138 lines
18 KiB
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138 lines
18 KiB
XML
<document id="FCB4EE9A583E9C03518584768D39D903" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4750.1.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ff300143-3581-4909-ae95-8dec768fe27a" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3702847" ID-ZooBank="CF37CEA8-E156-48A6-8A28-C94A294A75DF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1583849226697" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Mah, Christopher L. & Fujita, Toshihiko" docDate="2020" docId="03DC87ABFFD2022B17E819C0FBA29428" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4750.1.4.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4750 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Asterinidae Gray 1840" docType="treatment" docVersion="6" lastPageNumber="81" masterDocId="FFE5FFD3FFDF0225177F1F41FFA29777" masterDocTitle="New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix" masterLastPageNumber="100" masterPageNumber="67" pageNumber="80" updateTime="1698726646140" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="75194738D1B63EE762D35FEB2C8BB583">New species and occurrence records of Japanese Solasteridae and Ganeriidae including a new species of Paralophaster from the North Pacific with an overview of Hyalinothrix</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="FB32EE507314D5A1EFC96FF7A7F8249B">Mah, Christopher L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="DBCD36472C04C7D6847608350E7F214D">Fujita, Toshihiko</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="6752112C2596EF3DF72CCE13AD13F86B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="03108CCF07D22546330E727008869886">2020</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="1E86824D97F344AC98E0E8ABCC31819D">2020-03-10</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="ED98FC40CE0018E4895D72B6147A0905">4750</mods:number>
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<mods:identifier id="33AC59CF4AC5BDE2A145FA340216BF01" type="DOI">10.11646/zootaxa.4750.1.4</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DC87ABFFD2022B17E819C0FBA29428" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3706285" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162481320" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3706285" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC87ABFFD2022B17E819C0FBA29428" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC87ABFFD2022B17E819C0FBA29428" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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<subSubSection id="C36F6536FFD2022817E819C0FAD8905C" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD2022817E819C0FE5191EC" blockId="13.[151,499,1665,1691]" box="[151,499,1665,1691]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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<heading id="D08281D1FFD2022817E819C0FE5191EC" bold="true" box="[151,499,1665,1691]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD2022817E819C0FE5191EC" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authority="Gray, 1840" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[151,499,1665,1691]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD2022817E819C0FE5191EC" bold="true" box="[151,499,1665,1691]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">ASTERINIDAE Gray, 1840</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD2022817E81988FAD8905C" blockId="13.[151,1437,1737,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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As outlined elsewhere, molecular phylogenetic results (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD2022815801988FC6C9194" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W." box="[767,974,1737,1763]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref25250" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz 2011</bibRefCitation>
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) have placed members of these two families on the same clade and created ambiguity with regards to the taxonomic boundary between them (see further discussion below). For reasons that will be evident, a general treatment of these two groups is combined herein.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F6536FFD2022B17B81874FAA69680" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD2022B17B81874FCB696FC" blockId="13.[151,1437,1737,2015]" lastBlockId="14.[151,1437,153,863]" lastPageId="14" lastPageNumber="81" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">
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The
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD2022817861874FED89038" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[249,378,1845,1871]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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includes over 150 species in over 25 genera with occurrence all over the world in temperate, tropical and cold-water settings ranging from shallow to deep-water habitats. They have been heavily studied in biogeography (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD202281605183CFDD190E0" author="Ayers, K. L. & Waters, J. M." box="[378,627,1916,1943]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="1045 - 1052" refId="ref22631" refString="Ayers, K. L. & Waters, J. M. (2005) Marine biogeographic disjunction in central New Zealand. Marine Biology, 147 (4), 1045 - 1052. https: // doi. org / 10.1007 / s 00227 - 005 - 1632 - 7" type="journal article" year="2005">Ayers & Waters 2005</bibRefCitation>
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). Asterinids have long been a model animal for developmental biology (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD2022817A818E0FE6890CC" author="Miyawaki, K. & Yamamoto, M. & Saito, K. & Saito, S. & Kobayashi, N. & Matsuda, S." box="[215,458,1953,1979]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="121 - 128" refId="ref25543" refString="Miyawaki, K., Yamamoto, M., Saito, K., Saito, S., Kobayashi, N. & Matsuda, S. (2003) Nuclear localization of β-catenin in vegetal pole cells during early embryogenesis of the starfish Asterina pectinifera. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 45 (2), 121 - 128. https: // doi. org / 10.1034 / j. 1600 - 0854.2004.00681. x" type="journal article" year="2003">
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Miyawaki
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD20228162F18E3FE2090CC" box="[336,386,1953,1979]" italics="true" pageId="13" pageNumber="80">et al</emphasis>
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. 2003
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</bibRefCitation>
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) and possess the greatest range of life histories known for the Asteroidea (Byrne 2006) making them relevant for experimental biology and have been well studied in ecology (e.g.,
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD2022813EE1884FA3290A8" author="Emson, R. H. & Crump, R. G." box="[1169,1424,1989,2015]" pageId="13" pageNumber="80" pagination="35 - 53" refId="ref23554" refString="Emson, R. H. & Crump, R. G. (1984) Comparative studies on the ecology of Asterina gibbosa and A. phylactica at Lough Ine. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 64 (1), 35 - 53. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0025315400059622" type="journal article" year="1984">Emson & Crump 1984</bibRefCitation>
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). Although systematics of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B16A51FD8FDF997C4" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[474,603,153,179]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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were heavily revised by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B14071FD8FB7497C4" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W." box="[888,1238,153,179]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref25784" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin and Waters (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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, the group shows a broad morphological range and many taxa displayed characters which led to confusion with other families. For example, the endangered Derwent River seastar, “
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B15A71FA3FCC1978C" ID-CoL="7PF5X" box="[728,867,226,251]" class="Asteroidea" family="Poraniidae" genus="Marginaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B15A71FA3FCC1978C" box="[728,867,226,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Marginaster</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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”
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B14051FA0FC78978C" box="[890,986,225,251]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">littoralis</emphasis>
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was in fact a species within the genus
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B17E81E44FEA09668" ID-CoL="7PQHS" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[151,258,261,287]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Patiriella" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B17E81E44FEA09668" box="[151,258,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Patiriella</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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and had been misidentified as a poraniid due to its fleshy body wall (
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B14811E44FB719668" author="O'Hara, T. & Mah, C. L. & Hipsley, C. A. & Bribiesca-Contreras, G. & Barrett, N. S." box="[1022,1235,261,287]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 8" refId="ref25709" refString="O'Hara, T., Mah, C. L., Hipsley, C. A., Bribiesca-Contreras, G. & Barrett, N. S. (2018) The Derwent River seastar: reevaluation of a critically endangered marine invertebrate. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 186 (2), 1 - 8. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / zoolinnean / zly 057" type="journal article" year="2018">
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O’Hara
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B13261E47FB2B9668" box="[1113,1161,261,287]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">et al</emphasis>
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. 2018
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</bibRefCitation>
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). Some asterinids, such as
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B178A1E68FE369634" authorityName="A.M.Clark" authorityYear="1983" box="[245,404,297,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Paxillasterina" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B178A1E68FE369634" box="[245,404,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Paxillasterina</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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(now
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B169F1E68FDFC9634" ID-CoL="7NPXD" authorityName="Verrill" authorityYear="1913" box="[480,606,297,323]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" genus="Asterinides" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B169F1E68FDFC9634" box="[480,606,297,323]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Asterinides</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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) displaying paxillate abactinal plates show superficial resemblance with some
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B17A71E0CFEF59610" authorityName="sensu Spencer and Wright" authorityYear="1966" box="[216,343,333,359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ganeriidae</taxonomicName>
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.Although a diagnosis for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B15E21E0CFCBC9610" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[669,798,333,359]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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is included, we suggest
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B13541E0CFACC9610" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W." box="[1067,1390,333,359]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref25784" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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and references therein to survey full morphological diversity.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD1022B17B81ED4FAA69680" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
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As described in more detail below, new subfamilial groupings are proposed for the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B13211ED4FB7D96D8" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[1118,1247,405,431]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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to accommodate phylogenetic relationships illustrated by
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B15211EF8FCE096A4" author="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W." box="[606,834,441,467]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="769 - 788" refId="ref25250" refString="Mah, C. L. & Foltz, D. W. (2011) Molecular Phylogeny of the Valvatacea (Asteroidea, Echinodermata). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 161, 769 - 788. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2010.00659. x" type="journal article" year="2011">Mah & Foltz (2011)</bibRefCitation>
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. This includes a return of the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B13F11EF8FAAB96A4" authorityName="sensu Spencer and Wright" authorityYear="1966" box="[1166,1289,441,467]" class="Asteroidea" family="Ganeriidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Ganeriidae</taxonomicName>
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to subfamily status within the
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D3EFFD1022B162B1E9CFE779680" ID-CoL="8MPB7" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1840" box="[340,469,477,503]" class="Asteroidea" family="Asterinidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Valvatida" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" phylum="Echinodermata" rank="family">Asterinidae</taxonomicName>
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and establishment of the Hyalinothricinae as proposed by Fisher (1911).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F6536FFD1022B17B81D40FBA29428" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BCA36BDFFD1022B17B81D40FBA29428" blockId="14.[151,1437,153,863]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B17B81D40FE71956C" bold="true" box="[199,467,512,539]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">
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<emphasis id="B901EAAFFFD1022B17B81D40FE98956C" bold="true" box="[199,314,513,539]" italics="true" pageId="14" pageNumber="81">Diagnosis</emphasis>
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(truncated).
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</emphasis>
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Body shape highly diverse, ranging from pentagonal to strongly stellate, thickness ranges from flattened to paper-thin to thick and round with short to extended arms, mostly five but with some genera up to 15. Interradial regions, with variably flattened edges to thick and confluent with disk. Abactinal plates variably crescentic, lobate, polygonal in imbricate to fenestrate arrangement. Surficial accessories highly diverse, ranging from granules, spinelets, paxillae to thick dermal covering with highly variable expression. Marginal plate morphology highly variable, similar in appearance with abactinal and/or actinal plates, but tracking to terminal plate as per
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B17E81D98FE8D9584" author="Blake, D. B." box="[151,303,729,755]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="234 - 241" refId="ref22895" refString="Blake, D. B. (1978) The taxonomic position of the modern sea-star Cistina Gray, 1840. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 91 (1), 234 - 241." type="journal article" year="1978">Blake (1978)</bibRefCitation>
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. Superambulacral and superactinal plates present or absent. Actinal plates in chevron formation, but variably imbricate to abutted in arrangement, each plate with diverse accessories ranging from spinelets singly or in clusters and more documented in
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B4CFFD1022B15481C60FC27944C" author="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W." box="[567,901,801,827]" pageId="14" pageNumber="81" pagination="1 - 40" refId="ref25784" refString="O'Loughlin, P. M. & Waters J. W. (2004) A molecular and morphological revision of genera of Asterinidae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea). Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 61 (1), 1 - 40. https: // doi. org / 10.24199 / j. mmv. 2004.61.1" type="journal article" year="2004">O’Loughlin & Waters (2004)</bibRefCitation>
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. Pedicellariae present or absent. Furrow spines forming palmate series in many but as with other accessories, highly variable.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |