580 lines
64 KiB
XML
580 lines
64 KiB
XML
<document id="FE65B4FB86F737B42CEA627F3EE51DF3" ID="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.1.7SLASH11037" ID-CLB-Dataset="33050" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.4268.1.7" ID-GBIF-Dataset="5bbbe694-ed96-4093-9837-42f6ff3963a3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="579947" ID-ZooBank="A7EAB27E-D128-4410-8A54-4D49335ACF3E" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1494838597279" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Hsu, Po-Wei, Hsu, Feng-Chuan, Hsiao, Yun & Lin, Chung-Chi" docDate="2017" docId="03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.4268.1.7SLASH11037.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 4268 (1)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Protanilla lini Terayama 2009" docType="treatment" docVersion="8" lastPageNumber="129" masterDocId="FFD1F351FFDAE853B654FFF2FFB6FFC5" masterDocTitle="Taxonomic notes on the genus Protanilla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) from Taiwan" masterLastPageNumber="130" masterPageNumber="117" pageNumber="123" updateTime="1698439578089" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
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<mods:mods id="16525F2CF3C600FE644AE12A44B5DD04" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="6A6B329C55C2C564AE1A355414FBF53F">
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<mods:title id="A64CD12D73BFDF8C3EBD1A600BB615B6">Taxonomic notes on the genus Protanilla (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Leptanillinae) from Taiwan</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="8B919EA6BC5870FD79D05F5CEFC60386" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="33719D9AAD862A93FF05C28E30246650">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="90884CAADE0FB288C67625F97F57565D">Hsu, Po-Wei</mods:namePart>
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<mods:roleTerm id="CD843215785B24BDB843F957A7EE0B48">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="F30579740611BDE5D200EE218D7F54E9">Hsu, Feng-Chuan</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="4010A6698242312971B092E329ACABC8" type="personal">
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<mods:namePart id="F369E20F563A539A0D66A7315B6A5C17">Hsiao, Yun</mods:namePart>
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<mods:name id="5EFE1DC4E76CE51DC67C1D8521B16347" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="9697DEAB245FE5BF2783301781F4061F">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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<mods:namePart id="4BAD4454CA98AA3164EE943C34B0776F">Lin, Chung-Chi</mods:namePart>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="2CD2A2045D53DABEDED7EAF0FFD7158D">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="5ECF4D3B61D8C6A472E97578CA67E0BC">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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<mods:date id="57CB1A4950B800D19F20343FD0DAC607">2017</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="8E8301A637435B353E8A73A6AB48B288">4268</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="EB53D85E19F9960C27494D5DEDD7916A">1</mods:number>
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<mods:start id="51E6542BC5C31B49CBB3087F74CD5F94">117</mods:start>
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<treatment id="03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6033262" ID-GBIF-Taxon="130809755" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6033262" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<subSubSection id="C35B69B4FFDCE855B6C3F8C9FEB0F8B2" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDCE855B6C3F8C9FDB9F893" blockId="6.[151,527,1851,1911]" box="[151,527,1851,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<heading id="D0B68D53FFDCE855B6C3F8C9FDB9F893" bold="true" box="[151,527,1851,1878]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFDCE855B6C3F8C9FDB9F893" authority="Terayama, 2009" authorityName="Terayama" authorityYear="2009" box="[151,527,1851,1878]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDCE855B6C3F8C9FDB9F893" bold="true" box="[151,527,1851,1878]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDCE855B6C3F8C9FEF7F890" bold="true" box="[151,321,1851,1877]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Protanilla lini</emphasis>
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Terayama, 2009
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</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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||
</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDCE855B6C3F8ACFEB0F8B2" blockId="6.[151,527,1851,1911]" box="[151,262,1886,1911]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<figureCitation id="137A26BAFFDCE855B6C3F8ACFEB5F8B2" box="[151,259,1886,1911]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 5" captionStart-1="FIGURE 6" captionStartId-0="7.[151,250,1246,1268]" captionStartId-1="8.[151,250,1428,1450]" captionTargetBox-0="[150,1436,193,1224]" captionTargetBox-1="[151,1436,375,1406]" captionTargetId-0="figure@7.[150,1436,193,1224]" captionTargetId-1="figure@8.[151,1436,375,1406]" captionTargetPageId-0="7" captionTargetPageId-1="8" captionText-0="FIGURE 5. Protanilla lini Terayama, 2009 worker. A. Full-face view. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Body in profile view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B and C, 1 mm." captionText-1="FIGURE 6. Protanilla lini Terayama, 2009 queen. A. Full-face view. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Body in profile view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B and C, 1 mm." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/579952/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/579953/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Figs. 5–6</figureCitation>
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.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B69B4FFDCE855B6C3F854FBD9F827" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDCE855B6C3F854FBD9F827" blockId="6.[151,1436,1958,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<materialsCitation id="3B293062FFDCE855B6C3F854FDDAF827" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503028581" collectingDate="2015-12-07" collectionCode="NCUE" collectorName="Po-Cheng Hsu" country="Taiwan" county="Material" location="Lienhuachih Forest" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-female="2" stateProvince="Nantou">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDCE855B6C3F854FE32F87A" bold="true" box="[151,388,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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<collectingCounty id="629F42B3FFDCE855B6C3F854FF49F87A" box="[151,255,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Material</collectingCounty>
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examined.
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</emphasis>
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<specimenCount id="9D47F1B6FFDCE855B7DAF855FE0AF87B" box="[398,444,1959,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="female">2 ♀</specimenCount>
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(worker):
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<collectingCountry id="F3567AAFFFDCE855B468F855FD1DF87A" box="[572,683,1959,1983]" name="Taiwan" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">TAIWAN</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="4985F4DDFFDCE855B4EDF855FCB8F87B" box="[697,782,1959,1982]" country="Taiwan" name="Nantou" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Nantou</collectingRegion>
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,
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<collectingMunicipality id="6B9AA045FFDCE855B549F854FB07F87A" box="[797,1201,1958,1983]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">
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||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFDCE855B549F854FC4CF87B" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFDCE855B549F854FC4CF87B" box="[797,1018,1958,1983]" country="Taiwan" county="Material" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" name="Lienhuachih Forest" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" stateProvince="Nantou">Lienhuachih Forest</location>
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Dynamics Plot
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</collectingMunicipality>
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, by hand-collecting,
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<date id="FFFF1CFFFFDCE855B6C3F838FE95F827" box="[151,291,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" value="2015-12-07">
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<collectingDate id="EFBBE517FFDCE855B6C3F838FE95F827" box="[151,291,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" value="2015-12-07">07.XII.2015</collectingDate>
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</date>
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,
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<collectorName id="26B45FE9FFDCE855B77AF838FE67F827" box="[302,465,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">Po-Cheng Hsu</collectorName>
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leg. (
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<collectionCode id="ED50A2FAFFDCE855B445F838FDD2F827" box="[529,612,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">NCUE</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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;
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<materialsCitation id="3B293062FFDCE855B422F838FBDDF827" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503028573" box="[630,1131,1994,2018]" collectingDate="2015-12-07" collectionCode="NCUE" collectorName="Po-Cheng Hsu" country="Taiwan" county="Material" location="Lienhuachih Forest" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" specimenCount="1" specimenCount-female="1" stateProvince="Nantou">
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<specimenCount id="9D47F1B6FFDCE855B422F838FD17F827" box="[630,673,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123" type="female">1 ♀</specimenCount>
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(queen): same data as workers. (
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<collectionCode id="ED50A2FAFFDCE855B245F838FBD2F827" box="[1041,1124,1994,2018]" pageId="6" pageNumber="123">NCUE</collectionCode>
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)
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</materialsCitation>
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||
.
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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||
<caption id="DF3E6AB7FFDDE854B6C3FB2CFE5FFAD7" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/579952/files/figure.png" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" targetBox="[150,1436,193,1224]" targetPageId="7">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDDE854B6C3FB2CFE5FFAD7" blockId="7.[151,1436,1246,1298]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDDE854B6C3FB2CFEA5FB36" bold="true" box="[151,275,1246,1268]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">FIGURE 5.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFDDE854B74EFB2CFDE3FB31" authority="Terayama, 2009" authorityName="Terayama" authorityYear="2009" box="[282,597,1246,1268]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDDE854B74EFB2CFE1CFB31" box="[282,426,1246,1268]" italics="true" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Protanilla lini</emphasis>
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Terayama, 2009
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</taxonomicName>
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worker. A. Full-face view. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Body in profile view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B and C, 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<subSubSection id="C35B69B4FFDDE85BB693FAC8FDDEFF10" lastPageId="8" lastPageNumber="125" pageId="7" pageNumber="124" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDDE854B693FAC8FABDFAB3" blockId="7.[151,1437,1338,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDDE854B693FAC8FECBFA96" bold="true" box="[199,381,1338,1363]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Measurements.</emphasis>
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Worker: see Terayama, 2009: 126; female (queen): HL 0.63, HW 0.54, CI 86, SL 0.52, SI 96, ML 0.31, PW 0.42, WL 1.03, PNL 0.24, PNH 0.41, PNW 0.28, PPNL 0.22, PPNH 0.43, PPNW 0.32.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDDE854B693FA70FA8FF9C3" blockId="7.[151,1437,1338,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFDDE854B693FA70FDA3FA5E" bold="true" box="[199,533,1410,1435]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Supplementary description.</emphasis>
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Worker: see Terayama, 2009: 126. Furthermore, a longitudinal inconspicuous groove running along dorsolateral margin of mandible, traversing the width to inner margin at approximately half the length. A series of long stout hairs on masticatory ventral apex of mandible. Presclerites of abdominal segment IV constricted to articulation with postpetiole; pretergite thin; presternite bulging and coarsely sculptured.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFDDE854B693F9E0FA2BF81E" blockId="7.[151,1437,1338,2011]" pageId="7" pageNumber="124">Female (queen): Body yellowish-brown, similar to worker. In full-face view, head somewhat round, as broad as long; sides convex; posterior margin straight to slightly concave. Compound eyes large, located slightly above the middle of sides of head. Ocelli present. Clypeus same shape as in workers. Mandibles long and triangular, with a longitudinal groove running dorsolaterally, traversing the width to inner margin at 1/3 the length to apex; masticatory margin slightly crenulate with approximately 15 peg-like teeth; apical 1/3 denticulate and without peglike teeth. A series of long stout hairs on masticatory ventral margin of mandibular apex, with the foremost one stoutest. In lateral view, mandibles down-curved apically. Antennae 12-segmented; scape long, reaching posterior margin of head; segments 2–11 as long as wide; terminal segment approximately 1.5 times as long as wide. Mesosoma well developed, in lateral view with a flat to slightly convex dorsal outline. Pronotum in dorsal view approximately as long as scutum, with convex sides, in lateral view with a convex dorsal outline. Scutum in dorsal view triangular, in lateral view with a flat dorsal outline. Scutellum in dorsal view small, half the length of scutum, in lateral view with a flat dorsal outline. Propodeum in dorsal view trapezoidal, with straight posterior face and round corners, in lateral view with round dorsal outline. Propodeal spiracle large, above bulla of metapleural gland.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD2E85BB6C3FF65FDDEFF10" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Petiole and postpetiole same shape as that of workers in both dorsal and profile view, but in lateral view petiole and postpetiole thinner than those of workers.</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B69B4FFD2E85BB693FF2DFC49F920" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD2E85BB693FF2DFC5FFE85" blockId="8.[151,1436,151,320]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB693FF2DFE8DFF3D" bold="true" box="[199,315,223,248]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Remarks.</emphasis>
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Records have revealed that
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<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB4C6FF13FD62FF3D" box="[658,724,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB4C6FF13FD62FF3D" box="[658,724,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. lini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is distributed across the north and central parts of Taiwan, primarily in natural or seminatural areas above an altitude of
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<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD2E85BB509FEF6FC1CFED9" box="[861,938,260,285]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="600.0">600 m</quantity>
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.
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<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB5E3FEF6FBEEFED9" box="[951,1112,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
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<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB5E3FEF6FBEEFED9" box="[951,1112,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Protanilla lini</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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workers seem to be spotted more easily on rainy days, possibly because of migrations caused by floods.
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3E6AB7FFD2E85BB6C3FA66FE5FFA0C" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/579953/files/figure.png" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" targetBox="[151,1436,375,1406]" targetPageId="8">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD2E85BB6C3FA66FE5FFA0C" blockId="8.[151,1436,1428,1481]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB6C3FA66FEA2FA6C" bold="true" box="[151,276,1428,1450]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">FIGURE 6.</emphasis>
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||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB74FFA66FDE1FA6F" authority="Terayama, 2009" authorityName="Terayama" authorityYear="2009" box="[283,599,1428,1450]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
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||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB74FFA66FE34FA6F" box="[283,386,1428,1450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Protanilla</emphasis>
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||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB7DEFA66FE1AFA6F" box="[394,428,1428,1450]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">lini</emphasis>
|
||
Terayama, 2009
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||
</taxonomicName>
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queen. A. Full-face view. B. Body in dorsal view. C. Body in profile view. Scale bars: A, 0.5 mm; B and C, 1 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD2E85BB693FA07FC49F920" blockId="8.[151,1437,1525,2018]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B293062FFD2E85BB693FA07FDF1F9F4" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503028577" country="Taiwan" county="Lienhuachih Forest" elevation="760" location="Biological" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" specimenCount="1">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB693FA07FD0BF9CB" bold="true" box="[199,701,1525,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB693FA07FE8BF9CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB693FA07FE8BF9CB" box="[199,317,1525,1550]" country="Taiwan" county="Lienhuachih Forest" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" name="Biological" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Biological</location>
|
||
notes
|
||
<collectedFrom id="385D79C2FFD2E85BB7C6FA07FD99F9CB" box="[402,559,1525,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB7EFFA07FD99F9CB" box="[443,559,1525,1550]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB7EFFA07FD99F9CB" bold="true" box="[443,559,1525,1550]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
</collectedFrom>
|
||
in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="F3567AAFFFD2E85BB40AFA07FD0EF9CB" box="[606,696,1525,1550]" name="Taiwan" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB49CFA07FD42F9CB" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB49CFA07FD42F9CB" box="[712,756,1525,1550]" country="Taiwan" county="Lienhuachih Forest" municipality="Lienhuachih Forest Dynamics Plot" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">The</location>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB4ABFA04FCF6F9C8" box="[767,832,1525,1549]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB4ABFA04FCF6F9C8" box="[767,832,1525,1549]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony was collected from the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9AA045FFD2E85BB2EAFA07FE8BF9F7" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629F42B3FFD2E85BB2EAFA07FA2AF9C8" box="[1214,1436,1525,1550]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Lienhuachih Forest</collectingCounty>
|
||
Dynamics Plot
|
||
</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
at an altitude of
|
||
<elevation id="006CDD0CFFD2E85BB7A8F9EBFDF1F9F4" box="[508,583,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="760.0">
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD2E85BB7A8F9EBFDF1F9F4" box="[508,583,1561,1586]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="7.6" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="760.0">
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D47F1B6FFD2E85BB7A8F9EBFDF1F9F4" box="[508,583,1561,1586]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="generic">760 m</specimenCount>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
</elevation>
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
.
|
||
<materialsCitation id="3B293062FFD2E85BB406F9EBFC49F920" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1503028574" country="Taiwan" county="The area" elevation="840" location="The area" municipality="Fenghuang Education Area" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" specimenCount="840" typeStatus="holotype">
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB406F9EBFD02F9F4" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB406F9EBFD02F9F4" box="[594,692,1561,1586]" country="Taiwan" county="The area" municipality="Fenghuang Education Area" name="The area" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">The area</location>
|
||
is a
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB4BDF9EBFB9EF9F7" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB4BDF9EBFB9EF9F7" box="[745,1064,1561,1586]" country="Taiwan" county="The area" municipality="Fenghuang Education Area" name="Machilus-Castanopsis forest" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Machilus-Castanopsis forest</location>
|
||
zone that is mainly composed of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB6C3F9CCFEBCF990" box="[151,266,1598,1621]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Lauraceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Laurales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Lauraceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB712F9CCFE18F993" box="[326,430,1598,1622]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fagaceae" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fagales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="family">Fagaceae</taxonomicName>
|
||
trees.
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB7AAF9CFFD9CF993" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB7AAF9CFFD9CF993" box="[510,554,1597,1622]" country="Taiwan" county="The area" municipality="Fenghuang Education Area" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">The</location>
|
||
colony was found nesting in some cavities and tunnels within a fallen dead branch.
|
||
<location id="8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB6A5F993FEABF9BF" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E88B29FFDCE85FB6C3F8C9FD6DFDDD:8E9E6CE4FFD2E85BB6A5F993FEABF9BF" box="[241,285,1633,1658]" country="Taiwan" county="The area" municipality="Fenghuang Education Area" name="The" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">The</location>
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB770F990FECCF9BC" box="[292,378,1634,1657]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB770F990FECCF9BC" box="[292,378,1634,1657]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony was collected from the
|
||
<collectingMunicipality id="6B9AA045FFD2E85BB48EF993FBBBF9BF" box="[730,1037,1633,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Fenghuang Education Area</collectingMunicipality>
|
||
at an altitude of
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D47F1B6FFD2E85BB29FF990FAACF9BC" box="[1227,1306,1634,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="generic">
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD2E85BB29FF990FAA0F9BC" box="[1227,1302,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="840.0">
|
||
<elevation id="006CDD0CFFD2E85BB29FF990FAA0F9BC" box="[1227,1302,1634,1658]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="m" value="840.0">840 m</elevation>
|
||
</quantity>
|
||
.
|
||
</specimenCount>
|
||
<collectingCounty id="629F42B3FFD2E85BB375F993FA34F9BC" box="[1313,1410,1633,1658]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">The area</collectingCounty>
|
||
is a tea garden with several
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA849DFFD2E85BB79DF974FDB2F95B" box="[457,516,1670,1694]" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of vegetation, mainly
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB545F977FB8FF958" box="[785,1081,1669,1693]" class="Pinopsida" family="Cupressaceae" genus="Cunninghamia" kingdom="Fungi" order="Pinales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="lanceolata">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB545F977FB8FF958" box="[785,1081,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Cunninghamia lanceolata</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB21FF977FB43F958" box="[1099,1269,1669,1693]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Theaceae" genus="Schima" kingdom="Plantae" order="Ericales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="superb">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB21FF977FB43F958" box="[1099,1269,1669,1693]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Schima superb</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, bamboo, and various ferns. It is near secondary forest which mainly consists of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB52CF958FB94F907" box="[888,1058,1706,1730]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Fabaceae" genus="Acacia" kingdom="Plantae" order="Fabales" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="confuse">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB52CF958FB94F907" box="[888,1058,1706,1730]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Acacia confuse</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The colony was found nesting in a built chamber at a depth of approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD2E85BB4D3F93CFD7AF920" box="[647,716,1742,1766]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" unit="cm" value="20.0">20 cm</quantity>
|
||
in soil, covered by a stone.
|
||
</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35B69B4FFD2E85FB693F903FD6DFDDD" lastPageId="12" lastPageNumber="129" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" type="description">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD2E85AB693F903FF59FED8" blockId="8.[151,1437,1525,2018]" lastBlockId="9.[151,1437,151,285]" lastPageId="9" lastPageNumber="126" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">
|
||
The
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB754F900FEF1F8CF" box="[256,327,1778,1802]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB754F900FEF1F8CF" box="[256,327,1778,1802]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB7DEF900FE50F8CC" box="[394,486,1778,1801]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB7DEF900FE50F8CC" box="[394,486,1778,1801]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies were observed in our laboratory for the duration of 6 and 2 months, respectively. All of the members demonstrated the behavior noted by Wilson and Hölldobler (1990), which is consistent with those of typical trap-jaw ants (e.g.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB55CF8C8FC07F897" box="[776,945,1850,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Odontomachus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB55CF8C8FC07F897" box="[776,945,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Odontomachus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB5A3F8C8FBDDF897" box="[1015,1131,1850,1874]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anochetus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB5A3F8C8FBDDF897" box="[1015,1131,1850,1874]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Anochetus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Although mandibles of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB6C3F8AFFEBFF8B0" box="[151,265,1885,1909]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB6C3F8AFFEBFF8B0" box="[151,265,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers are not linear in shape, they are able to open to 180 degrees and strike during predatory interactions. This behavior was also recorded in "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB4B0F870FCD5F85F" box="[740,867,1922,1946]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wallacei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB4B0F870FCD5F85F" box="[740,867,1922,1946]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">P. wallacei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" a few times in the laboratory (F. Ito, personal communication). Furthermore, we observed that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB4E8F857FC98F878" box="[700,814,1957,1981]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB4E8F857FC98F878" box="[700,814,1957,1981]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers locked their mandibles in the striking position when guarding their nest entrances in the laboratory. The guarding behavior was also recorded in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD2E85BB2A2F838FAC1F824" box="[1270,1399,1994,2017]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="8" pageNumber="125" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD2E85BB2A2F838FAC1F824" box="[1270,1399,1994,2017]" italics="true" pageId="8" pageNumber="125">L. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by Masuko (1990), who noted that most of the workers stood near the brood pile facing outward, with the anterior half of the body raised, the forelegs suspended in the air, and the mandibles open. However, whether
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD3E85AB2B6FF4EFAE3FF11" box="[1250,1365,188,212]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB2B6FF4EFAE3FF11" box="[1250,1365,188,212]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">Leptanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
could quickly snap their mandibles as those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD3E85AB423FF12FD5FFF3D" box="[631,745,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB423FF12FD5FFF3D" box="[631,745,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other trap-jaw ants was not mentioned in the previous articles.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<caption id="DF3E6AB7FFD3E85AB6C3F87AFBD0F85B" box="[151,1126,1928,1950]" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/579954/files/figure.png" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" targetBox="[151,1436,337,1907]" targetPageId="9">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD3E85AB6C3F87AFBD0F85B" blockId="9.[151,1126,1928,1950]" box="[151,1126,1928,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB6C3F87AFEA4F858" bold="true" box="[151,274,1928,1950]" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">FIGURE 7.</emphasis>
|
||
Distribution map of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD3E85AB7B3F87AFD3FF85B" box="[487,649,1928,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB7B3F87AFD3FF85B" box="[487,649,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">Protanilla jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB4DBF87AFD69F858" bold="true" box="[655,735,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A2065B56FFD3E85AB4DBF87AFD69F858" box="[655,735,1928,1949]" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD3E85AB545F87BFC43F85B" authority="Terayama, 2009" authorityName="Terayama" authorityYear="2009" box="[785,1013,1928,1950]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="9" pageNumber="126" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD3E85AB545F87BFCFAF85B" box="[785,844,1928,1950]" italics="true" pageId="9" pageNumber="126">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
Terayama, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in Taiwan.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<caption id="DF3E6AB7FFD0E859B6C3F977FE05F91D" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/579955/files/figure.png" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" targetBox="[151,1435,196,1648]" targetPageId="10">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD0E859B6C3F977FE05F91D" blockId="10.[151,1436,1669,1752]" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B6C3F977FEA2F95F" bold="true" box="[151,276,1669,1691]" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">FIGURE 8.</emphasis>
|
||
A.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B768F977FDCEF95E" authority="Terayama, 2009" authorityName="Terayama" authorityYear="2009" box="[316,632,1669,1691]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B768F977FE7AF95E" box="[316,460,1669,1691]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Protanilla lini</emphasis>
|
||
Terayama, 2009
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers preying on a centipede; in the upper-left corner, a worker is depicted with its mandibles open to 180 degrees. B.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B402F956FD51F97F" box="[598,743,1700,1722]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B402F956FD51F97F" box="[598,743,1700,1722]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">Protanilla lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
feeding on a paralyzed centipede, with a dealated queen and brood pile in the lower-left corner.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</caption>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD0E858B693F8F4FD3FFE85" blockId="10.[151,1436,1797,2038]" lastBlockId="11.[151,1437,151,789]" lastPageId="11" lastPageNumber="128" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">
|
||
In our laboratory observations, we provided various
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA849DFFD0E859B566F8F4FCDBF8DB" box="[818,877,1798,1822]" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of prey (centipedes, cockroaches, meal worms, termites, springtails, and woodlice). Only certain
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA849DFFD0E859B48FF8D8FCA0F887" box="[731,790,1834,1858]" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">types</typeStatus>
|
||
of centipedes were accepted; specifically, both species appeared to prefer geophilomorph centipedes that were approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD0E859B58BF8BCFB8EF8A0" box="[991,1080,1870,1894]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.5" metricValueMax="4.0" metricValueMin="3.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" unit="cm" value="3.5" valueMax="4.0" valueMin="3.0">3–4 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length. Smaller and larger geophilomorph centipedes were also acceptable, but the members were unable to finish those exceeding
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD0E859B365F883FADAF84C" box="[1329,1388,1905,1929]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
. We removed them to avoid a sanitation problem in the nest. Moreover, as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B5FCF864FC4BF868" box="[936,1021,1942,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B5FCF864FC4BF868" box="[936,1021,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is larger than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B2C9F864FB6BF868" box="[1181,1245,1941,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B2C9F864FB6BF868" box="[1181,1245,1941,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B2B8F864FAF6F868" box="[1260,1344,1942,1965]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B2B8F864FAF6F868" box="[1260,1344,1942,1965]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
seemed to prefer larger prey compared with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B47DF848FDDFF814" box="[553,617,1977,2001]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B47DF848FDDFF814" box="[553,617,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This observation is similar to the ecological notes in Ogata
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B358F848FAF2F814" box="[1292,1348,1977,2001]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
(1995), which reported that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD0E859B7C4F82CFD8CF830" box="[400,570,2014,2037]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="10" pageNumber="127" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taiwanensis">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD0E859B7C4F82CFD8CF830" box="[400,570,2014,2037]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="127">L. taiwanensis</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
larvae were found in the field feeding on a geophilomorph centipede approximately
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD1E858B717FF6AFEC8FF6A" box="[323,382,152,176]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
|
||
in length; Masuko (1990) also demonstrated this phenomenon, indicating that
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B34DFF6BFA2AFF6A" box="[1305,1436,152,176]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B34DFF6BFA2AFF6A" box="[1305,1436,152,176]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">L. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
exclusively fed on geophilomorph centipedes ranging from
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD1E858B566FF4EFC32FF11" box="[818,900,188,212]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.5" metricValueMax="2.0" metricValueMin="1.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="1.5" valueMax="2.0" valueMin="1.0">1–2 cm</quantity>
|
||
in the laboratory (but whether centipedes larger than
|
||
<quantity id="4CB997DAFFD1E858B69AFF12FEB3FF32" box="[206,261,224,248]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.0" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" unit="cm" value="2.0">2 cm</quantity>
|
||
were provided is unclear). However, "
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B4E1FF13FC99FF3D" box="[693,815,224,248]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="wallacei">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B4E1FF13FC99FF3D" box="[693,815,224,248]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. wallacei</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
" was observed to feed on
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B202FF12FB6FFF32" box="[1110,1241,224,247]" class="Entognatha" family="Japygidae" genus="Occasjapyx" kingdom="Animalia" order="Diplura" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B202FF12FB6FFF32" box="[1110,1241,224,247]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Occasjapyx</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
diplurans (Billen
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6C3FEF7FF79FED9" box="[151,207,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2013). Further field and laboratory observations are required to determine the degree to which
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B2AEFEF6FADAFED9" box="[1274,1388,260,284]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2AEFEF6FADAFED9" box="[1274,1388,260,284]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and other
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B683FED5FEDDFE85" box="[215,363,295,320]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
specialize on centipedes.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B693FEBFFF7DFDD2" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
In our captive colonies, when a live centipede was encountered by
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B5A2FEBEFBDEFEA1" box="[1014,1128,332,356]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B5A2FEBEFBDEFEA1" box="[1014,1128,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the workers grabbed the appendages of the centipede by quickly snapping their mandibles and stinging the victim. The centipede was paralyzed within a few minutes and transported back to the nest, where it was consumed by numerous larvae that were carried and attached to the prey by the workers. We did not observe the situation discussed in Masuko (1990), where
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B6B0FE2FFED3FE31" box="[228,357,477,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6B0FE2FFED3FE31" box="[228,357,477,500]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">L. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
workers carried the larvae toward the paralyzed prey rather than bringing the prey back to the nest.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B693FDD7FD55FD08" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
However, whether the synchronized larval development and larval hemolymph feeding behaviors in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B3D1FDD7FF4FFD9A" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Leptanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="japonica">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B3D1FDD7FF4FFD9A" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">L. japonica</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
also appear in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B7F9FDBAFDA9FDA5" box="[429,543,584,608]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B7F9FDBAFDA9FDA5" box="[429,543,584,608]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species remains unclear. In our observations, we did not record the gynes of either species feeding on larvae. Nevertheless, during the 6-month observation of the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B205FD9FFB24FD41" box="[1105,1170,620,644]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="lini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B205FD9FFB24FD41" box="[1105,1170,620,644]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. lini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colony, we did note the larvae of different instars present in the colony at the same time. More living material of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B2E5FD62FA95FD6D" box="[1201,1315,656,680]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2E5FD62FA95FD6D" box="[1201,1315,656,680]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species is needed for the further examination of larval biology.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B693FD2AFADEFCD0" blockId="11.[151,1437,151,789]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
In addition, strong and distinct odors spread when the two
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B50AFD2AFC66FD35" box="[862,976,728,752]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B50AFD2AFC66FD35" box="[862,976,728,752]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
colonies were excavated and even when undisturbed in the laboratory. However, it remains unclear whether the odor was produced by adults or larvae.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B6C3FCB1FADAFC45" blockId="11.[151,1436,835,896]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6C3FCB1FD2FFC98" bold="true" box="[151,665,835,861]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6C3FCB1FE9FFC99" bold="true" box="[151,297,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
as a synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B44AFCB1FD24FC99" box="[542,658,835,860]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B44AFCB1FD24FC99" bold="true" box="[542,658,835,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
According to Xu (2012), the monotypic genus
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2B9FCB6FACCFC99" box="[1261,1402,836,860]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
is morphologically close to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B7E0FC9AFD90FC45" box="[436,550,872,896]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B7E0FC9AFD90FC45" box="[436,550,872,896]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, but is distinguishable by the combination of the following characteristics:
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B6C3FC42FC8AFC28" blockId="11.[151,1257,943,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">1) Massive mandibles armed with a long tooth and a short tooth on the lateroventral margin; 2) Postpetiole broadly attached to the anterior face of gaster;</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B6C3FC0AFC46FBD5" blockId="11.[151,1257,943,1077]" box="[151,1008,1015,1040]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">3) Ventral outline of postpetiolar sternite in lateral view deeply concave; and</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B6C3FBEEFB5FFBF0" blockId="11.[151,1257,943,1077]" box="[151,1257,1052,1077]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">4) Anterior margin of the abdominal segment IV deeply concave in order to accept the postpetiole.</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B693FB97FDADF9E7" blockId="11.[151,1437,1124,2029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
However, we found that the characters of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B48CFB97FC80FBB9" box="[728,822,1125,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B48CFB97FC80FBB9" box="[728,822,1125,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are intermediate between those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B2A6FB96FAD2FBB9" box="[1266,1380,1124,1148]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2A6FB96FAD2FBB9" box="[1266,1380,1124,1148]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6C3FB75FE95FB5A" box="[151,291,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
, raising doubts about the validity of
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B4E8FB75FCFEFB5A" box="[700,840,1159,1183]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
. First,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B5CCFB7AFC5AFB5A" box="[920,1004,1160,1183]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B5CCFB7AFC5AFB5A" box="[920,1004,1160,1183]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
has a single, inconspicuous, and small tooth at the ventral margin of its long and thin mandibles. The tooth seems to be equivalent to the two rather developed teeth seen in
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B7F6FB3FFD98FB20" box="[418,558,1229,1253]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
; that is to say that the shape of the mandibular blade of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B2C8FB3CFB47FB20" box="[1180,1265,1230,1253]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2C8FB3CFB47FB20" box="[1180,1265,1230,1253]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is intermediate between
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6A9FB03FE3FFACC" box="[253,393,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
and typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B44CFB03FD3CFACC" box="[536,650,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B44CFB03FD3CFACC" box="[536,650,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
spp., though overall more similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B2CDFB03FABDFACC" box="[1177,1291,1265,1289]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B2CDFB03FABDFACC" box="[1177,1291,1265,1289]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Specialized shapes of mandibular blades are also found in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B4FFFAE7FCACFAE9" box="[683,794,1301,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="izanagi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B4FFFAE7FCACFAE9" box="[683,794,1301,1324]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. izanagi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B500FAE6FBECFAE9" box="[852,1114,1300,1324]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Anomalomyrma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="taylori">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B500FAE6FBECFAE9" box="[852,1114,1300,1324]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Anomalomyrma taylori</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, which have a high, convex lamella projecting vertically from the dorsal surface of each mandible. Thus, the shape of the mandibular blade seems to be inadequate for distinguishing genera of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B4ABFAA8FC25FAB6" box="[767,915,1370,1395]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="subFamily" subFamily="Leptanillinae">Leptanillinae</taxonomicName>
|
||
because modifications of the character have probably occurred frequently in the tribe
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B4C2FA8FFCE9FA53" box="[662,863,1405,1430]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="tribe" tribe="Anomalomyrmini">Anomalomyrmini</taxonomicName>
|
||
(see also Borowiec
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B237FA8CFB12FA50" box="[1123,1188,1405,1429]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011). Furthermore,
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B6C3FA53FE95FA7C" box="[151,291,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B708FA53FE78FA7C" box="[348,462,1441,1465]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B708FA53FE78FA7C" box="[348,462,1441,1465]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species (including
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B4F8FA53FCB4FA7D" box="[684,770,1441,1464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B4F8FA53FCB4FA7D" box="[684,770,1441,1464]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) exhibit similarities in the arrangement of teeth and setae/ hairs of the mandibles, including peg-like teeth on the masticatory margins, which were considered a synapomorphy of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B73DFA15FD5BFA3A" authority="Borowiec et al. 2011" authorityName="Borowiec et al." authorityYear="2011" box="[361,749,1511,1536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B73DFA15FE6DFA3A" box="[361,475,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
(Borowiec
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B431FA1AFD17FA3A" box="[613,673,1511,1535]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">et al.</emphasis>
|
||
2011)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, denticles at the down-curved mandibular apex, and a long stout hair in the anteroventral part.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD1E858B693F9DCFDB0F828" blockId="11.[151,1437,1124,2029]" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">
|
||
In addition to the mandible features,
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B431F9DCFD0DF980" box="[613,699,1582,1605]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B431F9DCFD0DF980" box="[613,699,1582,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
shows an intermediate or mosaic condition between
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B35BF9DFFA2DF980" box="[1295,1435,1581,1605]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
and typical
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B776F9A3FE22F9AC" box="[290,404,1617,1641]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B776F9A3FE22F9AC" box="[290,404,1617,1641]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
regarding the shape of the postpetiole and the structure of the articulation between the postpetiole and abdominal segment IV. The postpetiole of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B518F987FC14F949" box="[844,930,1653,1676]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B518F987FC14F949" box="[844,930,1653,1676]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is trapezoidal in dorsal view, and broadly attached to abdominal segment IV; these characteristics are identical to those of
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B24EF965FB10F96A" box="[1050,1190,1687,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
. In
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B287F96AFA91F96A" box="[1235,1319,1688,1711]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B287F96AFA91F96A" box="[1235,1319,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, however, the anterior margin of abdominal segment IV is just slightly concave in dorsal view, and the side of abdominal segment IV lacks any deep and narrow notch between the tergite and sternite at the anterior margin; these characteristics are similar to those of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B40EF8F3FD7AF8DC" box="[602,716,1793,1817]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B40EF8F3FD7AF8DC" box="[602,716,1793,1817]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Furthermore, the postpetiolar sternite and presternite of the abdominal segment IV in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B794F8D7FDA1F8F9" box="[448,535,1829,1852]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B794F8D7FDA1F8F9" box="[448,535,1829,1852]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, when the articulation is outstretched, form a continuous ventral outline that is nearly straight at the postpetiolar sternite and prominent at the presternite of abdominal segment IV. By contrast, the ventral outline of the postpetiolar sternite in
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B4EBF898FCFAF847" box="[703,844,1898,1922]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
is deeply concave according to Xu (2012). Overall, the characteristics observed in
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B7A0F87CFDFDF860" box="[500,587,1934,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B7A0F87CFDFDF860" box="[500,587,1934,1957]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are more typical of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD1E858B567F87FFC13F860" box="[819,933,1933,1957]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="11" pageNumber="128" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD1E858B567F87FFC13F860" box="[819,933,1933,1957]" italics="true" pageId="11" pageNumber="128">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
species, in which the postpetiolar sternite is not concave, and the presternite of abdominal segment IV is coarsely sculptured and bulging, which can be seen in other species to varying degrees.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE3A3FFFD6E85FB693FF6AFD6DFDDD" blockId="12.[151,1437,151,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Current taxonomy strives to make all higher taxa monophyletic. Rates of evolution vary among characters, and creating a new higher taxon based on only a few traits may result in paraphyly. This may be misleading for studies of behavior and biology. Some major ant genera, which consist of hundreds of species, contain subgroups with highly divergent morphology. We should avoid creating new genera based only on morphological gaps, and instead place highly divergent species into informal “species-groups.” We should avoid the description of new genera until we have a clear understanding of their evolutionary history. In this case, we can easily speculate that
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB2A2FEBEFA35FEA1" box="[1270,1411,332,356]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
is actually well-embedded within the
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB46AFE82FD06FE4D" box="[574,688,368,392]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB46AFE82FD06FE4D" box="[574,688,368,392]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
clade, with highly-derived mandibles and some other notable characters. In fact, the only species of
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB438FE66FC69FE69" box="[620,991,404,428]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
Furcotanilla, F.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB579FE66FC69FE69" box="[813,991,404,428]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcomandibula">furcomandibula</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
, was initially described as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB37EFE66FE56FE15" authority="in Xu, 2002" authorityName="in Xu" authorityYear="2002" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcomandibula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB37EFE66FEFFFE15" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Protanilla furcomandibula</emphasis>
|
||
in Xu, 2002
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. The intermediate status of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB574FE4BFCC1FE0A" box="[800,887,440,464]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="jongi">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB574FE4BFCC1FE0A" box="[800,887,440,464]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">P. jongi</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
helps further bridge the gap between these two genera. In conclusion, we synonymize
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB435FE2EFD58FE31" box="[609,750,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Furcotanilla</emphasis>
|
||
with
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB562FE2EFC1EFE31" box="[822,936,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB562FE2EFC1EFE31" box="[822,936,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, and transfer “
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB208FE2FFA98FE31" box="[1116,1326,476,500]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">
|
||
F.
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB228FE2EFA98FE31" box="[1148,1326,476,500]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcomandibula">furcomandibula</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
” back to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB6C3FDF2FEBFFDDD" box="[151,265,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB6C3FDF2FEBFFDDD" box="[151,265,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Protanilla</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C4141BCFFD6E85FB77AFDF2FDEFFDDD" box="[302,601,512,536]" class="Insecta" family="Formicidae" genus="Protanilla" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hymenoptera" pageId="12" pageNumber="129" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="furcomandibula">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB77AFDF2FDEFFDDD" box="[302,601,512,536]" italics="true" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">Protanilla furcomandibula</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<emphasis id="B935E62DFFD6E85FB434FE0DFD6DFDDD" bold="true" box="[608,731,511,536]" pageId="12" pageNumber="129">rev. comb.</emphasis>
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |