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<document id="8196DD7541699B54948D72AF21CB0291" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.3666.4.4" ID-GBIF-Dataset="d24b073d-c822-4ac5-a1b0-4e35bae68d28" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="223857" ID-ZooBank="D6621784-A587-4E75-8826-B9E6C39BCA3E" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1460626360291" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Larsen, Torben B." docDate="2013" docId="03CB87D1FFF7FF9FFF205532FE1EFCC8" docLanguage="en" docName="zt03666p488.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 3666 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Flandria Larsen, 2013, gen. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="487" masterDocId="FFF2FFA9FFF0FF94FFB7525CFF8EFFFF" masterDocTitle="Ceratricula and Flandria — two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler" masterLastPageNumber="488" masterPageNumber="476" pageNumber="483" updateTime="1698334242480" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:title id="C1DE634BC091CE1D063B703BB05BA649">Ceratricula and Flandria — two new genera of Afrotropical Hesperiidae (Hesperiinae (incertae sedis )) for species currently placed in the genus Ceratrichia Butler</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="3E6892B9EA9EB027EB5E3E72DCC8103F" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="3B53B7DC69E554DE617604EAD24D26FF">Larsen, Torben B.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:date id="A49962583BFC7DF927848976AA78EBD6">2013</mods:date>
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<treatment id="03CB87D1FFF7FF9FFF205532FE1EFCC8" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6145058" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119569551" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6145058" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03CB87D1FFF7FF9FFF205532FE1EFCC8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CB87D1FFF7FF9FFF205532FE1EFCC8" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="487" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF7FF93FF205532FEF9F877" box="[151,375,1902,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF7FF93FF205532FEF9F877" blockId="7.[151,375,1902,1928]" box="[151,375,1902,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<heading id="D09581ABFFF7FF93FF205532FEF9F877" bold="true" box="[151,375,1902,1928]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FF205532FEF9F877" bold="true" box="[151,375,1902,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF7FF93FF205532FE8DF877" box="[151,259,1902,1928]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FF205532FE8DF877" bold="true" box="[151,259,1902,1928]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A22557AEFFF7FF93FEBD5532FEF9F877" box="[266,375,1902,1928]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" rank="genus">gen. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF7FF93FF2055EAFCD6F816" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF7FF93FF2055EAFC84F833" blockId="7.[151,856,1973,2026]" box="[151,778,1973,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FF2055EAFE95F833" bold="true" box="[151,283,1973,1996]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF7FF93FF2055EAFF44F834" box="[151,202,1974,1995]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">Type</typeStatus>
species
</emphasis>
:
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF7FF93FE9D55E9FDFFF834" authority="Miller, 1964" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1964" box="[298,625,1973,1995]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="483" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FE9D55E9FE63F834" bold="true" box="[298,493,1973,1995]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">Ceratrichia weberi</emphasis>
Miller, 1964
</taxonomicName>
(see
<figureCitation id="13592A42FFF7FF93FD1155E9FD73F833" box="[678,765,1973,1996]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="4.[151,250,1931,1954]" captionTargetBox="[175,1411,695,1911]" captionTargetId="figure@4.[151,1436,671,1955]" captionTargetPageId="4" captionText="FIGURE 3. The male genitalia of Ceratricula semilutea and its subspecies: Left column: A. C. semilutea congdoni ssp. nov., DRC, Orientale, Afarama (ex RD—tbl BOL); B. ssp. congdoni DRC, Shaba, Kapanga (MRAC H. 147); Right column: C. ssp. semilutea Nigeria, Lagos (zmuc / tbl BPQ); D. ssp. indeterminabilis Cameroun, Ebogo (tbl BKF / scc 659) (ABRI)." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223860/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">Figure 3</figureCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF7FF93FF205588FCD6F816" blockId="7.[151,856,1973,2026]" box="[151,856,2003,2026]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FF205588FDE5F815" box="[151,619,2004,2026]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">Bulletin de l’Institut Français d’Afrique Noire</emphasis>
(A)
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF7FF93FD2C5588FD3AF816" bold="true" box="[667,692,2004,2025]" pageId="7" pageNumber="483">26</emphasis>
:646 (640–647).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF8FF9DFF2052C5FE34FA28" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="485" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF2052C5FA1DFF33" blockId="8.[151,1436,152,205]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFF2052C5FF77FF51" box="[151,249,152,174]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2052C5FF77FF51" box="[151,249,152,174]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">C. weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is chosen as the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFE1052C5FE5DFF51" box="[423,467,153,174]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">type</typeStatus>
species since it is available in larger numbers, in better condition, and in more collections than two other species. The genus is part of the subfamily
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD5352EAFCD1FF33" box="[740,863,182,204]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
, the tribal structure of which is unclear (
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFB4E52E4FA0AFF32" box="[1273,1412,183,205]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">incertae sedis</emphasis>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF2052A5FEC0FDF2" blockId="8.[151,1437,249,1281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2052A5FEBFFEEE" bold="true" box="[151,305,249,273]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Background.</emphasis>
Three taxa are included in this new genus and both surfaces of the males are illustrated in figure 5.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFA3052A6FE56FECA" authority="Strand 1918" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFA3052A6FEA3FECA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
(Strand 1918)
</taxonomicName>
was described in the genus
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFC835341FB0EFECA" authority="(Butler, 1870b)" baseAuthorityName="Butler" baseAuthorityYear="1870" box="[820,1152,285,309]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFC835341FC4FFECA" box="[820,961,285,309]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
(Butler, 1870b)
</taxonomicName>
, which at the time was something of an “omnibus” genus for any ochreous
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD4E531DFC0CFEA6" box="[761,898,321,345]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
. It is known only from the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFB7E531DFAA1FEA6" box="[1225,1327,321,345]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
. Notably, Strand did not place it in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFE035339FDB8FE82" box="[436,566,357,381]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFE035339FDB8FE82" box="[436,566,357,381]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, which had already been described as far back as 1870. Evans (1937) treated
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFF2053D6FEC1FE5E" box="[151,335,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2053D6FEC1FE5E" box="[151,335,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as a junior synonym of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD3F53D5FC6BFE5E" authority="Mabille" authorityName="Mabille" box="[648,997,393,417]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evander">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFD3F53D5FCF2FE5E" box="[648,892,393,417]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Andronymus evander</emphasis>
Mabille
</taxonomicName>
; this seems an odd choice since all
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFF2053F1FEAAFE3A" box="[151,292,429,453]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2053F1FEAAFE3A" box="[151,292,429,453]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFE9D53F1FE0AFE3A" box="[298,388,429,453]" name="Netherlands" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Holland</collectingCountry>
are—almost uniquely among the ochreous Hesperiinae—characterized by having some of the hindwing ochreous discal spotting hyaline. However, Evans probably never saw the only known specimen of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFF2053AAFEC9FDF2" box="[151,327,501,525]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2053AAFEC9FDF2" box="[151,327,501,525]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF705046FC4BFD1A" blockId="8.[151,1437,249,1281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
Evans (1956) described
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFE505045FD5EFDCE" box="[487,720,537,561]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFE505045FD5EFDCE" box="[487,720,537,561]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Ceratrichia flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
which is rather ironic since this species is very close to
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFA305046FEA3FDAA" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFA305046FEA3FDAA" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
that he had removed from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFDD55061FD61FDAA" box="[610,751,573,597]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFDD55061FD61FDAA" box="[610,751,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
to
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFCA35061FBCDFDAA" authority="Evans 1937" authorityName="Evans" authorityYear="1937" box="[788,1091,573,597]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFCA35061FC2FFDAA" box="[788,929,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Andronymus</emphasis>
(Evans 1937)
</taxonomicName>
. This species was known only from two males collected at Botéké, on the Equator near the border between the
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFB9F503DFBECFD86" box="[1064,1122,609,633]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">DRC</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFB2D503DFB67FD86" box="[1178,1257,609,633]" name="Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Congo</collectingCountry>
. Both are in the MRAC collection; the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFE2150DAFE48FD61" box="[406,454,646,670]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">type</typeStatus>
was returned by Evans after its description, while the other was later dissected by L. A. Berger (figure 6). A third male specimen was recently procured from the same area as the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFB1B50F6FB52FD3D" box="[1196,1244,682,706]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">type</typeStatus>
(coll. ABRI), as were two females that hardly differ from the males (in coll. P. Oremans).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF7050ADFA06FC66" blockId="8.[151,1437,249,1281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
Finally, Miller (1964) described
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFDF850ADFCA2FCF6" box="[591,812,753,777]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFDF850ADFCA2FCF6" box="[591,812,753,777]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Ceratrichia weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from Efulen in eastern
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFBEF50ADFB5EFCF6" box="[1112,1232,753,777]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
; its genitalia are effectively identical with those of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFDA0514AFD03FCD2" box="[535,653,789,813]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFDA0514AFD03FCD2" box="[535,653,789,813]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but the wing pattern is such that it should nonetheless be maintained as a valid species, at least until more comparative material from the
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFC6A5165FB99FCAE" box="[989,1047,825,849]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">DRC</collectingCountry>
becomes available. About thirty specimens are now known from
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFDB05101FDF5FC8A" box="[519,635,861,885]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
(collections ABRI, James Stewart, Michel Libert) and two were found in Waka National Park in
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFE0F51DDFD88FC66" box="[440,518,897,921]" name="Gabon" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, now in ABRI (figured as
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFC9951DEFBE6FC66" box="[814,1128,897,921]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFC8151DEFC4AFC66" box="[822,964,898,921]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paronymus</taxonomicName>
”
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFC6451DDFBE6FC66" box="[979,1128,897,921]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">kelembaensis</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
in Vande Weghe (2010)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF7051FAFC66FAFE" blockId="8.[151,1437,249,1281]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
At the African Butterfly Research Institute (ABRI), Nairobi in
<date id="FFDC1007FFF8FF9CFC3051F9FC41FC42" box="[903,975,933,957]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" value="1995-01">1995 I</date>
dissected and photographed a
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFF8FF9CFA9051F9FA12FC42" box="[1319,1436,933,957]" name="Cameroon" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
specimen of
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFE925195FD94FC1E" box="[293,538,969,993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFE995195FE4EFC1E" box="[302,448,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceratrichia</taxonomicName>
”
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFE795195FD94FC1E" box="[462,538,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">weberi</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
and concluded that it was very close to
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFC6D5195FA8DFC1E" box="[986,1283,969,993]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFC6D5195FA8DFC1E" box="[986,1283,969,993]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Pardaleodes kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFA8D5195FA12FC1E" box="[1338,1436,969,993]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of which I had just photographed in Tervuren. My conclusion at the time was that the genitalia precluded its placement in any of the three genera mooted above, and that it probably required a new genus. This was summarized thus in the book on West African butterflies: “Evans (1937) synonymized
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFBC55669FEA6FB8E" authority="Strand, 1918" authorityName="Strand" authorityYear="1918" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFBC55669FA15FBB2" box="[1138,1435,1077,1101]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Pardaleodes kelembaensis</emphasis>
Strand, 1918
</taxonomicName>
(the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFED05606FE19FB8D" box="[359,407,1114,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">type</typeStatus>
of which was considered lost by Usher (1980)) with
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFBB35605FB7FFB8E" box="[1028,1265,1113,1137]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="evander">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFBB35605FB7FFB8E" box="[1028,1265,1113,1137]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Andronymus evander</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF8FF9CFA815606FAE8FB8D" box="[1334,1382,1114,1138]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">type</typeStatus>
was actually sent to Strand and then returned to [the Royal Africa Museum] Tervuren, where I inspected it. It is close to, possibly even a senior synonym of,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD9856FDFC13FB46" authority="Miller, 1964" authorityName="Miller" authorityYear="1964" box="[559,925,1185,1209]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFD9856FDFC88FB46" box="[559,774,1185,1209]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Ceratrichia weberi</emphasis>
Miller, 1964
</taxonomicName>
. This/these species probably deserve a genus of their own; the genitalia are most unusual and the antennae are much too short for
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFBC35699FB79FB22" box="[1140,1271,1221,1245]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFBC35699FB79FB22" box="[1140,1271,1221,1245]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, where Miller placed it. They have no affinity whatever with
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD1456B5FCA1FAFE" authority="Larsen 2005" authorityName="Larsen" authorityYear="2005" box="[675,815,1257,1281]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFD1456B5FCA1FAFE" box="[675,815,1257,1281]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
” (Larsen 2005).
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1D664FFFF8FF9CFF205527FD6CF812" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223862/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" targetBox="[153,1427,1330,1914]" targetPageId="8">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF8FF9CFF205527FD6CF812" blockId="8.[151,1436,1915,2029]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF205527FE99F86E" bold="true" box="[151,279,1915,1938]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
The three species of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFDBF5527FDECF86E" box="[520,610,1915,1937]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFDBF5527FDECF86E" box="[520,610,1915,1937]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Top male uppersides; below undersides of the same specimens. Column
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFA345527FA1BF86F" bold="true" box="[1411,1429,1915,1936]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">A</emphasis>
.
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFF2055C7FF7FF84F" box="[151,241,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
Cameroun, Maan (ABRI). Column
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFDC255C6FD08F850" bold="true" box="[629,646,1946,1967]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">B</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFD2155C7FC8FF84F" box="[662,769,1946,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFD2155C7FC8FF84F" box="[662,769,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DRC,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFCF855C6FC2DF84F" box="[847,931,1946,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">Flandria</taxonomicName>
(gen. mrac H.146). Column
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFB6D55C5FB62F84F" bold="true" box="[1242,1260,1945,1968]" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">C</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFB4B55C7FA12F84F" box="[1276,1436,1946,1968]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFB4B55C7FA12F84F" box="[1276,1436,1946,1968]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
DRC, Kelemba (holotype; gen. mrac H.156). Note: The size of specimens is proportionate.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF8FF9CFB8B55E6FB52F830" box="[1084,1244,1977,1999]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="484" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF8FF9CFB8B55E6FB52F830" box="[1084,1244,1977,1999]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="484">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
was photographed on a blue background, which discolours the hyaline spots.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF7052CBFE95FEE5" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFF7052CBFED7FF4F" bold="true" box="[199,345,151,176]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Description.</emphasis>
The antennae are rather longer than half costa but nowhere near as long as in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFB6952C4FAEEFF4F" box="[1246,1376,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB6952C4FAEEFF4F" box="[1246,1376,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The palpi are semi-erect as is the most frequent in the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFD5152E7FCFEFF2C" box="[742,880,187,211]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
. The hindleg tibia has the usual two spurs. The venation was not studied in de-scaled specimens and seem similar to many other genera. There are no visible androconia.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF70537AFB4DFD11" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
The wing patterns of all three
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFDAD537AFDF0FEC1" box="[538,638,294,318]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFDAD537AFDF0FEC1" box="[538,638,294,318]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are very similar. The forewings are blackish-brown with white hyaline spots on the forewing: an upper cell-spot (a tiny additional lower spot in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFC7C5317FBF5FE9D" box="[971,1147,330,354]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFC7C5317FBF5FE9D" box="[971,1147,330,354]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
), three subapical spots of which the one in space 6 is the largest and displaced far outwards, not in line with the two upper spots, a spot in 3, a larger spot in 2, and a small non-hyaline spot in 1b that is larger on the underside (except in
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB5953CFFADCFE55" box="[1262,1362,402,426]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
). The hindwings are blackish-brown with a large yellow discal/tornal patch taking up about a third of the wing area – in all three including the abdominal fold. The yellow area has a brief black margin in
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFBFA5387FB3FFE0D" box="[1101,1201,474,498]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
, a margin that stops before the tornus in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFEC053A3FE63FDE9" box="[375,493,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFEC053A3FE63FDE9" box="[375,493,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and one that just reaches the tornus in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFC1153A3FBD9FDE9" box="[934,1111,510,534]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFC1153A3FBD9FDE9" box="[934,1111,510,534]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The hindwing undersides in all three are mostly yellow with rather large brown submarginal spots. There is no costal dark scaling in
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFA9A507FFA1FFDC5" box="[1325,1425,546,570]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
, much such scaling in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE29501BFD9AFDA1" box="[414,532,582,606]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE29501BFD9AFDA1" box="[414,532,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and an intermediate amount in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFC2A501BFBC3FDA1" box="[925,1101,582,606]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFC2A501BFBC3FDA1" box="[925,1101,582,606]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On the forewing underside
