280 lines
34 KiB
XML
280 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="F2BB03A649AA9E0FE4763824811518B7" ID-DOI="10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257" ID-ISSN="1478-0941" ID-PMC="PMC6130837" ID-PubMed="30210265" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883262" ID-ZooBank="EDD6E170-CA64-4FFB-8DD1-AED2D61D5504" IM.bibliography_approvedBy="diego" IM.illustrations_approvedBy="diego" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="diego" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_approvedBy="diego" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" IM.treatments_approvedBy="diego" checkinTime="1711483590210" checkinUser="felipe" docAuthor="Marram ̀, Giuseppe, Claeso, Kerin M., Carneval, Giorgio & Kriwe, Jurgen" docDate="2018" docId="03E887962264B04C27B2EFB5FDDCFED8" docLanguage="en" docName="JSystPalaeontol.16.14.1189-1219.pdf" docOrigin="Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 16 (14)" docSource="http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257" docStyle="DocumentStyle:6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571.1:JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleId="6400638016C1F4AE0D0B6502E032D571" docStyleName="JSystPalaeontol.2016-.journal_article.closed" docStyleVersion="1" docTitle="Titanonarke megapterygia Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe 2018, sp. nov." docType="treatment" docVersion="1" lastPageNumber="1206" masterDocId="FFD1FFEE2275B05F2472E94CFFD9FFCC" masterDocTitle="Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes" masterLastPageNumber="1219" masterPageNumber="1189" pageNumber="1205" updateTime="1712145816225" updateUser="diego">
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<mods:mods id="F428EACC0D8E2709D457D4B1A9EB9D4E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="089E0AD00F0C4E2BBED54AD39F11AA75">
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<mods:title id="CD6018A5CA0CF1D68167BE3BA36CF02C">Revision of Eocene electric rays (Torpediniformes, Batomorphii) from the Bolca Konservat-Lagerst atte, Italy, reveals the first fossil embryo in situ in marine batoids and provides new insights into the origin of trophic novelties in coral reef fishes</mods:title>
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<mods:name id="D73E04E0A24A9408FF4E88A614AFD5B6" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="774D78BEDE59BF9D543D7F3AB62A84DC">
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<mods:roleTerm id="187262EA471B958D89181C5E0433B1EC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="0BBA8E2997138A9FBD0CBE86203674CD">Marram ̀, Giuseppe</mods:namePart>
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<mods:affiliation id="7A805F90E37DD0F3BE9E11B1E50BB3CF">University of Vienna, Department of Palaeontology, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna;</mods:affiliation>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="686E2C2EAE7125183767EF9B4C6160EE" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="3E2594522DACD0BB8D80AFFAD5ECD200">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="8CF05708DE3A8A1668BACB7298E00E2C">Claeso, Kerin M.</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="107C6441AA6F02C3A79C8EBA158C89A4" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="4BD514A10D647D7E5CB60F3734BF7D37">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="1010554DC7ECA99F93A409E13B456114">Carneval, Giorgio</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="D62B09BE4ECF285FF95DF7E304777367" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="BFD97728D6454F9271BF3E43141A7D96">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2100FFC2AE44B593D3E9EFB11C39E4CD">Kriwe, Jurgen</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="F95D97296A6C341873EF2108C5D3C5FB">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:title id="F5A2BE0FF176F680226B4156747E2D6D">Journal of Systematic Palaeontology</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="4B89D9ECE5F71D78E664CC0345526492">
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<mods:date id="F58AF6AEBBBD9111E87B04F537080301">2018</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="B6C559FE636FDF2EEF27E108FE731BAF">2017-09-21</mods:number>
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<mods:detail id="6529EC74D076215789A9C0DAC7C2E6DD" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="49915184F4E2C5175FA3692E7BB099F5">16</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:detail id="653CA76CAB6FAA702BA3AA67FD8C1C82" type="issue">
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<mods:number id="B75438618C143552610373C203ED9EC2">14</mods:number>
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<mods:extent id="D81FE95330B88ECFAF8A51001A270320" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="9A6D0076B1D15F83DBB2923D4666A7F4">1189</mods:start>
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<mods:url id="DF25D7681BD2F52FBEBFA39755D16941">http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257</mods:url>
