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<document id="FA1137EA1428DEC10571238D9F044364" ID-CLB-Dataset="31608" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.11" ID-GBIF-Dataset="eadc6621-31b2-41a1-b248-8bb38bd75d09" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="1042988" ID-ZooBank="B1B682B2-C9F1-4CF9-B57F-CA45B1F87B46" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1510040820721" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Wagner, Daniel &amp; Shuler, Andrew" docDate="2017" docId="03EEED386A3CFFB76ECB9801B460402E" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4344.2.11.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4344 (2)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Distichopathes filix" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="374" masterDocId="FFD795406A3BFFB06E5C994DB7734319" masterDocTitle="The black coral fauna (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of Bermuda with new records" masterLastPageNumber="379" masterPageNumber="367" pageNumber="374" updateTime="1698480813510" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:title id="E68FA034972D32136A41DCAF606811A6">The black coral fauna (Cnidaria: Antipatharia) of Bermuda with new records</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="43D58A35048503EB8AFC440BE8CB6BE6">Wagner, Daniel</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03EEED386A3CFFB76ECB9801B460402E" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6035238" ID-GBIF-Taxon="137252746" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6035238" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03EEED386A3CFFB76ECB9801B460402E" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EEED386A3CFFB76ECB9801B460402E" lastPageNumber="374" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">
<subSubSection id="C35D0FA56A3CFFB76ECB9801B52E427F" box="[151,605,332,358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BF85C2E6A3CFFB76ECB9801B52E427F" blockId="7.[151,605,332,358]" box="[151,605,332,358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">
<heading id="D0B0EB426A3CFFB76ECB9801B52E427F" bold="true" box="[151,605,332,358]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A3CFFB76ECB9801B52E427F" ID-CoL="36XMR" authority="(Pourtales, 1867)" baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,605,332,358]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aphanipathidae" genus="Distichopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filix">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A3CFFB76ECB9801B52E427F" bold="true" box="[151,605,332,358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A3CFFB76ECB9801B6F1427F" bold="true" box="[151,386,332,358]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Distichopathes filix</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76FCD9801B526427F" author="Pourtales" box="[401,597,332,358]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Pourtales, L. F. de (1867) Contributions to the fauna of the Gulf Stream at great depths. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 1, 103 - 142." type="journal article" year="1867">Pourtales, 1867</bibRefCitation>
)
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<paragraph id="8BF85C2E6A3CFFB76ECB98DFB460402E" blockId="7.[151,1437,402,823]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">
<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A3CFFB76ECB98DFB60442B2" ID-CoL="36XMR" baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[151,375,402,427]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aphanipathidae" genus="Distichopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filix">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A3CFFB76ECB98DFB60442B2" box="[151,375,402,427]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Distichopathes filix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
forms very sparsely-branched colonies that are branched in a single plane (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76AA298DFB2E342B2" box="[1278,1424,402,427]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5a–b</figureCitation>
). Pinnulation is bilateral, and the pinnules in each lateral row alternate with those of the opposite row (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76B5F98FBB2E342D6" box="[1283,1424,438,463]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5b–c</figureCitation>
). Spines are needle-shaped and covered with distinct tubercles on the distal third of their surface (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76A849897B21642EA" box="[1240,1381,474,499]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5d–e</figureCitation>
). On the side of the corallum opposite to the one bearing the polyps, the spines are uniform in height and typically range between 90–120 µm (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76FD59B6FB6894122" box="[393,506,546,571]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5d</figureCitation>
). In contrast, the side of the corallum bearing the polyps contains skeletal spines of greatly varying heights (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76FF59B0BB56F4146" box="[425,540,582,607]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5d</figureCitation>
). The tallest spines are located in the area underneath the outer edges of polyps and reach heights of 200–250 µm, whereas the shortest spines are situated in the area underneath the oral cone, and typically reach heights of only 200 µm (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76C0A9BC3B5B441BE" box="[598,711,654,679]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5d</figureCitation>
). Polyps are 0.7–1.0 mm in transverse diameter, and spaced
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apart (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76F1D9BFFB6C141D2" box="[321,434,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5c</figureCitation>
). The color of living colonies is bright yellow (
<figureCitation id="137C40AB6A3CFFB76D849BFFB33A41D2" box="[984,1097,690,715]" captionStart="FIGURE 5" captionStartId="7.[151,250,1895,1917]" captionTargetBox="[151,1426,878,1874]" captionTargetId="figure@7.[151,1436,878,1874]" captionTargetPageId="7" captionText="FIGURE 5. Distichopathes filix from Bermuda showing (a) colonies in situ, (b) preserved specimen (scale bar = 4 cm), (c) polyps on basal part of pinnules under light microscopy (scale bar = 2 mm), (d) skeletal spines on a primary pinnule under SEM (scale bar = 200 µm), and (e) close-up of polypar spine under SEM (scale bar = 50 µm)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/1042998/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Figure 5a</figureCitation>
).
