671 lines
75 KiB
XML
671 lines
75 KiB
XML
<document ID-DOI="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" ID-GBIF-Dataset="ada89752-8f95-4d98-b58b-a4dc4055c437" ID-PMC="PMC7550392" ID-Pensoft-Pub="1313-2970-973-35" ID-Pensoft-UUID="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" ID-PubMed="33110372" ID-ZooBank="0D8FEF96BC1B437E81ABD70BFCDB314A" ModsDocID="1313-2970-973-35" checkinTime="1601957140039" checkinUser="pensoft" docAuthor="Cook, Jerry L., Sites, Robert W. & Vitheepradit, Akekawat" docDate="2020" docId="5AB41CA04AE05C109CFBD972E444FCF3" docLanguage="en" docName="ZooKeys 973: 35-68" docOrigin="ZooKeys 973" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026" docTitle="Paraplea liturata" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" id="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" lastPageNumber="35" masterDocId="302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9" masterDocTitle="The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia" masterLastPageNumber="68" masterPageNumber="35" pageNumber="35" updateTime="1668169569168" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>The Pleidae (Hemiptera, Heteroptera) of Thailand, with the descriptions of two new species and a discussion of species from Southeast Asia</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Cook, Jerry L.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA</mods:affiliation>
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<mods:nameIdentifier type="email">jcook@shsu.edu</mods:nameIdentifier>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Sites, Robert W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Enns Entomology Museum, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name type="personal">
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<mods:role>
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<mods:roleTerm>Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart>Vitheepradit, Akekawat</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation>Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900 Thailand</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource>text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:title>ZooKeys</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part>
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<mods:date>2020</mods:date>
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<mods:detail type="volume">
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<mods:number>973</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent unit="page">
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<mods:start>35</mods:start>
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<mods:end>68</mods:end>
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</mods:extent>
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</mods:part>
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</mods:relatedItem>
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<mods:location>
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<mods:url>http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification>journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier type="DOI">http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.973.54026</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-Pub">1313-2970-973-35</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="ZooBank">0D8FEF96BC1B437E81ABD70BFCDB314A</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier type="Pensoft-UUID">302E15180DB756F5B144807DC8875EF9</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment ID-GBIF-Taxon="168237447" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:5AB41CA04AE05C109CFBD972E444FCF3" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/5AB41CA04AE05C109CFBD972E444FCF3" lastPageNumber="35" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName LSID="5AB41CA0-4AE0-5C10-9CFB-D972E444FCF3" authority="(Fieber, 1844)" baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">Paraplea liturata (Fieber, 1844)</taxonomicName>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 12</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Paraplea liturata. 13 prothoracic leg above, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below. 14 profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures13-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459251" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 13, 14</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 15. Ovipositor of Paraplea liturata. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459252" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 15</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16, 17" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 16, 17. Genital plates of Paraplea liturata. 16 female 17 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure16-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459253" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 16-17</figureCitation>
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<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">, 24C</figureCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Ploa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ploa liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">Ploa liturata</taxonomicName>
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Fieber, 1844: Entomol. Monogr. p. 19.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">Plea liturata</taxonomicName>
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: (Kirkaldy, 1904): Wien. Entomol. Zeit. 23: 129.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea metiadusa" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metiadusa">Plea metiadusa</taxonomicName>
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Distant, 1910: Fauna Brit. India 5: 337.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea rufonotata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufonotata">Plea rufonotata</taxonomicName>
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Distant, 1914: Rech. Sci.N.-
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Calédonie">Caledonie</normalizedToken>
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2: 387.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea quinquenota" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquenota">Plea quinquenota</taxonomicName>
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Paiva, 1918: Rec. India. Mus. 14: 29.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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=
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea fasciata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">Plea fasciata</taxonomicName>
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Horváth">Horvath</normalizedToken>
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, 1918: Ann. Mus. Nat. Hung. 16: 144.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Fieber" authorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea (Paraplea) liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata" subGenus="Paraplea">Plea (Paraplea) liturata</taxonomicName>
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:
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<bibRefCitation author="Esaki, T" journalOrPublisher="Revista Espanola de Entomologia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="129 - 172" publicationUrl="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" refId="B11" refString="Esaki, T, China, WE, 1928. A monograph of the Helotrephidae subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera). Revista Espanola de Entomologia 4: 129 - 172, https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" title="A monograph of the Helotrephidae subfamily Helotrephinae (Hem. Heteroptera)." url="https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/140776" volume="4" year="1928">Esaki and China 1928</bibRefCitation>
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: Rev. Esp. Entomol. 4: 166 (subgenus description).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">Paraplea liturata</taxonomicName>
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: Drake and Maldonado-Capriles 1956 (elevation to genus) 51: 53.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="remarks">
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Remarks.</paragraph>
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<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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shares some of the same taxonomic history as
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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since both were described in the same paper.
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<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was described as
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<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Ploa" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Ploa liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ploa liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
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for specimens collected in the East Indies. This original description was not only brief but did not capture an important set of markings that is commonly present on specimens of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, even though the description relied almost completely on coloration. Fieber noted the typical two dashes between the eyes and the pair of lateral and single midline spots on the posterior margin of the pronotum. However, two spots on the anterior part of the pronotum were not listed in the description nor on his plate. The figure does show the hemelytral banding that is common in many specimens. Although types were not designated by Fieber, subsequent researchers were able to associate the description with many specimens of this common species, although none of these were those used by Fieber. Placement of this species into the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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followed the same sequence as reported for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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.
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<bibRefCitation author="Kirkaldy, GW" journalOrPublisher="Wiener Entomologische Zeitung" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="111 - 135" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" refId="B18" refString="Kirkaldy, GW, 1904. Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera). Wiener Entomologische Zeitung 23: 111 - 135, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" title="Ueber Notonectiden (Hemiptera)." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12081552" volume="23" year="1904">Kirkaldy (1904)</bibRefCitation>
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moved this species into the genus
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Leach" authorityYear="1817" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but made no comments on the species.
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<bibRefCitation author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" refId="B6" refString="Distant, WL, 1906. The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 3. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" title="The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 3." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/12704468" year="1906">Distant (1906)</bibRefCitation>
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translated
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Fieber’s">Fieber's</normalizedToken>
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description but did not further report on this species.
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<bibRefCitation author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" refId="B7" refString="Distant, WL, 1910. (published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" title="(published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" year="1910">Distant (1910)</bibRefCitation>
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described
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1910" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea metiadusa" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="metiadusa">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea metiadusa</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from Calcutta, India and reported that it had no maculations, but this species was still determined to be a variant of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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by
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<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
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. In doing so,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
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commented on the variability of the pronotal spots that are most commonly five in number but can range from none to seven.
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<bibRefCitation author="Distant, WL" editor="Sarasin, F" journalOrPublisher="Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inslen. Recherches scientifiques et Nouvelle-Caledonie et aux iles Loyalty. A. Zoologie, Vol. II" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="369 - 390" refId="B8" refString="Distant, WL, 1914. Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands. In: Sarasin, F, Roux, J, Eds., Nova Caledonia. Forschungen in Neu-Caledonien und auf den Loyalty-Inslen. Recherches scientifiques et Nouvelle-Caledonie et aux iles Loyalty. A. Zoologie, Vol. II: 369 - 390" title="Rhynchota from New Caledonia and the surrounding islands." volumeTitle="Nova Caledonia." year="1914">Distant (1914)</bibRefCitation>
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also described
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<taxonomicName authorityName="Distant" authorityYear="1914" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea rufonotata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="rufonotata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea rufonotata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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but did not associate it with
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The description of
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rufonotata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="rufonotata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. rufonotata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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from New Caledonia was the first time that a pronotum with five spots was described, which now appears to be the most common state for
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<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
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<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. Again,
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<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
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made the association of these species as being synonyms.
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<bibRefCitation author="Horvath, G" journalOrPublisher="Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="140 - 146" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56568226" refId="B16" refString="Horvath, G, 1918. De Hydrochoisis nonnullis extraeuropaeis. Annales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 16: 140 - 146, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56568226" title="De Hydrochoisis nonnullis extraeuropaeis." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/56568226" volume="16" year="1918">
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<normalizedToken originalValue="Horváth">Horvath</normalizedToken>
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(1918)
|
||
</bibRefCitation>
|
||
described
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea fasciata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from specimens from Batavia, Java (Indonesia) but this was considered a strongly-colored example of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Plea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Plea quinquenota" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="quinquenota">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Plea quinquenota</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, CA" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B24" refString="Paiva, CA, 1918. Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States. Records of the Indian Museum 14: 19 - 32" title="Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States." volume="14" year="1918">Paiva 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) was described from a single specimen from
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Inlé">Inle</normalizedToken>
|
||
Lake, Yawnghe State (now in Myanmar) and was not examined by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, but was still synonymized with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
based on the illustration of the new species perfectly matching the typical form of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Along with the taxonomic clarifications,
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
also redescribed the species. Below is a supplemental description of the species, incorporating specimens from Thailand.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Holotype</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
None designated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="type locality">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Type locality.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported that the description was made from specimens collected by Dr. Helfer in the East Indies but the exact location in South or Southeast Asia is unknown.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Supplementary description.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">All measurements are in millimeters and were taken from 221 adult specimens from throughout Thailand as reported in the distribution portion of this paper. Specimens used for this description are deposited at UMC and SHSU.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Body size</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Total length, 1.27-1.68 (average 1.48) in Thailand specimens.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
reported total length of "approximately 2 mm."
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Distant, WL" journalOrPublisher="Taylor and Francis, London" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" publicationUrl="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" refId="B7" refString="Distant, WL, 1910. (published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5. Taylor and Francis, London, https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" title="(published in 1911) The fauna of British India including Ceylon and Burma. Rhynchota, vol. 5." url="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/9822468" year="1910">Distant (1910)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
gave the size of his later synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. metiadusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="metiadusa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. metiadusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from India and his later synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rufonotata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="rufonotata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. rufonotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
from Caledonia as 2. The specimen used to describe the later synonymized
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quinquenotata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="quinquenotata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. quinquenotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
was listed as 1.5 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, CA" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B24" refString="Paiva, CA, 1918. Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States. Records of the Indian Museum 14: 19 - 32" title="Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States." volume="14" year="1918">Paiva 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). Anderson and Weir (2004) reported a length of 1.8-2.0 for this species in their key and reported it from Northern Territory and Western Australia.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Color</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Color may be quite variable among individuals within a population. Base color of body ranges from tan (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12A, B</figureCitation>
|
||
) to white (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Darker bands on the sides of the hemelytra are common but not observed in all individuals. When present, bands are darker than the base color, ranging from light orange-brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12D</figureCitation>
|
||
) to tan (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12A</figureCitation>
|
||
) to brown (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Punctures are sometimes a darker shade (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12A</figureCitation>
|
||
). Honeycombing matches the base color. Most specimens have five characteristic dark spots on the pronotum (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
); two on the anteromedial portion (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12 B</figureCitation>
|
||
), two on the posterolateral region (one on each side) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
), and one on the posteromedial region (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B, D</figureCitation>
|
||
). Conversely, these spots are sometimes faint or absent in some individuals and at some locations.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 12" startId="F9">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 12.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
specimens from Thailand.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">A</emphasis>
|
||
female in lateral view with typical coloration,
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">B</emphasis>
|
||
dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">C</emphasis>
|
||
frontal view of specimen in B.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">D</emphasis>
|
||
mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Head</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Head (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12C</figureCitation>
|
||
) colored with base body coloration, ranging from white to brown. Many specimens with a vertical light-colored bar between eyes. If present, bar can be thin (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12C</figureCitation>
|
||
) to wider, sometimes occupying nearly a third of width between eyes. Two dark spots common on face, one on each side between central bar and eyes (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12C</figureCitation>
|
||
). Eyes in dried specimens range from red to gold. Mouthparts usually darker that the rest of head. Antenna three-segmented, usually hidden from view below eye. Head size similar among Thailand specimens, head width at widest point including eyes 0.62-0.79 (average 0.72), head width at narrowest point between eyes, 0.31-0.43 (average 0.40), OI 47-58 (average 53).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Pronotum</emphasis>
|
||
(Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
). Base color ranging from white to light brown and honeycombing apparent in most specimens; most specimens with five dark spots on pronotum (91% of Thailand specimens with five spots, ~ 9% with three spots and lacking anterior pair, less than 1% with no spots); a shallow puncture in center of each cell of honeycomb and under high magnification a minute hair can usually be seen coming from each pore; with slight bulge posteriorly, wider than long, width 0.66-0.92 (average 0.79); pronotum length 0.33-0.57 (average 0.46); PI 39-68 (average 58).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Wings</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Complete to posterior; punctures equally spaced but not generally in rows (0.03 in diameter) (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12A, D</figureCitation>
|
||
); underlying honeycomb structure usually present; claval suture distinct, complete; scutellum with punctures smaller (0.01 in diameter), more widely spaced than other punctures, scutellum base color often golden but sometimes dark brown and often darker than hemelytra; honeycombing absent from scutellum, making it appear somewhat transparent; lateral view shows distinct horizontal dorsal profile and near vertical aspects posterior profile with a transition of nearly 90° (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12A, C</figureCitation>
|
||
); scutellum slightly wider than long (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 12" captionStartId="F9" captionText="Figure 12. Paraplea liturata specimens from Thailand. A female in lateral view with typical coloration, B dorsal view in that shows dark banding and honeycombing. C frontal view of specimen in B. D mele showing an alternatively colored form in lateral view." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure12" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459250" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">12B</figureCitation>
|
||
), length 0.28-0.43 (average 0.35); width 0.31-0.50 (average 0.40); SI 103-139 (average 116). Hind wings membranous, fully developed, completely concealed by hemelytra.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Legs</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Legs with numerous hairs and small spines (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figures 13, 14" captionStartId="F10" captionText="Figures 13, 14. Paraplea liturata. 13 prothoracic leg above, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below. 14 profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures13-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459251" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">13</figureCitation>
|
||
), hairs prevalent on apical half of prothoracic and mesothoracic tibiae, without numerous long hairs as found on tibia and tarsus of many
|
||
<taxonomicName authorityName="Esaki & China" authorityYear="1928" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Typical leg measurements: prothoracic leg coxa 0.05, trochanter 0.09, femur 0.42, tibia 0.35, first tarsomere 0.04, second tarsomere 0.09,pretarsal claw 0.08; mesothoracic leg coxa 0.06, trochanter 0.10, femur 0.41, tibia 0.28, first tarsomere 0.03, second tarsomere 0.13, pretarsal claw 0.08; metathoracic leg coxa 0.05, trochanter 0.10, femur 0.39, tibia 0.49, first tarsomere 0.02, second tarsomere 0.13, third tarsomere 0.18, pretarsal claw 0.11.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figures13-14" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459251" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figures 13, 14" startId="F10">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figures 13, 14.</emphasis>
|
||
<taxonomicName class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata." order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">13</emphasis>
|
||
prothoracic leg above, mesothoracic leg in the middle and metathoracic leg below.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">14</emphasis>
|
||
profile of the ventral keel with the anterior end (thoracic) to the top and ventral to the left.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Median ventral keel</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Thoracic portions distinctly separate, prothoracic keel generally rounded, two posterior thoracic segments serrated; abdominal keel with first two segments fused, teeth more pronounced posteriorly (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 15. Ovipositor of Paraplea liturata. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459252" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">15</figureCitation>
|
||
). Several minor differences between Thailand specimens reported here and those reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 42C-E).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459252" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 15" startId="F11">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 15.</emphasis>
|
||
Ovipositor of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Scale bar: 0.05 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of female</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Ovipositor most commonly as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 15. Ovipositor of Paraplea liturata. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459252" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">15</figureCitation>
|
||
. Ovipositor roughly rectangular in shape but with apical gonapophysis 1 slightly wider; five distinct teeth along posterior border (apical row) plus two teeth on ventral border (ventral 1 and 2); two rows of small teeth away from apex, three primary, three secondary, and occasionally one tertiary (not shown in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 15" captionStartId="F11" captionText="Figure 15. Ovipositor of Paraplea liturata. Scale bar: 0.05 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure15" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459252" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">15</figureCitation>
|
||
); bottom secondary tooth larger and extends slightly beyond end of ovipositor, making it sometimes appear as being along posterior margin; three to five long hairs on ventral side of region where gonapophyses 1 and 2 meet; Subgenital plate slightly longer than wide (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16, 17" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 16, 17. Genital plates of Paraplea liturata. 16 female 17 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure16-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459253" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">16</figureCitation>
|
||
), length ~ 0.30, width ~ 0.26, lightly rugose in basal half followed apically by a series of pits, dark region in center near apex, pair of tufted hairs on each side near apex.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Characters of male</emphasis>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
Aedeagus bulbous and somewhat asymmetrical in typical fashion of family; operculum (subgenital plate) as in Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 16, 17" captionStartId="F12" captionText="Figure 16, 17. Genital plates of Paraplea liturata. 16 female 17 mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure16-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459253" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">17</figureCitation>
|
||
, most of surface slightly rugose, longer than wide, length ~ 0.27, width ~ 0.20.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption doi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure16-17" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459253" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" start="Figure 16, 17" startId="F12">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Figure 16, 17.</emphasis>
|
||
Genital plates of
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">16</emphasis>
|
||
female
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">17</emphasis>
|
||
mele. Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="distribution">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Distribution.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
In Thailand,
|
||
<taxonomicName baseAuthorityName="Fieber" baseAuthorityYear="1844" class="Insecta" family="Pleidae" genus="Paraplea" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName="Paraplea liturata" order="Hemiptera" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Paraplea liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be mostly a peninsular species on the southwest side of the country, although there are two records of it in the eastern region of Thailand; one in Sakon Nakhon Province, which was reported by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Chen, P-P" journalOrPublisher="Denisia" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="775 - 794" refId="B3" refString="Chen, P-P, Nieser, N, Sangpradub, N, 2006. Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species. Denisia 19: 775 - 794" title="Records of aquatic bugs (Heteroptera, Gerromorpha, Nepomorpha) mainly from northeast Thailand, with descriptions of four new species." volume="19" year="2006">Chen et al. (2006)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, and one by RWS and AV in a pond in Ubon Ratchathani Province (Fig.
|
||
<figureCitation captionStart="Figure 24" captionStartId="F17" captionText="Figure 24. Distribution records in Thailand of A Paraplea frontalis B P. lateromaculata sp. nov., C P. liturata D P. melanodera sp. nov." figureDoi="10.3897/zookeys.973.54026.figure24" httpUri="https://binary.pensoft.net/fig/459258" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">24C</figureCitation>
|
||
). It is also known from Australia (Anderson and Weir 2004), India (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, CA" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B24" refString="Paiva, CA, 1918. Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States. Records of the Indian Museum 14: 19 - 32" title="Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States." volume="14" year="1918">Paiva 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Indonesia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="77 - 123" refId="B23" refString="Nieser, N, Chen, PP, 1999. Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142: 77 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" title="Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" volume="142" year="1999">Nieser and Chen 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Malaysia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fernando, CH" journalOrPublisher="Federation Museums Journal" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="21 - 46" refId="B14" refString="Fernando, CH, Cheng, L, 1974. A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore. Federation Museums Journal 19: 21 - 46" title="A preliminary study on the fauna and distribution of aquatic Hemiptera in Malay and Singapore." volume="19" year="1974">Fernando and Cheng 1974</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Myanmar (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Paiva, CA" journalOrPublisher="Records of the Indian Museum" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="19 - 32" refId="B24" refString="Paiva, CA, 1918. Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States. Records of the Indian Museum 14: 19 - 32" title="Aquatic Rhynchota from the Southern Shan States." volume="14" year="1918">Paiva 1918</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), New Caledonia (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), Philippines (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
,
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" author="Nieser, N" journalOrPublisher="Tijdschrift voor Entomologie" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="77 - 123" refId="B23" refString="Nieser, N, Chen, PP, 1999. Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 142: 77 - 123, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" title="Sixteen new species of Nepomorpha (Heteroptera) mainly from Sulawesi (Indonesia)." url="https://doi.org/10.1163/22119434-99900023" volume="142" year="1999">Nieser and Chen 1999</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and Taiwan (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Mitamura, T" journalOrPublisher="Taiwanese Journal of Entomological Studies" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="72 - 74" publicationUrl="https://archive.org/details/TaiwaneseJournalOfEntomologicalStudies31" refId="B21" refString="Mitamura, T, Liu, H-C, HIrasawa, K, Yoshii, S, 2018. New distributional record of Paraplea liturata (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera: Pleidae) from Taiwan. Taiwanese Journal of Entomological Studies 3: 72 - 74, https://archive.org/details/TaiwaneseJournalOfEntomologicalStudies31" title="New distributional record of Paraplea liturata (Fieber, 1844) (Hemiptera: Pleidae) from Taiwan." url="https://archive.org/details/TaiwaneseJournalOfEntomologicalStudies31" volume="3" year="2018">Mitamura et al. 2018</bibRefCitation>
|
||
).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="materials_examined">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Material examined.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Chai Nat Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Neon, Kham, Ban Wang Kor Hai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="57.934" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.965567">14°57.934'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="50.668" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.84447">99°50.668'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 V 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-710 (1 specimen UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Chumphon Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Sa Wi, Tumbon Kron,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="10" direction="north" minutes="17.499" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="10.29165">10°17.499'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="05.530" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.09216">99°05.530'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 21 VI 2006, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-967 (4 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Kalasin Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Phu Pan National Park, 7 VI 1998, Sites, Simpson & Vitheepradit, L-165 (3 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Krabi Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Mueang, Klong Muang Beach, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.979" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04965">8°02.979'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="45.540" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.759">98°45.540'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 13 m, 8 VIII 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit, Simpson & Prommi L-862 (8 specimens UMC); Amphur Mueang, Nopphorat Thara Beach, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.625" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04375">8°02.625'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="48.517" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.80862">98°48.517'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 8 V 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-805 (1 specimen UMC); Amphur Nuea Khlong, Tumbon, Nuea Khlong, Ban Paga Sai, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.619" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04365">8°02.619'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="01.144" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.019066">99°01.144'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 m, 8 VIII 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit, Simpson & Prommi, L-864 (2 specimens UMC); Amphur Nuea Khong, Pan Paga Sai, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="02.619" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.04365">8°02.619'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="01.144" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.019066">99°01.144'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 27 m, 13 VI 2006, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-951 (1 specimen UMC); Tumbon Klong Kanarn, Ban Klong Kanarn, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="01.045" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.017417">8°01.045'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="00.450" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.0075">99°00.450'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 37 m, 9 VIII 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit, Simpson & Prommi, L-867 (2 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phang Nga Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Mueang, Tumbon Na Pring, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="31.750" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.529166">8°31.750'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="32.001" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.53335">98°32.001'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 5 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-887 (2 specimens UMC); Amphur Mueang, Tumbon Na Prig, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="31.750" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.529166">8°31.750'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="32.001" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.53335">98°32.001'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 VI 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-946 (4 specimens UMC); Amphur Takua Thung, Tumbon Krasom, Ban Bang Mak, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="24.553" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.409217">8°24.553'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="27.434" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.45723">98°27.434'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 12 VI 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-945 (1 specimen UMC); Amphur Takua Pa, Tumbon Bang Nai Si, Ban Bang Yai, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="08" direction="north" minutes="25.950" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.4325">08°25.950'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="23.192" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.386536">98°23.192'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 20 m, 8 VI 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-927 (1 specimen); Amphur Thai Mueang, Tumbon Na Teoy, Ban Bang Klee,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="18.655" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.310917">8°18.655'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.552" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.292534">98°17.552'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 19 m, 2 VI 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-825 (8 specimens UMC); Amphur Thai Mueang, Tumbon Na Teoy, Ban Bang Klee,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="18.655" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.310917">8°18.655'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.552" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.292534">98°17.552'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 19 m, 5 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-886 (11 specimens UMC); Amphur Thai Mueang, Tumbon Na Teoy, Ban Bang Klee,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="18.655" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.310917">8°18.655'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.552" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.292534">98°17.552'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 9 VI 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-935 (11 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phatthalung Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Tamot, Tumbon Loh Jak Kra,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="7" direction="north" minutes="20.244" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.3374">7°20.244'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="01.285" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.021416">100°01.285'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 44 m, 3 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-736 (1 specimen UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Phuket Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Thalang, Jud peat swamp, UV pan trap,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="07.930" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.132167">8°07.930'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="18.156" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.3026">98°18.156'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 m, 7 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-899 (92 specimens UMC, 5 specimens SHSU); Amphur Thalang, Jig peat swamp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="08.772" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.1462">8°08.772'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.892" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.2982">98°17.892'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 m, 7 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-906 (44 specimens UMC, 3 specimens SHSU); Amphur Thalang, Laem Yot peat swamp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="08.325" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.13875">8°08.325'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.927" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.29878">98°17.927'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 28 m, 29 V 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-807 (1 specimen UMC); Amphur Thalang, Mai Khoa peat swamp,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="07.461" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.12435">8°07.461'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="18.193" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.303215">98°18.193'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 19 m, 7 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-900 (42 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU); Amphur Thalang, Tumbon Mai Khao, Moo Ha,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="10.718" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.178634">8°10.718'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.611" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.29352">98°17.611'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 m, 31 V 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-816 (1 specimen SHSU); Amphur Thalang, Tumbon Mai Khao, Moo Ha, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="10.718" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.178634">8°10.718'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="17.611" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.29352">98°17.611'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 23 m, 5 I 2006, Sites, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-889 (17 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Songkhla Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Rataphum, Tumbon Kampangphet,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="07" direction="north" minutes="08.030" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="7.1338334">07°08.030'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 100°18.437' E, 30 m, 2 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-732 (9 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Surathani Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Ban Na Ban Huay Hamg,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="08.925" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.14875">8°08.925'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="18.215" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.30358">99°18.215'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 m, 20 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-781 (3 specimens UMC); Amphur Phunphin, Tumbon Boh Rai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="53.866" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.897767">8°53.866'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="98" direction="east" minutes="08.961" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="98.14935">98°08.961'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 10 m, 7 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-751 (1 specimen SHSU); Amphur Ban Na, Ban Tha Rau Tai,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="56.567" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.942783">8°56.567'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="15.130" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.25217">99°15.130'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 4 m, 20 VI 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-782 (3 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Trang Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Sikao, Tumbon Mai Fard Ban, Klong Maeng, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="8" direction="north" minutes="30.170" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="8.502833">8°30.170'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="99" direction="east" minutes="20.541" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="99.34235">99°20.541'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 6 m, 10 VIII 2005, Sites, Vitheepradit, Simpson & Prommi, L-868 (2 specimens UMC, 1 specimen SHSU).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Uthai Thani Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Mueang, Tumbon Nam Serm,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="15" direction="north" minutes="20.886" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="15.3481">15°20.886'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="100" direction="east" minutes="02.120" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="100.03533">100°02.120'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 24 V 2004, Vitheepradit & Prommi, L-713 (3 specimens UMC).
|
||
<emphasis bold="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ubon Ratchathani Province</emphasis>
|
||
: Amphur Nam Khoon, Ban Non Yang, pond,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="14" direction="north" minutes="28.176" orientation="latitude" precision="1" value="14.4696">14°28.176'N</geoCoordinate>
|
||
,
|
||
<geoCoordinate degrees="104" direction="east" minutes="53.782" orientation="longitude" precision="1" value="104.89637">104°53.782'E</geoCoordinate>
|
||
, 190 m, 10 IV 2004, Sites & Vitheepradit, L-613 (10 specimens UMC).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection pageId="0" pageNumber="35" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Discussion.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
There is considerable variation in
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
if this is a single species.
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
mentioned this variation when synonymizing
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. fasciata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="fasciata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. fasciata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. metiadusa" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="metiadusa">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. metiadusa</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. quinquenotata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="quinquenotata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. quinquenotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. rufonotata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="rufonotata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. rufonotata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The main basis for Lundblad synonymizing these species was the similarity of the abdominal keel. The drawings in his paper (
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad 1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) show similarities but there are also subtle variations. The Thailand specimens are also somewhat different from those in the Lundblad drawings. These data preserve the question as to whether this is a variable species or multiple species. Several of the species Lundblad synonymized had been described as having a length of 2 mm, although he stated that this was a small species varying between 1.3 to 1.7 mm. This size range of
|
||
<normalizedToken originalValue="Lundblad’s">Lundblad's</normalizedToken>
|
||
specimens coincides with that of specimens from Thailand; however, it still does not account for those described from India, New Caledonia, and Australia. The original description of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Fieber, FX" journalOrPublisher="Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" refId="B12" refString="Fieber, FX, 1844. Entomologische Monographien. J.G. Calve'schen Buchhandlung, Leipzig" title="Entomologische Monographien. J. G." year="1844">Fieber (1844)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
listed the length imprecisely as "approximately 2 mm" and it is uncertain where in the East Indies these specimens were collected or how accurately that measurement was made. Likewise, some distinct differences in coloration and characters occur in specimens from the various regions.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
A character that links all of these specimens into one species is the general state of having five spots on the pronotum. In many populations there can be specimens without these markings although the majority of specimens tend to always have five black pronotal spots. Thus, with a single specimen it may not be possible to rely on this trait but with a series of specimens it is easy to determine the species as
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, as it is now defined. There appears to also be some consistency in the characters of the ovipositor. In many of the Thailand specimens, the ovipositor appears remarkably like that figured by
|
||
<bibRefCitation author="Lundblad, O" journalOrPublisher="Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="125 - 145" refId="B20" refString="Lundblad, O, 1933. Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplement 12: 125 - 145" title="Zur Kenntnis der aquatilen und semiaquatilen Hemipteren von Sumatra, Java und Bali." volume="12" year="1933">Lundblad (1933</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: fig. 42H) from Java (Indonesia) which is consistent with the ovipositor being a reliable character for species recognition (see
|
||
<bibRefCitation DOI="https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0246" author="Sublett, CA" journalOrPublisher="Florida Entomologist" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" pagination="704 - 713" refId="B27" refString="Sublett, CA, Cook, JL, 2015. Morphology of the 1st gonapophysis in the genus Neoplea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pleidae), including an evaluation of its taxonomic importance. Florida Entomologist 98: 704 - 713, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0246" title="Morphology of the 1 st gonapophysis in the genus Neoplea (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pleidae), including an evaluation of its taxonomic importance." url="https://doi.org/10.1653/024.098.0246" volume="98" year="2015">Sublett and Cook 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
); however, a small number of specimens lack some or all of the secondary and tertiary teeth. Since the ovipositors of specimens from India, New Caledonia and Australia are unknown, there is still a question as to if specimens from these regions are actually
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata." pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata.">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata.</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
Like
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. frontalis" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="frontalis">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. frontalis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could be a species complex. Both these species need additional study to determine their status.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph pageId="0" pageNumber="35">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">Ecology</emphasis>
|
||
: The habitat of
|
||
<taxonomicName lsidName="P. liturata" pageId="0" pageNumber="35" rank="species" species="liturata">
|
||
<emphasis italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="35">P. liturata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Thailand is typical for the majority of pleids. This species was often found in ponds, in shallow water with vegetation.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |