eds. Handbook of marine mammals, Vol. 6. San Diego: Academic Press, 137 - 182." type="book chapter" year="1999">Wells & Scott, 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Based on our data set, the condylobasal length in physically mature skulls ranges from
|
||
<quantity box="[601,775,1460,1482]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.68" metricValueMax="5.1" metricValueMin="4.26" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="mm" value="468.0" valueMax="510.0" valueMin="426.0">426 to 510 mm</quantity>
|
||
, but it is possible that a larger sample size might show individuals outside this range. Physically mature skulls have a relatively short (based on our data set:
|
||
<quantity box="[163,390,1583,1605]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5256" metricValueMax="2.7874" metricValueMin="2.2638" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="mm" value="252.56" valueMax="278.74" valueMin="226.38">226.38–278.74 mm</quantity>
|
||
) and narrow (based on our data set:
|
||
<quantity box="[213,412,1614,1636]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.615" metricValueMax="8.643" metricValueMin="6.587" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="mm" value="76.15" valueMax="86.43" valueMin="65.87">65.87–86.43 mm</quantity>
|
||
) rostrum and narrow internal nares (based on our data set:
|
||
<quantity box="[553,766,1644,1666]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.444" metricValueMax="7.276999999999999" metricValueMin="5.611" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" unit="mm" value="64.44" valueMax="72.77" valueMin="56.11">56.11–72.77 mm</quantity>
|
||
). The vertebral formula, based on 21 individuals, is C7 + T
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[235,251,1721,1733]" fontSize="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">12</subScript>
|
||
+ L
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[296,338,1721,1733]" fontSize="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">14–15</subScript>
|
||
+ Ca
|
||
<subScript attach="left" box="[398,439,1721,1733]" fontSize="5" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">26–28</subScript>
|
||
= 59–61. It is uncommon to find scars of
|
||
<taxonomicName box="[312,495,1736,1758]" class="Chromadorea" family="Tetrameridae" genus="Crassicauda" kingdom="Animalia" order="Rhabditida" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Nematoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
|
||
<emphasis box="[312,457,1736,1757]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Crassicauda</emphasis>
|
||
sp.
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the skulls. There are, on average, 23 or 24 alveoli/teeth in each of the tooth rows. There is sexual dimorphism in this lineage based on traditional morphometric analysis of the skulls (with males usually being larger than females based on the skull data set) but not detected with geometric morphometrics.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph blockId="22.[827,1443,908,1605]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,1254,908,930]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">
|
||
Distribution:
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1007,1254,908,930]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">Tursiops erebennus</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
is distributed continuously along the western North Atlantic coast from New York to the east coast of the Florida Peninsula, inhabiting nearshore coastal and estuarine waters (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Rosel PE & Hansen L & Hohn AA" box="[835,1034,1031,1053]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" pagination="5030 - 5045" refId="ref23418" refString="Rosel PE, Hansen L, Hohn AA. 2009. Restricted dispersal in a continuously distributed marine species: common bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus in coastal waters of the western North Atlantic. Molecular Ecology 18: 5030 - 5045." type="journal article" year="2009">
|
||
Rosel
|
||
<emphasis box="[906,964,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Waring GT & Josephson E & Fairfield-Walsh CP & MazeFoley K" box="[1047,1267,1031,1053]" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" refId="ref24328" refString="Waring GT, Josephson E, Fairfield-Walsh CP, MazeFoley K. 2009. US Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico marine mammal stock assessments - 2008. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NE 210. Available at: https: // repository. library. noaa. gov / view / noaa / 3630." type="journal volume" year="2009">
|
||
Waring
|
||
<emphasis box="[1139,1197,1031,1053]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
, 2009
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). The extent of the distribution of this species further offshore on the continental shelf of the wNA and in other areas, such as the Gulf of Mexico,
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1095,1205,1123,1145]" name="Bahamas" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
and the Caribbean, is unknown. However, to date ‘coastal’-form dolphins from the Caribbean Sea have not shared haplotypes with
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[887,1030,1215,1237]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[887,1030,1215,1237]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">T. erebennus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, with a potential exception for only one dolphin from the northern
|
||
<collectingCountry box="[1175,1284,1246,1268]" name="Bahamas" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">Bahamas</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Instead, they are placed in a separate, well-supported clade in the mtDNA control region phylogeny, suggesting some degree of divergence from
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1150,1301,1338,1359]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1150,1301,1338,1359]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">T. erebennus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Given this apparent genetic divergence between the wNA coastal and Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coastal animals, we recommend, at this time, that the south-east coast of Florida should be considered the southern limit for the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[1002,1147,1491,1513]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[1002,1147,1491,1513]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">T. erebennus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Further investigation is needed to resolve the relationship between these two clades, which in turn will clarify the distribution of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Cope" baseAuthorityYear="1865" box="[827,968,1583,1605]" class="Mammalia" family="Delphinidae" genus="Tursiops" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cetacea" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="erebennus">
|
||
<emphasis box="[827,968,1583,1605]" italics="true" pageId="22" pageNumber="1630">T. erebennus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |