372 lines
54 KiB
XML
372 lines
54 KiB
XML
<document id="D07A784FD6D69B7307206EFA4B06D97B" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.171339" ID-GBIF-Dataset="39458ef6-03ef-4eab-96de-2ff7a38a0031" ID-ISSN="11755326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="171339" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1459720598539" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Skevington, Jeffrey H." docDate="2005" docId="03DC8797FF95FFCFFEC3F98BFC27F8CF" docLanguage="en" docName="zt00977.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 977" docStyle="DocumentStyle:FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF.3:Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleId="FA7E419B012A62B0FC3AC15A186C3DAF" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2001-2006.journal_article" docStyleVersion="3" docTitle="Nephrocerus Zetterstedt 1838" docType="treatment" docVersion="9" lastPageNumber="6" masterDocId="FFE5FFEFFF96FFCAFFCBFFAAFFF0FFE9" masterDocTitle="Revision of Nearctic Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae)" masterLastPageNumber="36" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="4" updateTime="1698209263579" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="6CD63B747CB6EB75DB0CD0E7F0B0E173" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="CAF4E379453D1DCC535876BFE830FF60">
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<mods:title id="862C657B695EA3249FC2CE9A9F58B85F">Revision of Nearctic Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae)</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="9A4FE4242F8B4480C13A8D67F8BDA81F" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="40D3D5CC3E78531E6B975144A830DCAA">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="D8884E5B19F85A96AB2A706248B75C42">Skevington, Jeffrey H.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="5EB287DA73F395926FF4696D3EBE840A">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:titleInfo id="0FD7D74D62BDBD76A4BBCCF6B90AEE70">
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<mods:title id="15863062163EBA694BFA56BEF689339B">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="2412361BBA706CC47AFE903707947FE3">
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<mods:date id="25C2CCB52670D169D0D13A38851BE3A8">2005</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="EE9119602D000EE918CCC1074AE0AB9B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="61852078A8744FD59832EED7DD2F35DC">977</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="EF76DEDD3450723E6B14C2F69C48CDB2">1</mods:start>
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<mods:classification id="5E2B16D1DDD05A64B5A1A35E41272A06">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="EC2A2B0BCCDAEBFF248047FDAD2CC430" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.171339</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="71AA2DAE86761A87B9F1FEF765C9F88B" type="GBIF-Dataset">39458ef6-03ef-4eab-96de-2ff7a38a0031</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8EFA30B86343F079BF7C91E42D171D5A" type="ISSN">11755326</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="03DC8797FF95FFCFFEC3F98BFC27F8CF" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6264623" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119335531" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6264623" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03DC8797FF95FFCFFEC3F98BFC27F8CF" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03DC8797FF95FFCFFEC3F98BFC27F8CF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<subSubSection id="C36F650AFF95FFC9FEC3F98BFD7BF9D2" box="[264,651,1569,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF95FFC9FEC3F98BFD7BF9D2" blockId="3.[264,651,1569,1595]" box="[264,651,1569,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<heading id="D08281EDFF95FFC9FEC3F98BFD7BF9D2" bold="true" box="[264,651,1569,1595]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF95FFC9FEC3F98BFD7BF9D2" ID-CoL="637Q" ID-ENA="115303" authority="Zetterstedt (1838)" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1838" box="[264,651,1569,1595]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FEC3F98BFD7BF9D2" bold="true" box="[264,651,1569,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FEC3F98BFE54F9D2" bold="true" box="[264,420,1569,1595]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF95FFC9FE67F98BFD7BF9D2" author="Zetterstedt" box="[428,651,1569,1595]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Zetterstedt, J. W. (1838) Dipterologis scandinaviae. Sectio tertia, Diptera (1838 - 1840). Pipunculini. In: Insecta Lapponica descripta, Lipsiae, pp. 477 - 868." type="book chapter" year="1838">Zetterstedt (1838)</bibRefCitation>
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F650AFF95FFC9FEC3F9C6FE5AF94A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="reference_group">
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||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF95FFC9FEC3F9C6FE5AF94A" blockId="3.[264,1323,1644,1699]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<treatmentCitationGroup id="AB6511AFFF95FFC9FEC3F9C6FE5AF94A" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF95FFC9FEC3F9C6FD7EF96A" ID-CoL="637Q" authority="Zetterstedt, 1838: 151" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityPageNumber="151" authorityYear="1838" box="[264,654,1644,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FEC3F9C6FE61F96A" box="[264,401,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
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<treatmentCitation id="0AD41090FF95FFC9FE50F9C6FD7EF96A" author="Zetterstedt" box="[411,654,1644,1667]" page="151" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" year="1838">
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF95FFC9FE50F9C6FDA5F96A" author="Zetterstedt" box="[411,597,1644,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Zetterstedt, J. W. (1838) Dipterologis scandinaviae. Sectio tertia, Diptera (1838 - 1840). Pipunculini. In: Insecta Lapponica descripta, Lipsiae, pp. 477 - 868." type="book chapter" year="1838">Zetterstedt, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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: 151
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</treatmentCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<typeStatus id="54CE8823FF95FFC9FD50F9C6FD20F96A" box="[667,720,1644,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Type</typeStatus>
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species:
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF95FFC9FCFCF9C6FAF2F96A" ID-CoL="46YXH" authority="Zetterstedt, 1838" authorityName="Zetterstedt" authorityYear="1838" box="[823,1282,1644,1667]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponicus">
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FCFCF9C6FBCFF96A" box="[823,1087,1644,1667]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Nephrocerus lapponicus</emphasis>
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF95FFC9FB83F9C6FAF2F96A" author="Zetterstedt" box="[1096,1282,1644,1667]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Zetterstedt, J. W. (1838) Dipterologis scandinaviae. Sectio tertia, Diptera (1838 - 1840). Pipunculini. In: Insecta Lapponica descripta, Lipsiae, pp. 477 - 868." type="book chapter" year="1838">Zetterstedt, 1838</bibRefCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, by monotypy.
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</treatmentCitationGroup>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C36F650AFF95FFCFFEC3F979FC27F8CF" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="3" pageNumber="4" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF95FFCEFEC3F979FD3DFC0A" blockId="3.[264,1323,1747,1897]" lastBlockId="4.[264,1324,284,995]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="5" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FEC3F979FE69F904" bold="true" box="[264,409,1747,1773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Description</emphasis>
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(adapted from
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<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF95FFC9FD9DF97EFCDFF907" author="Morakote" box="[598,815,1748,1774]" pageId="3" pageNumber="36" refString="Morakote, R. (1988) Four new species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Japan. Esakia, 26, 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">Morakote (1988))</bibRefCitation>
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:
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FCF7F979FC75F904" bold="true" box="[828,901,1747,1773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Male:</emphasis>
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Body length 5.7–12.0 mm.
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FB15F979FADAF904" bold="true" box="[1246,1322,1747,1773]" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Head:</emphasis>
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hemispherical (
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF95FFC9FE77F956FE0FF8FF" box="[444,511,1788,1814]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C); eyes touching on frons,
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FC83F956FEC4F8D4" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">hind margin of eyes deeply excised medially</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF95FFC9FE8EF88EFE77F8D7" box="[325,391,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C); ocellar triangle bare, ocelli slightly raised (
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF95FFC9FC7BF88EFC03F8D7" box="[944,1011,1828,1854]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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B); frons and face densely silverpubescent, pubescence longer and denser on face;
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF95FFC9FC67F8E4FB98F881" bold="true" box="[940,1128,1867,1896]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="4">1st flagellomere</emphasis>
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largest antennal segment,
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFEB2FEB6FE15FEDF" bold="true" box="[377,485,284,310]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">reniform</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFE3EFEB6FDC8FEDF" box="[501,568,284,310]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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C); anterior margin of scape and pedicel with many bristles that are slightly longer on pedicel; occiput moderately wide, sparsely covered with short hairs (
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFEDAFEC6FEA4FE6F" box="[273,340,364,390]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A).
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE4DFEC1FE1DFE6C" bold="true" box="[390,493,363,389]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Thorax:</emphasis>
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE3DFEC6FC6EFE6C" box="[502,926,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">proepisternum with a fan of bristles</emphasis>
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; postpronotal lobe enlarged, protruding (
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFEA6FE3EFE5FFE47" box="[365,431,404,430]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
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A);
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE2AFE3EFB25FE3C" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">1–2 notopleural setae, 1–2 supraalar seta; dorsocentrals increasing in size posteriorly and terminating in 1–4 strong setae; 1–4 setae on postalar callus;</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFB17FE16FEC6FE17" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="4" pageNumber="10" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">scutellum</taxonomicName>
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with 2–8 long marginal bristles.
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFD0FFE49FCF9FE14" bold="true" box="[708,777,483,509]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Legs:</emphasis>
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long and slender, with dense pubescence and bristles; first and second tarsal segments very long, tarsi longer than femora and tibiae.
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFEC3FD99FE90FDA4" bold="true" box="[264,352,563,589]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Wings:</emphasis>
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5.6–12.0 mm; long, about three times as long as broad; pterostigma absent; RM situated in basal third to fourth of discal medial cell;
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFC4BFDF6FBB6FD9C" box="[896,1094,604,635]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">M2 present, long</emphasis>
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but never reaching wing margin.
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE66FD23FDC1FD4A" bold="true" box="[429,561,649,675]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Abdomen:</emphasis>
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long and narrow, densely covered with pubescence and bristles; tergite 2 longest; tergites 7 and 8 twisted to the left; tergite 7 scarcely visible from above; syntergosternite 8 large, swollen.
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFD5BFD73FCFDFD1A" bold="true" box="[656,781,729,755]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Genitalia:</emphasis>
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epandrium enlarged, horseshoeshaped; surstyli asymmetrical; hypandrium reduced to small plate, articulated laterally with basal part of gonopod (
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFE6DFC83FE1FFCAA" box="[422,495,809,835]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[266,1320,419,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,412,1182]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male Nephrocerus acanthostylus terminalia, ejaculatory apodeme and sperm pump removed; all of JSS # 11411. Abbreviations: cerc = cerci; epand = epandrium; gpd = gonopod; hypd = hypandrium; llsur = lower lobe of surstylus; phapod = phallapodeme; ph = phallus; pgt = postgonite; ulsur = upper lobe of surstylus. Arrows indicate key features. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. A. left lateral. B. right lateral. C. dorsal. D. ventral, phallus removed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171342/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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C);
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<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFDD4FC83FB18FCAB" box="[543,1256,809,834]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">postgonites situated at ventral base of phallus, small, oval</emphasis>
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(
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<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFB30FC83FEE6FC82" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[266,1320,419,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,412,1182]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male Nephrocerus acanthostylus terminalia, ejaculatory apodeme and sperm pump removed; all of JSS # 11411. Abbreviations: cerc = cerci; epand = epandrium; gpd = gonopod; hypd = hypandrium; llsur = lower lobe of surstylus; phapod = phallapodeme; ph = phallus; pgt = postgonite; ulsur = upper lobe of surstylus. Arrows indicate key features. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. A. left lateral. B. right lateral. C. dorsal. D. ventral, phallus removed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171342/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
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D);
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE82FCFBFE01FC83" box="[329,497,849,874]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">phallus coiled</emphasis>
|
||
, long when extended (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFCC2FCFBFCA2FC82" box="[777,850,849,875]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[266,1320,419,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,412,1182]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male Nephrocerus acanthostylus terminalia, ejaculatory apodeme and sperm pump removed; all of JSS # 11411. Abbreviations: cerc = cerci; epand = epandrium; gpd = gonopod; hypd = hypandrium; llsur = lower lobe of surstylus; phapod = phallapodeme; ph = phallus; pgt = postgonite; ulsur = upper lobe of surstylus. Arrows indicate key features. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. A. left lateral. B. right lateral. C. dorsal. D. ventral, phallus removed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171342/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C);
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFC49FCFBFB17FC82" bold="true" box="[898,1255,849,875]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">phallapodeme welldeveloped</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFB30FCFBFEE7FC7A" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="11.[264,367,1209,1233]" captionTargetBox="[266,1320,419,1181]" captionTargetId="figure@11.[266,1320,412,1182]" captionTargetPageId="11" captionText="FIGURE 3. Male Nephrocerus acanthostylus terminalia, ejaculatory apodeme and sperm pump removed; all of JSS # 11411. Abbreviations: cerc = cerci; epand = epandrium; gpd = gonopod; hypd = hypandrium; llsur = lower lobe of surstylus; phapod = phallapodeme; ph = phallus; pgt = postgonite; ulsur = upper lobe of surstylus. Arrows indicate key features. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. A. left lateral. B. right lateral. C. dorsal. D. ventral, phallus removed." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171342/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
|
||
C).
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE8FFCD3FE58FC7A" bold="true" box="[324,424,889,915]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Female:</emphasis>
|
||
As male except:
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFDB2FCD3FC64FC7B" box="[633,916,889,914]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">eyes narrowly dichoptic</emphasis>
|
||
;
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFC6EFCD3FD65FC52" bold="true" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">sternite 6 with numerous, short, tacklike spines on posterior half</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFD6EFC0BFD1CFC52" box="[677,748,929,955]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="14.[264,367,1728,1752]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,409,1715]" captionTargetId="figure@14.[254,1332,407,1721]" captionTargetPageId="14" captionText="FIGURE 4. Left lateral of ovipositors of female Nephrocerus species. Abbreviations: B = length of ovipositor base; cerc = cercus; OL = ovipositor length; PL = piercer length; spt = spermatheca, S = sternite; T = tergite. Scale bars = 0.1 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13477. B. Nephrocerus atrapilus, JSS # 13397. C. Nephrocerus corpulentus, JSS # 13365. D. Nephrocerus daeckei, JSS # 11407. E. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11795." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171343/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
|
||
A); tergite 7 relatively long; ovipositor with very short base and short bladelike piercer.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF92FFCEFEC3FBB3FE88FBDB" blockId="4.[264,1324,1049,1875]" box="[264,376,1049,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFEC3FBB3FE88FBDB" box="[264,376,1049,1074]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Overview</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF92FFCEFEF3FBEBFBECFA9A" blockId="4.[264,1324,1049,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFEF3FBEBFE3EFBB3" box="[312,462,1089,1114]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFEF3FBEBFE3EFBB3" box="[312,462,1089,1114]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are large, yellow and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFD14FBEBFCEEFBB2" box="[735,798,1089,1115]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="black">black</taxonomicName>
|
||
pipunculids that are more likely to be mistaken for flower flies (
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFDC6FBC3FD77FB6A" box="[525,647,1129,1155]" class="Insecta" family="Syrphidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Syrphidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
) than for other pipunculids. Head shape, ovipositor structure, wing venation (including the lack of a spurious vein) and general gestalt allow them to be differentiated from syrphids (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFD73FB13FCF0FB3A" box="[696,768,1209,1235]" captionStart="FIGURE 1" captionStartId="8.[264,367,1712,1736]" captionTargetBox="[264,1322,321,1678]" captionTargetId="figure@8.[262,1324,321,1688]" captionTargetPageId="8" captionText="FIGURE 1. Photographs of Nephrocerus species. Abbreviation: prepst = proepisternum. Scale bars = 1.0 mm. A. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, holotype, JSS # 15348, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. B. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11834, ♂, dorsal of head, thorax and base of abdomen. C. Nephrocerus acanthostylus, JSS # 13450, Ψ, left lateral. D. Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11836, ♂, left lateral of head and thorax. E. ♂, Nephrocerus slossonae, JSS # 11490, left lateral of head and thorax." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171340/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 1</figureCitation>
|
||
C). They can be easily diagnosed from other pipunculids by the shape of the eyes and antennae (see above).
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFBCEFB4BFB28FB13" box="[1029,1240,1249,1274]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Protonephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFBCEFB4BFB28FB13" box="[1029,1240,1249,1274]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Protonephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF92FFCEFB22FB4BFADAFB12" box="[1257,1322,1249,1275]" name="Chile" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Chile</collectingCountry>
|
||
only) is the only other pipunculid genus with the hind margin of the eye excised but they have the first flagellomere pointed ventrally (reniform in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFC68FA9BFBC9FAA3" box="[931,1081,1329,1354]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFC68FA9BFBC9FAA3" box="[931,1081,1329,1354]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). A key to the world genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFEB6FAF3FDE6FA9A" box="[381,534,1369,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
is available in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF92FFCEFD0CFAF3FBE9FA9A" author="Skevington" box="[711,1049,1369,1395]" pageId="4" pageNumber="36" refString="Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2001) Phylogenetic classification of Eudorylini (Diptera: Pipunculidae). Systematic Entomology, 26, 421 - 452." type="journal article" year="2001">Skevington & Yeates (2001)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF92FFCEFEF3FA2BFAE8F932" blockId="4.[264,1324,1049,1875]" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFEF3FA2BFE3EFA73" box="[312,462,1409,1434]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFEF3FA2BFE3EFA73" box="[312,462,1409,1434]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is a northern temperate genus, previously documented only from the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions. The distribution of all New World specimens, including unidentified specimens, is shown in
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFD7CFA7BFCDBFA02" box="[695,811,1489,1515]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="33.[264,367,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[281,1301,526,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[281,1306,526,1836]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution of all known New World Nephrocerus specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171352/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Figure 14</figureCitation>
|
||
. The New World distribution is distinctive. Only three specimens representing two species have been collected west of 100º W (basically a line running through western Manitoba south through western Kansas and the middle of Texas) in the
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF92FFCEFDC6F9E3FDB8F98A" box="[525,584,1609,1635]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">USA</collectingCountry>
|
||
and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF92FFCEFD47F9E3FD18F98A" box="[652,744,1609,1635]" name="Canada" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Canada</collectingCountry>
|
||
. Three additional female specimens have been collected in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF92FFCEFE55F9DBFE0BF962" box="[414,507,1649,1675]" name="Mexico" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Mexico</collectingCountry>
|
||
, one as far south as Chiapas (
|
||
<geoCoordinate id="EE415046FF92FFCEFCA0F9DBFC26F962" box="[875,982,1649,1675]" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" precision="925" value="16.75">16º45' N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
) (
|
||
<figureCitation id="134E2A04FF92FFCEFC3AF9DBFBBCF962" box="[1009,1100,1649,1675]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="33.[264,367,1862,1886]" captionTargetBox="[281,1301,526,1810]" captionTargetId="figure@33.[281,1306,526,1836]" captionTargetPageId="33" captionText="FIGURE 14. Distribution of all known New World Nephrocerus specimens." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/171352/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Fig. 14</figureCitation>
|
||
). This extends the known range of the genus into the Neotropical Region and suggests that we might expect to find
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFE96F96BFE03F933" box="[349,499,1729,1754]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFE96F96BFE03F933" box="[349,499,1729,1754]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
south into the mountains of Central
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF92FFCEFC6BF96BFBF5F932" box="[928,1029,1729,1755]" name="United States of America" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">America</collectingCountry>
|
||
and in the West Indies.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF92FFCFFEF3F943FB91FDA7" blockId="4.[264,1324,1049,1875]" lastBlockId="5.[264,1325,284,1830]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="6" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">
|
||
Although the European species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF92FFCEFD06F943FC93F8EB" box="[717,867,1769,1794]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="4" pageNumber="5" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF92FFCEFD06F943FC93F8EB" box="[717,867,1769,1794]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="5">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
were revised in 1986 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF92FFCEFBBBF943FE6CF8C2" author="Grootaert" pageId="4" pageNumber="35" refString="Grootaert, P. & De Meyer, M. (1986) On the taxonomy and ecology of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera, Pipunculidae) with a redescription of N. lapponicus and a key to the European species. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 56, 85 - 91." type="journal article" year="1986">Grootaert & De Meyer 1986</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), new work in both Europe and Asia means that no single key will work for all Palaearctic species. The dominant three European species can still be identified using
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFEC3FEB6FD97FEDF" box="[264,615,284,310]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Grootaert, P. & De Meyer, M. (1986) On the taxonomy and ecology of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera, Pipunculidae) with a redescription of N. lapponicus and a key to the European species. Bulletin de l'Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Entomologie, 56, 85 - 91." type="journal article">Grootaert & De Meyer (1986)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFDB3FEB6FC6FFEDF" authority="Zetterstedt" authorityName="Zetterstedt" box="[632,927,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flavicornis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFDB3FEB6FCE7FEDC" box="[632,791,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. flavicornis</emphasis>
|
||
Zetterstedt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC61FEB6FB24FEDF" authority="Zetterstedt" authorityName="Zetterstedt" box="[938,1236,284,310]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lapponicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFC61FEB6FBBCFEDC" box="[938,1100,284,309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. lapponicus</emphasis>
|
||
Zetterstedt
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFADBFEB6FDF6FEB7" authority="Macquart" authorityName="Macquart" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="scutellatus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFADBFEB6FE76FEB4" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. scutellatus</emphasis>
|
||
Macquart
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). However, identifications of these taxa should be checked against descriptions of species from
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFD93FEC6FD29FE6F" box="[600,729,364,390]" name="Azerbaijan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Azerbaijan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD3AFEC6FBA4FE6F" authority="Kuznetzov (1990)" authorityName="Kuznetzov" authorityYear="1990" box="[753,1108,364,390]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="zaitzevi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD3AFEC6FC9CFE6C" box="[753,876,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. zaitzevi</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFCB9FEC6FBA4FE6F" author="Kuznetzov" box="[882,1108,364,390]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Kuznetzov, S. Y. (1990) New Palaearctic species of Pipunculidae (Diptera). Dipterological Research, 1, 22 - 50." type="journal article" year="1990">Kuznetzov (1990))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFBABFEC6FB5EFE6F" box="[1120,1198,364,390]" name="Russia" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Russia</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFB74FEC6FE4FFE47" authority="Churkin (1991)" authorityName="Churkin" authorityYear="1991" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fatalis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFB74FEC6FADAFE6C" box="[1215,1322,364,389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. fatalis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFEC3FE3EFE4FFE47" author="Churkin" box="[264,447,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Churkin, S. V. (1991) New fly species of the genus Nephrocerus (Diptera, Pipunculidae) from the Soviet Far East. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 70, 151 - 154." type="journal article" year="1991">Churkin (1991)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFE31FE3EFCAAFE47" authority="Churkin (1991)" authorityName="Churkin" authorityYear="1991" box="[506,858,404,430]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="nevskajae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFE31FE3EFD62FE44" box="[506,658,404,429]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. nevskajae</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFD51FE3EFCAAFE47" author="Churkin" box="[666,858,404,430]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Churkin, S. V. (1991) New fly species of the genus Nephrocerus (Diptera, Pipunculidae) from the Soviet Far East. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal, 70, 151 - 154." type="journal article" year="1991">Churkin (1991))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(to download an English translation of this paper, go to http://www.canacoll.org/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD25FE16FCB8FE3F" box="[750,840,444,470]" kingdom="Plantae" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" rank="order">Diptera</taxonomicName>
|
||
/Staff/Skevington/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFBE9FE16FB4DFE3F" box="[1058,1213,444,470]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
/
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFB0DFE16FEBAFE17" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Nephrocerus</taxonomicName>
|
||
.htm);
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFE57FE4EFE12FE17" box="[412,482,484,510]" name="China" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">China</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFE30FE4EFC77FE17" authority="Xu & Yang (1997)" authorityName="Xu & Yang" authorityYear="1997" box="[507,903,484,510]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="auritus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFE30FE4EFD88FE14" box="[507,632,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. auritus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFD4CFE4EFC77FE17" author="Xu" box="[647,903,484,510]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Xu Y. & Yang C. - K. (1997) A new species of Pipunculidae (Diptera) from southern Gansu, China. Entomotaxonomia, 19, 32 - 34." type="journal article" year="1997">Xu & Yang (1997))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
;
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFC50FE4EFBC7FE17" box="[923,1079,484,510]" name="North Korea" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">North Korea</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFB84FE4EFDB9FDCF" authority="Kozanek & Kwon (1992)" authorityName="Kozanek & Kwon" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="paektusanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFB84FE4EFADBFE14" box="[1103,1323,484,509]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. paektusanensis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFEC3FDA6FDB9FDCF" author="Kozanek" box="[264,585,524,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Kozanek, M. & Kwon, Y. J. (1992) Classification of the family Pipunculidae from Korea (Diptera) Part 3. A new species of the genus Nephrocerus Zetterstedt from North Korea. The Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 31, 7 - 9." type="journal article" year="1992">Kozánek & Kwon (1992))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
; and
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFD47FDA6FD3FFDCF" box="[652,719,524,550]" name="Japan" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Japan</collectingCountry>
|
||
(
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD29FDA6FBD2FDCF" authority="Morakote (1988)" authorityName="Morakote" authorityYear="1988" box="[738,1058,524,550]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flexus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD29FDA6FCBBFDCC" box="[738,843,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. flexus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFC9EFDA6FBD2FDCF" author="Morakote" box="[853,1058,524,550]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Morakote, R. (1988) Four new species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Japan. Esakia, 26, 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">Morakote (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFBFBFDA6FEA9FDA7" authority="Morakote (1988)" authorityName="Morakote" authorityYear="1988" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="grandis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFBFBFDA6FB5FFDCC" box="[1072,1199,524,549]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. grandis</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFB73FDA6FEA9FDA7" author="Morakote" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Morakote, R. (1988) Four new species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Japan. Esakia, 26, 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">Morakote (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFEAEFD9EFD3AFDA7" authority="Morakote (1988)" authorityName="Morakote" authorityYear="1988" box="[357,714,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonicus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFEAEFD9EFE09FDA4" box="[357,505,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. japonicus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFDCBFD9EFD3AFDA7" author="Morakote" box="[512,714,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Morakote, R. (1988) Four new species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Japan. Esakia, 26, 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">Morakote (1988)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFCC3FD9EFBADFDA7" authority="Morakote (1988)" authorityName="Morakote" authorityYear="1988" box="[776,1117,564,590]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="spineus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFCC3FD9EFC72FDA4" box="[776,898,564,589]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">N. spineus</emphasis>
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFC42FD9EFBADFDA7" author="Morakote" box="[905,1117,564,590]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Morakote, R. (1988) Four new species of Nephrocerus Zetterstedt (Diptera: Pipunculidae) from Japan. Esakia, 26, 79 - 90." type="journal article" year="1988">Morakote (1988))</bibRefCitation>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF93FFCFFEF3FDF6FBDAFC5F" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
Molecular and morphological evidence suggest that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC6AFDF6FBC7FD9C" box="[929,1079,604,629]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFC6AFDF6FBC7FD9C" box="[929,1079,604,629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
occupies a key phylogenetic position within
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFDF1FD2EFD23FD77" box="[570,723,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pipunculidae</taxonomicName>
|
||
between the ancestral
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC22FD2EFB97FD77" box="[1001,1127,644,670]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Chalarinae">Chalarinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and the diverse derived subfamily
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFE20FD06FD74FD2F" box="[491,644,684,710]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pipunculinae">Pipunculinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFD5CFD06FCD6FD2F" author="Aczel" box="[663,806,684,710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1948) Grundlagen einer Monographie der Dorilaiden (Diptera). Dorilaiden-Studien VI. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 6, 5 - 168." type="journal article" year="1948">Aczél 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFCFEFD06FB81FD2F" author="Rafael" box="[821,1137,684,710]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Rafael, J. A. & De Meyer, M. (1992) Generic classification of the family Pipunculidae (Diptera): a cladistic analysis. Journal of Natural History, 26, 637 - 658." type="journal article" year="1992">Rafael & De Meyer 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFB4AFD06FE6FFD07" author="Skevington" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2000) Phylogeny of the Syrphoidea (Diptera) inferred from mtDNA sequences and morphology with particular reference to classification of the Pipunculidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16, 212 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Skevington & Yeates 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Only the relationship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD2BFD7EFC43FD04" box="[736,947,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Protonephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD2BFD7EFC43FD04" box="[736,947,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protonephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC38FD7EFB79FD04" box="[1011,1161,724,749]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFC38FD7EFB79FD04" box="[1011,1161,724,749]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is really disputed. The former appears to either be the sister genus to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC2BFD56FE52FCD7" authority="Rafael & De Meyer 1992" authorityName="Rafael & De Meyer" authorityYear="1992" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFC2BFD56FB87FCFC" box="[992,1143,764,789]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFB40FD56FE6AFCD7" author="Rafael" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Rafael, J. A. & De Meyer, M. (1992) Generic classification of the family Pipunculidae (Diptera): a cladistic analysis. Journal of Natural History, 26, 637 - 658." type="journal article" year="1992">Rafael & De Meyer 1992</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
or the sister of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD59FC8EFCDBFCD7" box="[658,811,804,830]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Pipunculinae">Pipunculinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFCF6FC8EFC3BFCD7" author="Aczel" box="[829,971,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="35" refString="Aczel, M. L. (1948) Grundlagen einer Monographie der Dorilaiden (Diptera). Dorilaiden-Studien VI. Acta Zoologica Lilloana, 6, 5 - 168." type="journal article" year="1948">Aczél 1948</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFE44B70FF93FFCFFC12FC8EFAEFFCD7" author="Skevington" box="[985,1311,804,830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="36" refString="Skevington, J. H. & Yeates, D. K. (2000) Phylogeny of the Syrphoidea (Diptera) inferred from mtDNA sequences and morphology with particular reference to classification of the Pipunculidae (Diptera). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 16, 212 - 224." type="journal article" year="2000">Skevington & Yeates 2000</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Current treatment places
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFDF9FCE6FD39FC8C" box="[562,713,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFDF9FCE6FD39FC8C" box="[562,713,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFCC8FCE6FC26FC8C" box="[771,982,844,869]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Protonephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFCC8FCE6FC26FC8C" box="[771,982,844,869]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Protonephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as sister taxa in the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFB02FCE6FE91FC67" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Nephrocerinae">Nephrocerinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Resolving this relationship and discovering the hosts for these two genera will help us to understand the evolution and diversification of the family.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BCA3681FF93FFCFFEF3FC6EFC27F8CF" blockId="5.[264,1325,284,1830]" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">
|
||
A species level phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD50FC6EFCC2FC34" box="[667,818,964,989]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD50FC6EFCC2FC34" box="[667,818,964,989]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has never been attempted. Although there are good autapomorphic species level characters, there are few obvious synapomorphies to link groups of species. My efforts at creating a morphological phylogeny for all species of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFEC3FB96FE6FFBBC" box="[264,415,1084,1109]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFEC3FB96FE6FFBBC" box="[264,415,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
met with little success. Unpublished molecular data (for Cytochrome
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFB2EFB96FB02FBBC" box="[1253,1266,1084,1109]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">c</emphasis>
|
||
oxidase I subunit I COI) collected for another project generally supports the presence of two main lineages within the Nearctic taxa (the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFCCEFB26FCAFFB4C" box="[773,863,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daeckei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFCCEFB26FCAFFB4C" box="[773,863,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">daeckei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group and the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFBC5FB26FB70FB4C" box="[1038,1152,1164,1189]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFBC5FB26FB70FB4C" box="[1038,1152,1164,1189]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">slossonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group) (Skevington, unpublished data). These groups are easy to recognize based on the predominant colour of bristles on their bodies. The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD00FB76FCD5FB1C" box="[715,805,1244,1269]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="daeckei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD00FB76FCD5FB1C" box="[715,805,1244,1269]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">daeckei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group has
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC6DFB76FC16FB1F" box="[934,998,1244,1270]" class="Trilobita" family="Styginidae" genus="Scutellum" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Corynexochida" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="black">black</taxonomicName>
|
||
hairs on the legs and abdomen while the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFE7CFAAEFDD9FAF4" box="[439,553,1284,1309]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="slossonae">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFE7CFAAEFDD9FAF4" box="[439,553,1284,1309]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">slossonae</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
group has yellow hairs. It is unclear whether or not these species groups will hold up on a World scale. Any attempts at producing a meaningful phylogeny for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFEF9FAFEFE38FA84" box="[306,456,1364,1389]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFEF9FAFEFE38FA84" box="[306,456,1364,1389]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
will almost certainly have to rely on molecular data. Because most of the taxa are rare, collecting fresh material into alcohol for molecular work will be a challenge. Data from COI suggest that the Nearctic species are a cluster of recently diverging species. This gene did not exhibit enough sequence diversity to explore species limits or phylogenetics of the genus (Skevington, unpublished data). More rapidly evolving genes or gene regions such as ITS (internal transcribed spacer) and parts of the genes coding for rudimentary (
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3627611FF93FFCFFEB2F9EEFE4AF9B7" box="[377,442,1604,1630]" name="Chad" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">CAD</collectingCountry>
|
||
) will be needed to study the phylogeny of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFC0BF9EEFBA6F9B4" box="[960,1110,1604,1629]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFC0BF9EEFBA6F9B4" box="[960,1110,1604,1629]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Producing a cladistic hypothesis of relationships for
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C754D02FF93FFCFFD1FF9C6FC9AF96C" box="[724,874,1644,1669]" class="Insecta" family="Pipunculidae" genus="Nephrocerus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diptera" pageId="5" pageNumber="6" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B901EA93FF93FFCFFD1FF9C6FC9AF96C" box="[724,874,1644,1669]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="6">Nephrocerus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is clearly an important next step to research on this group of flies. This phylogeny will be useful for interpreting the interesting biogeographical pattern (essentially restricted to the Palaearctic and Eastern Nearctic Regions) exhibited by this genus. It will also serve as an important tool for understanding hostparasitoid relationships as more of these flies are reared.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |