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<mods:title id="7DBBE9FA18360931FDF4D856771A2CCA">The pea crab genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae) from Singapore and Peninsular Malaysia, with a reappraisal of diagnostic characters and descriptions of two new genera</mods:title>
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<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB378B1CF2D2167C7E" bold="true" box="[235,631,509,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
Genus
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB365C1CF2D2167C7E" ID-CoL="7NQY7" authority="Manning, 1993 a" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[316,631,509,533]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB365C1CF2D1D57C7E" bold="true" box="[316,436,509,533]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36DD1CF2D2167C7E" author="Manning RB" box="[445,631,509,533]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="523 - 531" refId="ref66410" refString="Manning RB (1993 a) Three genera removed from the synonymy of Pinnotheres Bosc, 1802 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106: 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="1993">Manning, 1993a</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
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<subSubSection id="C35B6545CE7BFFDB37111F32D12E7C1E" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" type="type_taxon">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CECE7BFFDB37111F32D12E7C1E" blockId="10.[113,752,573,629]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB37111F32D1757C3E" bold="true" box="[113,276,573,597]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
<typeStatus id="54FA886CCE7BFFDB37111F32D0CC7C3E" box="[113,173,573,597]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Type</typeStatus>
species.
</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB367F1F32D2A47C3E" ID-CoL="4HZ88" authority="Burger, 1895" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" box="[287,709,573,598]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Pinnotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palaensis">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB367F1F32D27F7C3E" box="[287,542,573,597]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Pinnotheres palaensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB35491F31D2A47C3E" author="Burger O" box="[553,709,573,598]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="361 - 390" refId="ref62795" refString="Burger O (1895) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pinnotherinen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 8: 361 - 390, pls. 9, 10." type="book chapter" year="1895">Bürger, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, by original designation.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B6545CE7BFFDB37111F92D23E7A1E" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" type="diagnosis">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CECE7BFFDB37111F92D23E7A1E" blockId="10.[112,754,669,1141]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB37111F92D0887CDE" bold="true" box="[113,233,669,693]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
MXP3 dactylus slender (digitiform), inserted on proximal one-third or near midlength of ventral margin of propodus, variable length; propodus linear, usually spatuliform, 2.53.0 times longer than wide; inner margin of widest part of ischiomerus rounded to gently angular; exopod relatively slender with proximal part of exopod not especially wide. Female P4 asymmetrical, with one side distinctly longer (usually merus, propodus, and dactylus); longer P4 and both P5 dactyli longer, different in structure than those of P2 and P3; P5 dactylus elongate, linear; ischiomeral articulation perpendicular to segment axis.
<collectingRegion id="4985F82CCE7BFFDB35D91ED2D2917D9E" box="[697,752,989,1013]" country="Maldives" name="Maale" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Male</collectingRegion>
pleon broadly triangular, telson subhexagonal, subpentagonal to broadly triangular or semicircular, widest basally near midlength. G1 relatively stout, arcuate, with or without subdistal ventral projection; G2 with exopod.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35B6545CE7BFFDB37111992D1F479FE" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="8BFE36CECE7BFFDB37111992D28C7BDE" blockId="10.[112,754,1181,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB37111992D0BE7ADE" bold="true" box="[113,223,1181,1205]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Remarks.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB37841992D1397ADE" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[228,344,1181,1205]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB37841992D1397ADE" box="[228,344,1181,1205]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
must be attributed to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB35591992D2907ADE" author="Manning RB" box="[569,753,1181,1205]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="523 - 531" refId="ref66410" refString="Manning RB (1993 a) Three genera removed from the synonymy of Pinnotheres Bosc, 1802 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106: 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="1993">Manning (1993a)</bibRefCitation>
even though the name was first used in 1880 by Nauck in an unpublished note and later cited by
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB357919D1D28D7A9E" author="Burger O" box="[537,748,1245,1270]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="361 - 390" refId="ref62795" refString="Burger O (1895) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pinnotherinen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 8: 361 - 390, pls. 9, 10." type="book chapter" year="1895">Bürger (1895: 361)</bibRefCitation>
, although he did not recognise the genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB355719F2D0C77B5E" author="Manning RB" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="523 - 531" refId="ref66410" refString="Manning RB (1993 a) Three genera removed from the synonymy of Pinnotheres Bosc, 1802 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106: 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="1993">Manning (1993a: 524)</bibRefCitation>
diagnosed the genus in a short note, attributed the authorship to
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36761831D1DB7B3E" author="Burger O" box="[278,442,1341,1366]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="361 - 390" refId="ref62795" refString="Burger O (1895) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pinnotherinen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 8: 361 - 390, pls. 9, 10." type="book chapter" year="1895">Bürger (1895)</bibRefCitation>
and assigned
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB35071832D1027B1E" authority="Burger, 1895" authorityName="Burger" authorityYear="1895" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Pinnotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="palaensis">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB35071832D0B27B1E" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Pinnotheres palaensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB37B91851D1027B1E" author="Burger O" box="[217,355,1373,1398]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="361 - 390" refId="ref62795" refString="Burger O (1895) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pinnotherinen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 8: 361 - 390, pls. 9, 10." type="book chapter" year="1895">Bürger, 1895</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, as the
<typeStatus id="54FA886CCE7BFFDB36CB1851D1B97B1D" box="[427,472,1374,1398]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">type</typeStatus>
species (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB35EB1852D08A7BFE" author="Manning RB" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="523 - 531" refId="ref66410" refString="Manning RB (1993 a) Three genera removed from the synonymy of Pinnotheres Bosc, 1802 (Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 106: 523 - 531." type="journal article" year="1993">Manning, 1993a: 127</bibRefCitation>
, 128).
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36581872D2077BFE" author="Campos E &amp; Manning RB" box="[312,614,1405,1429]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="167 - 170" refId="ref63306" refString="Campos E &amp; Manning RB (2001) Authorship and diagnosis of the genus Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Crustacea: Brachyura: Pinnotheridae). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 49: 167 - 170." type="journal article" year="2001">Campos &amp; Manning (2001)</bibRefCitation>
clarified the nomenclature of the genus (see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB35611891D2807BDE" author="Ng PKL &amp; Guinot D &amp; Davie PJF" box="[513,737,1437,1462]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="1 - 286" refId="ref67385" refString="Ng PKL, Guinot D &amp; Davie PJF (2008) Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant brachyuran crabs of the world. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 17: 1 - 286." type="journal article" year="2008">Ng et al., 2008: 252</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFE36CECE7BFFDB371118D2D1F479FE" blockId="10.[112,754,1501,1941]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB371118D2D08D7B9E" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[113,236,1501,1525]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB371118D2D08D7B9E" box="[113,236,1501,1525]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is a large genus with over 30 species, with
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB371118F2D133787E" author="Ahyong ST &amp; Ng PKL" box="[113,338,1533,1558]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="188 - 211" refId="ref62434" refString="Ahyong ST &amp; Ng PKL (2021) The pinnotherid crabs from the Gulf of Siam described by Rathbun (1909) (Decapoda: Brachyura): Revisited and revised. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 69: 188 - 211." type="journal article" year="2021">Ahyong &amp; Ng (2021)</bibRefCitation>
having recently transferred another five to the genus.
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36621B11D1CC785E" author="Ng PKL &amp; Clark PF &amp; Mitra S &amp; Kumar AB" box="[258,429,1565,1590]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="1079 - 1097" refId="ref67243" refString="Ng PKL, Clark PF, Mitra S &amp; Kumar AB (2017) Arcotheres borradailei (Nobili, 1906) and Pinnotheres ridgewayi Southwell, 1911: A reassessment of characters and generic assignment of species to Arcotheres Manning, 1993 (Decapoda, Brachyura, Pinnotheridae). Crustaceana, 90 (7 - 10): 1079 - 1097." type="journal article" year="2017">Ng et al. (2017)</bibRefCitation>
questioned the monophyly of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB37121B32D085783E" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[114,228,1597,1621]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB37121B32D085783E" box="[114,228,1597,1621]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(see also
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36261B32D247783E" author="Ahyong ST &amp; Ng PKL" box="[326,550,1597,1622]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="191 - 226" refId="ref62272" refString="Ahyong ST &amp; Ng PKL (2007 b) The pinnotherid type material of Semper (1880), Nauck (1880) and Burger (1895) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura). Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Supplement 16: 191 - 226." type="journal article" year="2007">Ahyong &amp; Ng, 2007b</bibRefCitation>
) given the diversity in form in the large genus, and singled out
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB35361B51D17478FE" authority="(Nobili, 1906 a)" baseAuthorityName="Nobili" baseAuthorityYear="1906" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Pinnoteres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="borradailei">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB35361B51D291781E" box="[598,752,1629,1653]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">A. borradailei</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB37191B72D16C78FE" author="Nobili G" box="[121,269,1661,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="393 - 411" refId="ref67711" refString="Nobili G (1906 a) Diagnoses preliminaires de 34 especes et varietes nouvelles, et de 2 genres nouveaux de Decapodes de la Mer Rouge. Bulletin du Museum d'Histoire naturelle, 11: 393 - 411." type="journal article" year="1906">Nobili, 1906a</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
and
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB36261B71D2F278FE" authority="(Southwell, 1911)" baseAuthorityName="Southwell" baseAuthorityYear="1911" box="[326,659,1661,1685]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Pinnoteres" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="ridgewayi">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB36261B71D1AF78FE" box="[326,462,1661,1685]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">A. ridgewayi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36BB1B72D2EA78FE" author="Southwell T" box="[475,651,1661,1685]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="226 - 227" refId="ref69486" refString="Southwell T (1911) Description of a new species of Pinnoteres [sic] and of female of Pinnoteres [sic] margaritiferae, Laurie. [Article 19]. Reports from the Ceylon Marine Biological Laboratory, 1 (5): 226 - 227, pl. 3." type="journal article" year="1911">Southwell, 1911</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
as being different in several features of the pereopods. Both species are here synonymised with
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB36ED1BB2D126789E" authority="(Hombron &amp; Jacquinot, 1846)" authorityName="Ng &amp; Ahyong" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Hombron &amp; Jacquinot" baseAuthorityYear="1846" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Magnotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="globosus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB36ED1BB2D21A78BE" box="[397,635,1725,1749]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Magnotheres globosus</emphasis>
(Hombron &amp; Jacquinot, 1846)
</taxonomicName>
(see later). The carapace, MXP3, and pereopods of
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB366C1BF1D22F797E" authority="(Burger, 1895)" authorityName="Ng &amp; Ahyong" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Burger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[268,590,1789,1813]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Plenotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctatus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB366C1BF1D1FE797E" box="[268,415,1790,1813]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">A. coarctatus</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B3FCE7BFFDB36D21BF2D227797E" author="Burger O" box="[434,582,1789,1813]" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" pagination="361 - 390" refId="ref62795" refString="Burger O (1895) Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Pinnotherinen. Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abtheilung fur Systematik, Geographie und Biologie der Thiere, 8: 361 - 390, pls. 9, 10." type="book chapter" year="1895">Bürger, 1895</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
are also quite different from those of typical
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB36DF1A12D252795E" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[447,563,1821,1845]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB36DF1A12D252795E" box="[447,563,1821,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, so
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB35021A11D293795E" authorityName="Ng &amp; Ahyong" authorityYear="2022" baseAuthorityName="Burger" baseAuthorityYear="1895" box="[610,754,1822,1845]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Plenotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="coarctatus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB35021A11D293795E" box="[610,754,1822,1845]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">A. coarctatus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
is also referred here to its own genus,
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB354F1A32D2D3793E" authority="Ng &amp; Ahyong, 2022" authorityName="Ng &amp; Ahyong" authorityYear="2022" box="[559,690,1853,1877]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Plenotheres" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus" status="gen. nov.">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB354F1A32D2D3793E" box="[559,690,1853,1877]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Plenotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
,
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657A7CE7BFFDB35A31A31D0D2791D" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" rank="genus">new genus</taxonomicNameLabel>
. As redefined in this study,
<taxonomicName id="4C414D4DCE7BFFDB36841A52D238791E" authorityName="Manning" authorityYear="1993" box="[484,601,1885,1909]" class="Malacostraca" family="Pinnotheridae" genus="Arcotheres" kingdom="Animalia" order="Decapoda" pageId="10" pageNumber="144" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B935EADCCE7BFFDB36841A52D238791E" box="[484,601,1885,1909]" italics="true" pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Arcotheres</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
now contains 23 valid species (
<tableCitation id="C6C30375CE7BFFDB36511A72D1E479FE" box="[305,389,1917,1941]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="9.[136,191,189,211]" captionText="Table 1. List of species in Arcotheres and related genera." pageId="10" pageNumber="144">Table 1</tableCitation>
).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>