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<mods:classification id="D40735339B3A37ED36F28358B1194977">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="F7DED66E2818174CEC2152E182162B76" type="DOI">10.1080/14772019.2017.1371257</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="6ACADB2E4B131A9C1BF2D11DFC2FAA49" type="ISSN">1478-0941</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="0A2F4EF8909B32E8FBF84AB1B97B8EDC" type="PMC">PMC6130837</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="D52ED00A443252F3EEF09A5DCFB0E859" type="PubMed">30210265</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="3854F4D66E32F92EC546EF1672E087AE" type="Zenodo-Dep">10883262</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="9C76CE4BEB0AD00FF96FBE9C329D97C7" type="ZooBank">EDD6E170-CA64-4FFB-8DD1-AED2D61D5504</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="03E887962264B04C27B2EFB5FDDCFED8" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E887962264B04C27B2EFB5FDDCFED8" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E887962264B04C27B2EFB5FDDCFED8" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1206" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2264B04E27B2EFB5FA91F8C2" box="[960,1352,1783,1806]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802264B04E27B2EFB5FA91F8C2" blockId="17.[960,1352,1783,1838]" box="[960,1352,1783,1806]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">
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<heading id="D0B681EC2264B04E27B2EFB5FA91F8C2" box="[960,1352,1783,1806]" centered="true" fontSize="10" level="2" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" reason="8">
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032264B04E27B9EFBBFB37F8C2" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[971,1262,1783,1806]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922264B04E27B9EFBBFB37F8C2" bold="true" box="[971,1262,1783,1806]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">Titanonarke megapterygia</emphasis>
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||
</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92264B04E2087EFBBFA91F8C2" box="[1269,1352,1783,1806]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2264B04D2027EE5BFE72FB1D" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="1206" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" type="description">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802264B04E2027EE5BFB6BF8E2" blockId="17.[960,1352,1783,1838]" box="[1109,1202,1815,1838]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">
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(
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<figureCitation id="137A2A052264B04E202CEE5BFB73F8E2" box="[1118,1194,1815,1838]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="18.[159,227,943,964]" captionTargetBox="[365,1261,183,911]" captionTargetId="figure-489@18.[365,1261,183,911]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 17. †Titanonarke megapterygia sp. nov. from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.135576; B, detail of the head and hyoid apparatus. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; me, Meckel’s cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; rf, rostral fontanelle; ro, rostral cartilage. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883313/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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)
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802264B04E273FEE1BFBA2F842" blockId="17.[845,1466,1879,1934]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">
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2010 †
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032264B04E27E5EE1BFAD2F8A2" authority="(Jaekel, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[919,1291,1879,1902]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922264B04E27E5EE1BFBBFF8A2" box="[919,1126,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205">Titanonarke molini</emphasis>
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(
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<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712264B04E2005EE1BFAD9F8A2" author="Jaekel, O." box="[1143,1280,1879,1902]" pageId="17" pageNumber="1205" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel, 1894</bibRefCitation>
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)
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</taxonomicName>
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; Carvalho: 188, figs 3, 5b–c, 8 [pro parte].
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</paragraph>
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<caption id="DF3E66082267B04D24EDEAE3FA97FC35" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883313" ID-Zenodo-Dep="10883313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883313/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" startId="18.[159,227,943,964]" targetBox="[365,1261,183,911]" targetPageId="18" targetType="figure">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04D24EDEAE3FA97FC35" blockId="18.[159,1467,943,1018]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDEAE3FED1FC08" bold="true" box="[159,264,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Figure 17.</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D256CEAE3FDC7FC08" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[286,542,943,964]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D256CEAE3FDC7FC08" box="[286,542,943,964]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Titanonarke megapterygia</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D2656EAE3FDA8FC08" box="[548,625,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
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from the Eocene Monte Postale site.