<taxonomicName id="4C4727AD6A3CFFB76A3C9BF9B3C341D2" ID-CoL="36XMR" baseAuthorityName="Pourtales" baseAuthorityYear="1867" box="[1120,1200,690,715]" class="Anthozoa" family="Aphanipathidae" genus="Distichopathes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Antipatharia" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" phylum="Cnidaria" rank="species" species="filix">
<emphasis id="B933803C6A3CFFB76A3C9BF9B3C341D2" box="[1120,1200,690,715]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">D. filix</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has previously been reported from the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of
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<collectingCountry id="F3501CBE6A3CFFB76C8E9B9BB45441F6" box="[722,807,726,751]" name="Mexico" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Mexico</collectingCountry>
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at depths ranging between
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(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76AB79B9BB2E441F6" author="Opresko" box="[1259,1431,726,751]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Opresko, D. M. (2009) Antipatharia (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. In: Tunnell, J. W. Jr., Felder, D. L. &amp; Earle, S. A. (Eds.), Gulf of Mexico origin, waters, and biota. Vol. 1. Biodiversity. Texas A &amp; M University Press, Corpus Christi, 359 - 363." type="book chapter" year="2009">Opresko, 2009</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76ECB9BB7B61B400A" author="Cairns" box="[151,360,762,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Cairns, S. D., Opresko, D. M. &amp; Hopkins, T. S. (1993) New records of deep-water Cnidaria (Scleractinia &amp; Antipatharia) from the Gulf of Mexico. Northeast Gulf Science, 13, 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="1993">
Cairns
<emphasis id="B933803C6A3CFFB76EBB9BB1B66C400A" box="[231,287,762,787]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="374">et al.</emphasis>
, 1993
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76F289BB7B568400A" author="Opresko" box="[372,539,762,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Opresko, D. M. (1972) Redescriptions and reevaluations of the antipatharians described by L. F. de Pourtales. Bulletin of Marine Science, 22, 950 - 1017." type="journal article" year="1972">Opresko, 1972</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76C7B9BB7B5C5400A" author="Brook" box="[551,694,762,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Brook, G. (1889) Report on the Antipatharia. Report of the scientific results of the voyage of the H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, 32, 1 - 222." type="journal article" year="1889">Brook, 1889</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="EFD621DF6A3CFFB76C9E9BB7B407400A" author="Pourtales" box="[706,884,762,787]" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" refString="Pourtales, L. F. de (1871) Deep-sea corals. Illustrated catalogue of the museum of comparative zoology at Harvard College, 4, 52 - 55." type="journal article" year="1871">Pourtales, 1871</bibRefCitation>
). The only Bermudan specimen examined as part of this study was collected at a depth of
<quantity id="4CBFF1CB6A3CFFB76C059A52B5D3402F" box="[601,672,799,823]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.04" pageId="7" pageNumber="374" unit="m" value="304.0">304 m</quantity>
(
<tableCitation id="C6C569956A3CFFB76CF29A53B471402E" box="[686,770,798,823]" captionStart="TABLE 1" captionStartId="2.[151,239,440,463]" captionText="TABLE 1. Black coral specimens examined as part of this study (BAMZ = Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo; NR = not reported; * = new record for Bermuda)." pageId="7" pageNumber="374">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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