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFF205037FF75FD7D" box="[151,251,618,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
differs from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE205037FD83FD7D" box="[407,525,618,642]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE205037FD83FD7D" box="[407,525,618,642]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in hardly having a spot in space 1b, where the latter has a large quadrate white spot, twice the size of the spot in 2. The males have no visible androconial structures. The abdomen is finely ringed with yellow. Only in
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE3350EFFE66FD35" box="[388,488,690,714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
(and in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFDFF50EFFD4CFD35" box="[584,706,690,714]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFDFF50EFFD4CFD35" box="[584,706,690,714]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Oremans pers. comm.) is the female known. It is larger than the male and the marginal spots on the hindwing underside are larger, but the differences are small.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF7050A5FAC6FBD2" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
The genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE2F50A6FE75FCED" box="[408,507,762,786]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE2F50A6FE75FCED" box="[408,507,762,786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are completely different from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFCCA50A6FC71FCED" box="[893,1023,762,786]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFCCA50A6FC71FCED" box="[893,1023,762,786]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figure 2), as well as from both
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFF205141FEAAFCCA" box="[151,292,797,821]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFF205141FEAAFCCA" box="[151,292,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFEEB5141FE66FCCA" box="[348,488,797,821]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFEEB5141FE66FCCA" box="[348,488,797,821]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(figure 4), in which genera they have previously been placed. Their placement in a new genus is mainly based on the structure of the genitalia. The tegumen of the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFF9FF9DFBBA511DFBB3FCA6" box="[1037,1085,833,857]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">type</typeStatus>
species,
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB15511EFA88FCA6" box="[1186,1286,833,857]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
, is small and fused with a short, but broad uncus terminating in a wide, slightly outward curved, distal edge. The two short lateral gnathos processes from the tegumen have narrow chitinized extensions that almost attach to the roof of the uncus, which is unusual. The valve is relatively narrow with almost parallel sides until the cucullus ends with a down-turned ventral lobe and with an evenly curved, serrated distal edge. There is small notch in the dorsal edge just before it turns downwards. On the middle of the valve is a small strongly chitinized harpe, shaped as a triangular thorn (which seems to have been inadvertently omitted in the original description (Miller 1964)).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF705665FE34FA28" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
The penis is massive (almost the size of the valve), gnarled at its basal end, and somewhat sheathed in membranous material. It contains a long slender cuneus that thickens towards the distal end (shaped much like a human spermatozoon), stretching over more than two-thirds the length of the penis from the entry point of the vas deferens to the tip. The saccus is rather long. There is only a modest fultura with short narrow featureless branches. The genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFEE25694FE42FB20" box="[341,460,1223,1247]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFEE25694FE42FB20" box="[341,460,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
hardly differ from those of
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFCA75694FCFAFB20" box="[784,884,1223,1247]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. w e b e r i</emphasis>
; on genitalic grounds they might be considered conspecific, but the differences in colour pattern seem too great to allow for this. Those of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFB0856B7FAE1FAFD" box="[1215,1391,1258,1282]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB0856B7FAE1FAFD" box="[1215,1391,1258,1282]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
are structurally similar but differ more strongly. The tip of the uncus is also broad, but somewhat bilobed instead of evenly rounded. The gnathos structures are more heavily chitinized. The distal end of the valve is not rounded and not serrated, though slightly irregular. There is no downturned lobe as in the other two, the ventral tip of the cucullus being triangular. The saccus is shorter. The penis is evidently damaged in the slide and parts of it are missing. There does appear to be a long, narrow cuneus that must have been contained inside a penis of the same length as in the other two.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFF9FF9FFF7057BEFBBAFD58" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="487" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF7057BEFE21F87F" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFF7057BEFECFFA04" bold="true" box="[199,321,1506,1531]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFDF457BFFD48FA04" box="[579,710,1507,1531]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFDF457BFFD48FA04" box="[579,710,1507,1531]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have already been shown to be consistent and structurally quite different from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE8D545AFE10F9E1" box="[314,414,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE8D545AFE10F9E1" box="[314,414,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(fig 2). There is no affinity with
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFCBA545AFC01F9E1" box="[781,911,1542,1566]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratricula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFCBA545AFC01F9E1" box="[781,911,1542,1566]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
either. In the two other genera where members of the genus have been placed,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE435475FD0FF9BE" box="[500,641,1577,1601]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE435475FD0FF9BE" box="[500,641,1577,1601]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
has a long slender uncus that is split into two long, narrow branches so close that that they almost touch
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFDA15412FDD3F99A" box="[534,605,1614,1637]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">in situ</emphasis>
. The penis is very different, while the gnathos structure consists of two weak lateral branches only loosely attached to membranous tissues and not to the tegumen. The valve is more usual for the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFF5C54C8FEFAF953" box="[235,372,1684,1708]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
, with the cucullus upturned and serrated only towards its dorsal edge, and the fultura is large with an irregular tip to the two branches. The colour and spotting pattern in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFB9554EBFB21F930" box="[1058,1199,1719,1743]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB9554EBFB21F930" box="[1058,1199,1719,1743]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Pardaleodes</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also qualitatively different from
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE8A5487FE2EF90C" box="[317,416,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE8A5487FE2EF90C" box="[317,416,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, as is the hindwing underside. The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFC4E5487FB0BF90C" box="[1017,1157,1755,1779]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFC4E5487FB0BF90C" box="[1017,1157,1755,1779]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a long very simple tegumen/uncus structure ending in a fine point and a very slender penis with a long, narrow basal end (figure 6). All members of the latter genus have some of the light markings in and around the hindwing cell hyaline (as also in
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFF20551AFE98F8A2" box="[151,278,1862,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFF20551AFE98F8A2" box="[151,278,1862,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Paronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
but in no other
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE7D5519FDD8F8A2" box="[458,598,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
). In addition all males of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFCC25519FB8CF8A2" box="[885,1026,1861,1885]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFCC25519FB8CF8A2" box="[885,1026,1861,1885]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have a hair-pencil entering a fold in space 7 on the hindwing.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFF9FF9DFF7055D0FC72F813" blockId="9.[151,1436,151,2028]" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">
The genitalia apart, the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFE6A55D0FDCEF85B" box="[477,576,1932,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFE6A55D0FDCEF85B" box="[477,576,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
have few special characters. They do share with
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFB3155D0FA87F85B" box="[1158,1289,1932,1956]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFB3155D0FA87F85B" box="[1158,1289,1932,1956]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the outward displacement of the forewing subapical spot in 6, but lack spots in 4 and 5. They also lack the tiny costal spots in spaces 9–11 that are usually visible on the forewing underside of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFF9FF9DFCC45588FC78F813" box="[883,1014,2004,2028]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="485" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFF9FF9DFCC45588FC78F813" box="[883,1014,2004,2028]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="485">Ceratrichia</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF1D664FFFFAFF9EFF20555BFC5BF810" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/223863/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" targetBox="[217,1376,220,1764]" targetPageId="10">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFFAFF9EFF20555BFC5BF810" blockId="10.[151,1436,1799,2031]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFF20555BFEAFF8E0" bold="true" box="[151,289,1799,1823]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
The male genitalia of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFD8C5554FD7FF8E0" box="[571,753,1800,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFD8C5554FD7FF8E0" box="[571,753,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFCB05554FCF9F8E0" box="[775,887,1800,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFCB05554FCF9F8E0" box="[775,887,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFC755554FBE4F8E0" box="[962,1130,1800,1823]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC755554FBE4F8E0" box="[962,1130,1800,1823]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">F. kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
as well as of the genera
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFF205576FE29F8BE" box="[151,423,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFF205576FEAEF8BE" box="[151,288,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Pardaleodes</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFE9C5576FE29F8BE" box="[299,423,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Ceratrichia</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
, and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFE535576FDE4F8BE" box="[484,618,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFE535576FDE4F8BE" box="[484,618,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Andronymus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in which they have previously been placed.
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFBFA5576FBEEF8BD" bold="true" box="[1101,1120,1834,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">A</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFBD85576FA90F8BE" box="[1135,1310,1834,1857]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="weberi">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFBD85576FA90F8BE" box="[1135,1310,1834,1857]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria weberi</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Cameroun, Ebogo (SCC/tbl 591 (ABRI));
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFE535510FE78F89B" bold="true" box="[484,502,1868,1892]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">B</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFDB25511FD4CF89B" box="[517,706,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFDB25511FD4CF89B" box="[517,706,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holotype (mrac H.146),
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC635510FC69F89B" bold="true" box="[980,999,1868,1892]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">C</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFC415511FB64F89B" box="[1014,1258,1869,1892]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC415511FB64F89B" box="[1014,1258,1869,1892]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Holotype (mrac H.156);
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFF585533FE8CF878" bold="true" box="[239,258,1903,1927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">D</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFEB8552CFE5DF878" box="[271,467,1904,1927]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Pardaleodes" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="sator">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFEB8552CFE5DF878" box="[271,467,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Pardaleodes sator</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(Cameroun, Mt Tabenken tbl BJQ) (ABRI);
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC065533FC4DF878" bold="true" box="[945,963,1903,1927]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">E</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFC78552CFF5BF856" authority="Larsen &amp; Congdon, 2012" authorityName="Larsen &amp; Congdon" authorityYear="2012" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Andronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fontainei">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC78552CFB34F878" box="[975,1210,1904,1927]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Andronymus fontainei</emphasis>
(Larsen &amp; Congdon, 2012)
</taxonomicName>
(DRC Biakatu (paratype) (tbl BJO (ABRI));
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFD7455CEFD5FF855" bold="true" box="[707,721,1938,1962]" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">F</emphasis>
.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFD5755CEFC5DF856" box="[736,979,1938,1961]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratrichia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="486" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wollastoni">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFD5755CEFC5DF856" box="[736,979,1938,1961]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Ceratrichia wollastoni</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
Uganda, Bwindi (NHM)). The size of the genitalia are not to scale, except for the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFDF555E9FD2FF833" box="[578,673,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFDF555E9FD2FF833" box="[578,673,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The genitalia of the two
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFAFF9EFC0255E9FB9AF833" box="[949,1044,1973,1996]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFAFF9EFC0255E9FB9AF833" box="[949,1044,1973,1996]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="486">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
from MRAC are very dark and with little contrast as a result of being embedded in Faure’s Medium for 40+ years.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFFBFF9FFF7052CBFE9DFE78" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">
The combination of well-separated white or light primrose forewing hyaline spots and a yellow tornal hindwing or marginal area is unusual amongst the Afrotropical
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFC3D52E0FB9AFF2B" box="[906,1044,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
. The genus that comes closest is actually
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFF4052BCFEF4FF07" box="[247,378,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Ceratricula" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="479" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFF4052BCFEF4FF07" box="[247,378,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Ceratricula</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, described earlier in this paper. These are much smaller butterflies, the subapical spots (when present) are in line, the hyaline spots are tiny, the hindwing undersides are different, the males have a prominent androconial feature, and the genitalia are structurally quite different.
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFC295374FB8CFEBF" box="[926,1026,296,320]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFC295374FB8CFEBF" box="[926,1026,296,320]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is so special in pattern and genitalia that it seems impossible to place it phylogenetically within the
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFC295310FBAAFE9B" box="[926,1060,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
in the absence of a molecular phylogeny.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFFBFF9FFF7053C9FE25FE0B" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFF7053C9FE7FFE53" box="[199,497,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">
“
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFF7953C9FED2FE53" box="[206,348,405,428]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Paronymus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">Paronymus</taxonomicName>
” xanthioides
</emphasis>
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFE4A53C8FDD9FE53" box="[509,599,404,428]" name="Netherlands" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Holland</collectingCountry>
(another species needing its own genus) is somewhat similar, but this species has a mealy forewing brand, while both sides of the hindwing have a broad black margin, and the genitalia are completely different.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFFBFF9FFF7053A3FBBAFD58" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">
Checking against colour pattern and genitalic structure of all genera within the African
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFB7953A3FAD9FDE8" box="[1230,1367,511,535]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Hesperiinae">Hesperiinae</taxonomicName>
, none provides an appropriate alternative berth for the homogenous
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFCD75078FC4DFDC3" box="[864,963,548,572]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFCD75078FC4DFDC3" box="[864,963,548,572]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. The three described species are here all maintained as valid despite the almost identical genitalia of two of the species. Their combined known range is limited to eastern
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFEDF5030FE6EFD7B" box="[360,480,620,644]" name="Cameroon" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Cameroun</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFE595030FDB2FD7B" box="[494,572,620,644]" name="Gabon" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Gabon</collectingCountry>
, the
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFDC15030FC17FD7B" box="[630,921,620,644]" name="Central African Republic" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Central African Republic</collectingCountry>
, and the western
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFBD05030FB2DFD7B" box="[1127,1187,620,644]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">DRC</collectingCountry>
, giving the genus the smallest distribution area of any the African
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFD3C50D3FC9EFD58" box="[651,784,655,679]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Hesperiidae</taxonomicName>
genus in the forest zones.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C378654CFFFBFF9FFF7050E8FE1EFCC8" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" type="etymology">
<paragraph id="8BDD36C7FFFBFF9FFF7050E8FE1EFCC8" blockId="11.[151,1436,151,823]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFF7050E8FEC0FD33" bold="true" box="[199,334,692,716]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Etymology.</emphasis>
In the Royal Africa Museum, Tervuren (MRAC) collection L. A. Berger placed
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFB6050E8FAE2FD33" box="[1239,1388,692,716]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="kelembaensis">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFB6050E8FAE2FD33" box="[1239,1388,692,716]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">kelembaensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFF205084FF7FFD0F" box="[151,241,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFF205084FF7FFD0F" box="[151,241,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
under his manuscript genus
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFD835084FD16FD0F" box="[564,664,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFD835084FD16FD0F" box="[564,664,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">Flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(a colonial ”homesickness” name for the town now called Botéké in the western
<collectingCountry id="F3757657FFFBFF9FFE9750A0FED2FCEB" box="[288,348,764,788]" name="Democratic Republic of the Congo" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">DRC</collectingCountry>
, the
<typeStatus id="54D98865FFFBFF9FFE2450A1FE4DFCEA" box="[403,451,765,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">type</typeStatus>
locality of
<taxonomicName id="4C624D44FFFBFF9FFDF050A1FD33FCEB" box="[583,701,764,788]" class="Insecta" family="Hesperiidae" genus="Flandria" kingdom="Animalia" order="Lepidoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="487" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="flandria">
<emphasis id="B916EAD5FFFBFF9FFDF050A1FD33FCEB" box="[583,701,764,788]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="487">F. flandria</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
); Berger died before he could publish the genus and the name is adopted in his honour.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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