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D27ACEAE3FC2CFC08" bold="true" box="[990,1013,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">A,</emphasis>
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MCSNV IG.135576;
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D20BEEAE3FB38FC08" bold="true" box="[1228,1249,943,964]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">B,</emphasis>
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detail of the head and hyoid apparatus. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; me, Meckel’s cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; rf, rostral fontanelle; ro, rostral cartilage. Scale bars = 50 mm.
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</paragraph>
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</caption>
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04D24EDED16FE72FB1D" blockId="18.[159,781,1113,1233]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDED16FE58FBBD" bold="true" box="[159,385,1114,1137]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Derivation of name.</emphasis>
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After the Greek words
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D26F6ED16FD64FBBD" box="[644,701,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">mega</emphasis>
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́, meaning ‘large’, and
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2520ED36FE73FB5D" box="[338,426,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">pterygia</emphasis>
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́, meaning ‘fins’, referring to the proportionally larger pectoral and pelvic fins compared to those of the
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<typeStatus id="54FA88222267B04D2550EDF6FE89FB1D" box="[290,336,1210,1233]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">type</typeStatus>
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species.
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2267B04D24EDEDA5FE4DFA7C" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" type="materials_examined">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04D24EDEDA5FD38FAEC" blockId="18.[159,781,1257,1312]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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<materialsCitation id="3B293CDD2267B04D24EDEDA5FD38FAEC" collectionCode="MCSNV, IG" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" specimenCount="1" typeStatus="holotype">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDEDA5FED7FACC" bold="true" box="[159,270,1257,1280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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||
<typeStatus id="54FA88222267B04D24EDEDA5FED0FACC" box="[159,265,1257,1280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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</emphasis>
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D256EEDA5FEA3FACC" box="[284,378,1257,1280]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">MCSNV</collectionCode>
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<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D25F4EDA5FE7DFACC" box="[390,420,1257,1280]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">IG</collectionCode>
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.135576, nearly complete articulated skeleton in a single slab (
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<figureCitation id="137A2A052267B04D2595EC45FDEAFAEC" box="[487,563,1289,1312]" captionStart="Figure 17" captionStartId="18.[159,227,943,964]" captionTargetBox="[365,1261,183,911]" captionTargetId="figure-489@18.[365,1261,183,911]" captionTargetPageId="18" captionText="Figure 17. †Titanonarke megapterygia sp. nov. from the Eocene Monte Postale site. A, MCSNV IG.135576; B, detail of the head and hyoid apparatus. Abbreviations: ao, antorbital cartilage; cb, ceratobranchials; hym, hyomandibula; me, Meckel’s cartilage; nc, nasal capsule; pq, palatoquadrate; sca, scapulocoracoid; syn, synarcual; rf, rostral fontanelle; ro, rostral cartilage. Scale bars = 50 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883313" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883313/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Fig. 17</figureCitation>
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), 626.2 mm SL.
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</materialsCitation>
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04D24EDEC75FE4DFA7C" blockId="18.[159,781,1337,1456]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDEC75FE05FA9C" bold="true" box="[159,476,1337,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Type locality and horizon.</emphasis>
|
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Monte Postale site, Bolca Konservat-Lagerst¨atte,
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<collectingCountry id="F35676102267B04D25EEEC15FE09FABC" box="[412,464,1369,1392]" name="Italy" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Italy</collectingCountry>
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; early Eocene, late Ypresian, middle Cuisian, SBZ 11,
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D25B8EC35FD0CFA5C" authority="Zone" authorityName="Zone" box="[458,725,1401,1424]" class="Magnoliopsida" family="Loranthaceae" genus="Alveolina" kingdom="Plantae" order="Santalales" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Tracheophyta" rank="species" species="dainelli">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D25B8EC35FD49FA5C" box="[458,656,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Alveolina dainelli</emphasis>
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Zone
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</taxonomicName>
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(see Papazzoni
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2566ECD5FE9BFA7C" box="[276,322,1433,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">et al</emphasis>
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||
. 2017).
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C35B650B2267B04D24EDEC84FF23F8D2" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04D24EDEC84FF23F8D2" blockId="18.[159,781,1480,1822]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
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||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDEC84FECDFA13" bold="true" box="[159,276,1480,1503]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Diagnosis.</emphasis>
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†
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<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D255CEC84FE69FA13" box="[302,432,1480,1503]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D255CEC84FE69FA13" box="[302,432,1480,1503]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Titanonarke</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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with large subcircular disc of length
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D249CECA4FF23FA33" box="[238,250,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
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. 53% SL and width 56% SL; precaudal tail
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2688ECA4FCDFFA33" box="[762,774,1512,1535]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
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. 51% SL; 136 total vertebrae (27 trunk; 74 precaudal, 32 caudal); total tooth row count
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<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D259AEF64FE2DF9F3" box="[488,500,1576,1599]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
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. 32 (15 rows in the upper and
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||
<quantity id="4CB99B652267B04D24A0EF04FED7F993" box="[210,270,1608,1631]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.318" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" unit="in" value="17.0">17 in</quantity>
|
||
the lower jaw); 35 total pectoral radials (12 propterygial, eight mesopterygial and 15 metapterygial); greatly enlarged single-lobed pelvic fins containing
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D26A5EFC4FD3AF953" box="[727,739,1672,1695]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 19 basipterygial radials; width of pelvic fins
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D261EEFE4FDA1F973" box="[620,632,1704,1727]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 61% of disc width; anterior pelvic fin margin length
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D26F2EF84FD55F913" box="[640,652,1736,1759]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 42% disc length; caudal fin with 41 radials (20 dorsal and 21 ventral).
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
<subSubSection id="C35B650B2267B04C24EDEE7BFDDCFED8" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1207" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" type="discussion">
|
||
<paragraph id="8BFE36802267B04C24EDEE7BFDDCFED8" blockId="18.[159,782,1847,1934]" lastBlockId="19.[159,781,189,276]" lastPageId="19" lastPageNumber="1207" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D24EDEE7BFED7F882" bold="true" box="[159,270,1847,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Remarks.</emphasis>
|
||
Originally,
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D25EAEE7BFE2FF882" box="[408,502,1847,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
135576 was considered a holomorphic specimen of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D25BAEE1BFDF3F8A2" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[456,554,1879,1902]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D25BAEE1BFDF3F8A2" box="[456,554,1879,1902]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712267B04D2627EE1BFCD1F8A2" author="Carvalho, M. R. de" box="[597,776,1879,1902]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" refId="ref19921" refString="Carvalho, M. R. de. 2010. Morphology and phylogenetic relationships of the giant electric ray from the Eocene of Monte Bolca, Italy (Chondrichthyes: Torpediniformes). Pp. 183 - 198 in D. K. Elliot, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu & D. Miao (eds) Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes. Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil, Munich." type="book" year="2010">Carvalho (2010)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
, although that assignment to the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA88222267B04D2580EE3BFDF9F842" box="[498,544,1911,1934]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species was tentative. The new species of †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D2033ED16FB1AFBBD" box="[1089,1219,1114,1137]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2033ED16FB1AFBBD" box="[1089,1219,1114,1137]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Titanonarke</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
differs from the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54FA88222267B04D21FEED16FA63FBBD" box="[1420,1466,1114,1137]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">type</typeStatus>
|
||
species †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D27DEED36FB73FB5D" authority="(Jaekel, 1894)" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[940,1194,1146,1169]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D27DEED36FBD5FB5D" box="[940,1036,1146,1169]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
(
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFD04B712267B04D2068ED36FB79FB5D" author="Jaekel, O." box="[1050,1184,1146,1169]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" refId="ref23357" refString="Jaekel, O. 1894. Die eoca ¨ nen Selachier vom Monte Bolca: ein Beitrag zur Morphogenie der Wirbelthiere. Springer, Berlin, 177 pp." type="book" year="1894">Jaekel, 1894</bibRefCitation>
|
||
)
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in a combination of morphometric and meristic characters. The differences mostly include those associated with the number of precaudal vertebrae (
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B652267B04D27CDED95FC2EFB3C" box="[959,1015,1241,1264]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.8796" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" unit="in" value="74.0">74 in</quantity>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D2078ED95FB63FB3C" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[1034,1210,1241,1264]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2078ED95FB63FB3C" box="[1034,1210,1241,1264]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D20B3ED95FACCFB3C" box="[1217,1301,1241,1264]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B652267B04D2133ED95FA62FB3C" box="[1345,1467,1241,1264]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.7305" metricValueMax="2.921" metricValueMin="2.54" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" unit="in" value="107.5" valueMax="115.0" valueMin="100.0">100–115 in</quantity>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D272AEDB5FC60FADC" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[856,953,1273,1296]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D272AEDB5FC60FADC" box="[856,953,1273,1296]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Consequently, the comparably reduced vertebral number in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D278EEC55FB72FAFC" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[1020,1195,1305,1328]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D278EEC55FB72FAFC" box="[1020,1195,1305,1328]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D20C3EC55FADCFAFC" box="[1201,1285,1305,1328]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B652267B04D2161EC55FA8EFAFC" box="[1299,1367,1305,1328]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.3781999999999996" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" unit="in" value="133.0">133 in</quantity>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D211BEC55FC6AFA9C" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D211BEC55FC6AFA9C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D27CCEC75FBCFFA9C" box="[958,1046,1337,1360]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
vs.
|
||
<quantity id="4CB99B652267B04D2038EC75FB1EFA9C" box="[1098,1223,1337,1360]" metricMagnitude="0" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.9116" metricValueMax="3.937" metricValueMin="3.8862" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" unit="in" value="154.0" valueMax="155.0" valueMin="153.0">153–155 in</quantity>
|
||
†
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D20AFEC75FA98FA9C" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1245,1345,1337,1360]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D20AFEC75FA98FA9C" box="[1245,1345,1337,1360]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
) results in different body proportions (see also
|
||
<tableCitation id="C6C3033B2267B04D2131EC15FA72FABC" box="[1347,1451,1369,1392]" captionStart="Table 1" captionStartId="15.[159,217,186,207]" captionTargetPageId="15" captionText="Table 1. Morphometric data for all examined specimens of †Titanonarke Carvalho, 2010 from the Eocene Monte Postale site, Bolca Lagerst¨atte. Abbreviations (see the morphological scheme in the Supplemental material): AOW, antorbital cartilage width; CFL, caudal fin length; CFD, caudal fin depth; CLO, clasper length; CPD, caudal peduncle depth; D1B, first dorsal fin base length; D2B, second dorsal fin base length; DCS, dorsal caudal space; DL, disc length; DW, disc width; HL, head length; IDS, interdorsal space; MOW, mouth width; P2A, pelvic fin anterior margin length; P2B, pelvic fin base length; P2S, pelvic fin span; PCS, space from pelvic fin insertion to the caudal fin origin; PD1, predorsal distance up to the first dorsal fin; PD2, predorsal distance up to the second dorsal fin; PDI, pelvic fin insertion to first dorsal fin origin; PDO, pelvic fin origin to first dorsal fin origin; PGW, snout tip to the level of the greatest disc width; PIW, body width at pectoral fin insertions; POR, preoral length; PP2, prepelvic length; SL, standard length; TAL, tail length; TBW, tail base at pelvic fin origin; TL, total length." pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Table 1</tableCitation>
|
||
). †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D272AEC35FBAFFA5C" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[856,1142,1401,1424]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D272AEC35FBAFFA5C" box="[856,1142,1401,1424]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Titanonarke megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D200CEC35FB0DFA5C" box="[1150,1236,1401,1424]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
also differs from †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D21D7EC35FC48FA7C" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D21D7EC35FC48FA7C" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
by having a greater head length (
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2084ECD5FADBFA7C" box="[1270,1282,1433,1456]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">c</emphasis>
|
||
. 27 vs. 23% SL), disc length (53 vs. 44% SL), disc width (56 vs. 50%) and shorter tail (51 vs. 58% SL). However, the main difference in body proportions is in the size of the pelvic fins, which have a larger span (34 vs. 26% SL), anterior margin (23 vs. 11% SL) and base length (17 vs. 13% SL) in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D21D7EF74FC06F9A3" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D21D7EF74FC06F9A3" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D279BEF14FB98F9A3" box="[1001,1089,1624,1647]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
than in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D20DEEF14FAD6F9A3" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1196,1295,1624,1647]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D20DEEF14FAD6F9A3" box="[1196,1295,1624,1647]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. Moreover, the caudal fin also is longer in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D20ECEF34FA8AF943" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" box="[1182,1363,1656,1679]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D20ECEF34FA8AF943" box="[1182,1363,1656,1679]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92267B04D2113EF34FA62F943" box="[1377,1467,1656,1679]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
(16% SL) than in †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032267B04D2068EFD4FBA2F963" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[1050,1147,1688,1711]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922267B04D2068EFD4FBA2F963" box="[1050,1147,1688,1711]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
(9% SL), with a higher number of caudal vertebral centra (32 vs. 23–25, respectively). The
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D270DEF94FC6BF923" box="[895,946,1752,1775]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">PCA</collectionCode>
|
||
performed on the entire morphological data set of standardized and log-transformed measurements and counts (
|
||
<figureCitation id="137A2A052267B04D27D4EE5BFC31F8E2" box="[934,1000,1815,1838]" captionStart="Figure 8" captionStartId="9.[159,227,1833,1854]" captionTargetBox="[318,1308,1256,1800]" captionTargetId="figure-211@9.[317,1309,1255,1801]" captionTargetPageId="9" captionText="Figure 8. Visual image of the principal component analysis (PCA) performed on the entire set of log-transformed standardized morphometric and meristic features, showing the separation of the specimens referred to †Titanonarke molini (right side of morphospace) from those referred to †Titanonarke megapterygia sp. nov. (left side). The illustrations lying along the extreme values of PC1 represent the hypothetical reconstruction of the two species based on body proportions." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10883289" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/10883289/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">Fig. 8</figureCitation>
|
||
) shows a remarkable separation of specimen
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D27F0EE7BFC39F882" box="[898,992,1847,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">MCSNV</collectionCode>
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D2795EE7BFBDDF882" box="[999,1028,1847,1870]" country="China" name="Institute of Geology" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">IG</collectionCode>
|
||
.135576 from all others along PC1 (
|
||
<collectionCode id="ED50AE452267B04D21F7EE7BFA63F882" box="[1413,1466,1847,1870]" pageId="18" pageNumber="1206">PCA</collectionCode>
|
||
loading values indicate that this axis is mainly related to the variation in tail length, pelvic fin span, and the number of precaudal vertebrae), thereby suggesting that morphometric and meristic data are useful to separate †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032266B04C26DFE991FF21FED8" authority="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe, 2018" authorityName="Marram̀ & Claeso & Carneval & Kriwe" authorityYear="2018" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="1207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="megapterygia" status="sp. nov.">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922266B04C26DFE991FF21FED8" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1207">T. megapterygia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
<taxonomicNameLabel id="A20657E92266B04C248DE9B1FE8BFED8" box="[255,338,253,276]" pageId="19" pageNumber="1207" rank="species">sp. nov.</taxonomicNameLabel>
|
||
from †
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C414D032266B04C25ECE9B1FE27FED8" baseAuthorityName="Jaekel" baseAuthorityYear="1894" box="[414,510,253,276]" class="Elasmobranchii" family="Narcinidae" genus="Titanonarke" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Torpediniformes" pageId="19" pageNumber="1207" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="molini">
|
||
<emphasis id="B935EA922266B04C25ECE9B1FE27FED8" box="[414,510,253,276]" italics="true" pageId="19" pageNumber="1207">T. molini</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |