treatments-xml/data/03/97/92/03979215EF6BFFD1FF782A6EFADA0663.xml

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<mods:title id="DFE0599DD991E34C5D26DBEC7ED47E58">A second specimen of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (Testudines: Eucryptodira) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="ADF811A97D3FEBA3C3F288782559854A">Zhou, Chang-Fu</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="03979215EF6BFFD1FF782A6EFADA0663" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6209216" ID-GBIF-Taxon="119390705" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6209216" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03979215EF6BFFD1FF782A6EFADA0663" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03979215EF6BFFD1FF782A6EFADA0663" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
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<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF782A6EFCF00000" blockId="1.[151,879,1095,1156]" box="[151,879,1095,1121]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<heading id="D0C9946FEF6BFFD7FF782A6EFCF00000" bold="true" box="[151,879,1095,1121]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6BFFD7FF782A6EFCF00000" authority="Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942" authorityName="Endo &amp; Shikama" authorityYear="1942" box="[151,879,1095,1121]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF782A6EFCF00000" bold="true" box="[151,879,1095,1121]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF782A6EFDD90000" bold="true" box="[151,582,1095,1121]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6BFFD7FDA22A6EFCF00000" author="Endo" box="[589,879,1095,1121]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Endo, R. &amp; Shikama, R. (1942) Mesozoic reptilian fauna in the Jehol mountainland, Manchoukuo. Bulletin of the Central National Museum of Manchoukou, 3, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="1942">Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942</bibRefCitation>
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF782A43FE8F00E5" blockId="1.[151,879,1095,1156]" box="[151,272,1130,1156]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
(
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6BFFD7FF702A43FE9800E5" box="[159,263,1130,1156]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="2.[151,257,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,257,1677,1701]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,260,1788,1812]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1421,203,1642]" captionTargetBox-2="[191,1379,448,1764]" captionTargetBox-3="[188,1398,194,1555]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[188,1398,418,1767]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[188,1398,194,1556]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Line drawings of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; h, humerus; lf, left fibula; lt, left tibia; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pla, plastron; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rf, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; u, ulna; vs 1 - vs 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Skull of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;? n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;? qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Cervical vertebrae of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: con, condyle; cot, cotyle; cv, cervical vertebra; h, humerus; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process; u, ulna." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/196604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/196605/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/196607/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3247088EF6BFFD7FF782A9CFE8B02D5" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF782A9CFC06017B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1205,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF782A9CFE8800AE" bold="true" box="[151,279,1205,1231]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6BFFD7FF782A9CFE8D00AE" box="[151,274,1205,1231]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
:
</emphasis>
Registration No. 3898 (former Central National Museum of Manchoukuo) from Tsaotzushan, approximately 
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southwest of Yixian, western Liaoning, 
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. The whereabouts of the 
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are currently unknown, and it was probably lost during World War II.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF2A2B0CFBD001EB" blockId="1.[151,1437,1205,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF2A2B0CFE25015E" bold="true" box="[197,442,1317,1343]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Referred specimen:</emphasis>
LPM-R00008 (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6BFFD7FD992B0CFD7F015E" box="[630,736,1317,1343]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStart-3="FIGURE 4" captionStartId-0="2.[151,257,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,257,1677,1701]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,260,1788,1812]" captionStartId-3="6.[151,255,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1421,203,1642]" captionTargetBox-2="[191,1379,448,1764]" captionTargetBox-3="[188,1398,194,1555]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[188,1398,418,1767]" captionTargetId-3="figure@6.[188,1398,194,1556]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionTargetPageId-3="6" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Line drawings of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; h, humerus; lf, left fibula; lt, left tibia; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pla, plastron; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rf, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; u, ulna; vs 1 - vs 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Skull of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;? n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;? qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone." captionText-3="FIGURE 4. Cervical vertebrae of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: con, condyle; cot, cotyle; cv, cervical vertebra; h, humerus; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process; u, ulna." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/196604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/196605/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" httpUri-3="https://zenodo.org/record/196607/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs 1–4</figureCitation>
), an incomplete skeleton including the skull, shell, isolated cervicals, articulated caudal series, partial left forelimb, and the hind limbs. The specimen is from close to the 
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6BFFD7FF782B59FF5601EB" box="[151,201,1392,1418]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">type</typeStatus>
locality in Yixian County, western Liaoning (
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; 
<geoCoordinate id="EE0A45C4EF6BFFD7FC752B59FBDD01EB" box="[922,1090,1392,1418]" direction="east" orientation="longitude" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" precision="1" value="121.0269">121°01.614´E</geoCoordinate>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF2A2BBCFF7C019B" blockId="1.[151,1437,1205,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF2A2BBCFD8801CE" bold="true" box="[197,535,1429,1455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6BFFD7FF2A2BBCFE9B01CE" box="[197,260,1429,1455]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Type</typeStatus>
locality and horizon:
</emphasis>
Tsaotzushan, approximately 
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southwest of Yixian, western Liaoning Province; Jingangshan beds of the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation (Barremian-Early Aptian: 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6BFFD7FAE12B93FF48019B" author="Chang" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Chang, S. - C., Zhang, H., Renne, P. R. &amp; Fang, Y. (2009) High-precision 40 Ar / 39 Ar age for the Jehol Biota. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 280, 94 - 104." type="journal article" year="2009">Chang et al. 2009</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD7FF2A282CFE8B02D5" blockId="1.[151,1437,1205,2015]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF2A282CFE31027E" bold="true" box="[197,430,1541,1567]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Revised diagnosis:</emphasis>
A sinemydid turtle that is distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6BFFD7FC38282CFBEF027F" box="[983,1136,1541,1566]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FC38282CFBEF027F" box="[983,1136,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Sinemys lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6BFFD7FB44282CFABC027F" box="[1195,1315,1541,1567]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gamera">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FB44282CFB25027F" box="[1195,1210,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FB26282CFABC027F" box="[1225,1315,1541,1566]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">gamera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
in having reduced frontals that are nearly excluded from the orbit, a cervical scute, a pygal, and eight neurals, and lacking a seventh peripheral process or spine. Distinguished from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6BFFD7FC462879FB380208" box="[937,1191,1616,1641]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FC462879FB380208" box="[937,1191,1616,1641]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Dracochelys bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
by having separated prefrontals, a shallow nuchal emargination, a cervical scute, eight neurals, and a closed central plastral fontanelle.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C3247088EF6BFFD1FF292896FADA0663" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" type="description">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6BFFD4FF292896FCE2050D" blockId="1.[151,1437,1205,2015]" lastBlockId="2.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="59" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FF292896FE3702B8" bold="true" box="[198,424,1727,1753]" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Description. Skull</emphasis>
. The skull is compressed dorsoventrally as a result of post-mortem crushing (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6BFFD7FAAD28E9FF37029E" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStart-2="FIGURE 3" captionStartId-0="2.[151,257,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,257,1677,1701]" captionStartId-2="5.[151,260,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1421,203,1642]" captionTargetBox-2="[191,1379,448,1764]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetId-2="figure@5.[188,1398,418,1767]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionTargetPageId-2="5" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Line drawings of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; h, humerus; lf, left fibula; lt, left tibia; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pla, plastron; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rf, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; u, ulna; vs 1 - vs 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." captionText-2="FIGURE 3. Skull of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;? n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;? qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/196604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/196605/files/figure.png" httpUri-2="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Figs 1– 3</figureCitation>
). The snout is poorly preserved, while the postorbital part of the skull is well preserved and in articulation. Dorsally, the skull has a length of 
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from the tip of the frontal to the posterior end of the crista supraoccipitalis and a width of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6BFFD7FDC82919FDE0032B" box="[551,639,1840,1866]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="3.2" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" unit="mm" value="32.0">32 mm</quantity>
across the quadrates. The upper temporal emargination is well developed, resulting in complete exposure in dorsal view of the ‘processus trochlearis oticum’. This differs from the condition in the co-existing 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6BFFD7FD8F2952FCEE03F5" box="[608,881,1915,1940]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="1" pageNumber="58" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FD8F2952FCEE03F5" box="[608,881,1915,1940]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">Ordosemys liaoxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the temporal emargination is much shallower (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6BFFD7FEF32989FE7503DB" author="Tong" box="[284,490,1952,1978]" pageId="1" pageNumber="66" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6BFFD7FE8C2989FE0703D8" box="[355,408,1952,1977]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="58">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). The crista supraoccipitalis is strongly elongated posteriorly beyond the main body of the occiput. The postorbital appears to be isolated from the quadrate/squamosal, similar to the condition in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF68FFD4FEC22EB1FE5904D0" box="[301,454,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FEC22EB1FE5904D0" box="[301,454,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Sinemys lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF68FFD4FDEE2EB1FDE604D0" box="[513,633,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gamera">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FDEE2EB1FD9004D0" box="[513,527,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">S</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FDF02EB1FDE604D0" box="[543,633,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">gamera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but differing from the contact seen in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF68FFD4FBA32EB1FB7104D0" box="[1100,1262,152,178]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<collectingCountry id="F3296393EF68FFD4FBA32EB1FBFE04D0" box="[1100,1121,152,177]" name="Iceland" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FBA32EB1FBFE04D0" box="[1100,1121,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">O</emphasis>
</collectingCountry>
. 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FB9F2EB1FB7104D0" box="[1136,1262,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">liaoxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Ventrally, the skull is partially exposed with the palatoquadrate and braincase floor visible (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF68FFD4FBD72E94FBE004B6" box="[1080,1151,189,215]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,260,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[191,1379,448,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1398,418,1767]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Skull of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;? n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;? qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
C, D). Near the anterior portion of the basisphenoid, a small foramen is present in the ptergoid, possibly representing the foramen basisphenoidale (= foramen carotico-pharyngeale), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF68FFD4FCD72F21FA070543" authority="Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003" authorityName="Parham &amp; Hutchison" authorityYear="2003" box="[824,1432,264,290]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Judithemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sukhanovi">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FCD72F21FBA40540" box="[824,1083,264,289]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Judithemys sukhanovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF68FFD4FBA32F21FA0F0543" author="Parham" box="[1100,1424,264,290]" pageId="2" pageNumber="66" refString="Parham, J. F. &amp; Hutchison, J. H. (2003) A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of North America (Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 783 - 798." type="journal article" year="2003">Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. In the posterolateral corner of the basisphenoid, there is a small opening for the foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus, which is partially enclosed by the pterygoid.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41738BEF68FFD4FF7829BEFD1903AF" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196604/files/figure.png" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" targetBox="[188,1398,418,1921]" targetPageId="2">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF68FFD4FF7829BEFD1903AF" blockId="2.[151,1436,1943,1998]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FF7829BEFE8203CE" bold="true" box="[151,285,1943,1967]" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">FIGURE 1.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF68FFD4FECA29BEFC2A03CF" authority="Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942" authorityName="Endo &amp; Shikama" authorityYear="1942" box="[293,949,1943,1966]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="2" pageNumber="59" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF68FFD4FECA29BEFD3703CF" box="[293,680,1943,1966]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="59">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942
</taxonomicName>
(LPM-R00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF41738BEF69FFD5FF7828A4FD050325" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196605/files/figure.png" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" targetBox="[159,1421,203,1642]" targetPageId="3">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF69FFD5FF7828A4FD050325" blockId="3.[151,1437,1677,1860]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF69FFD5FF7828A4FE8102C4" bold="true" box="[151,286,1677,1701]" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">FIGURE 2.</emphasis>
Line drawings of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF69FFD5FE0328A7FBE402C5" authority="Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942" authorityName="Endo &amp; Shikama" authorityYear="1942" box="[492,1147,1677,1701]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="3" pageNumber="60" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF69FFD5FE0328A7FCF102C4" box="[492,878,1678,1701]" italics="true" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942
</taxonomicName>
(LPM-R00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c1-c8, costal plates 1–8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; h, humerus; lf, left fibula; lt, left tibia; m1- m12, marginal scutes 1–12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p1-p11, peripheral plates 1–11; pla, plastron; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I–V; ps1-ps4, pleural scutes 1–4; py, pygal; rf, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp1-sp2, suprapygals 1–2; u, ulna; vs1- vs5, vertebral scutes 1–5; 1-8, neural plates 1–8.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF69FFD2FF2A295AFA030613" blockId="3.[151,1436,1907,2007]" lastBlockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" lastPageId="4" lastPageNumber="61" pageId="3" pageNumber="60">
The anterior end of the snout is damaged. A pair of premaxillae is partially exposed in palatal view. The maxilla medially contacts the palatine. An isolated element possibly represents a small nasal. The prefrontals are missing, but the articular facets on the frontals indicate that the prefrontals were completely separated along the midline. The frontals are about 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FD4D2EB1FD6804D3" box="[674,759,152,178]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.1" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="11.0">11 mm</quantity>
long, and firmly contact one another along the dorsal midline. Posteriorly, the frontals contact the parietals along an anteriorly concave suture. The parietal is subtriangular, and represents the largest element of the skull roof. Posteriorly, the parietal forms a notable crest that is confluent with the crista supraoccipitalis. Laterally, the postorbital is well developed, and together with the prefrontal strongly limits the contribution of the frontal to the orbital rim. Posteriorly, the postorbital is separated from the squamosal, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FDD02F7BFD00050A" box="[575,671,338,363]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FDD02F7BFD00050A" box="[575,671,338,363]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp. A crescentic element is well preserved at the anterior corner of the quadrate, and is interpreted as a possible quadratojugal. Together with the prootic and the possible quadratojugal, the quadrate forms medially the ‘processus trochlearis oticum’, a thickening of the anterior wall of the otic capsule. Laterally, the quadrate is constricted to form the cavum typmpani and encloses completely the incisura columellae auris. The squamosal bears posteriorly a rounded crest that is curved laterally towards its end. The supraoccipital forms an elongate supraoccipital crest. The prootic, opisthotic, supraoccipital and exoccipital are dorsally well exposed within the upper temporal fossa (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6EFFD2FB592C1BFB64062D" box="[1206,1275,562,588]" captionStart="FIGURE 3" captionStartId="5.[151,260,1788,1812]" captionTargetBox="[191,1379,448,1764]" captionTargetId="figure@5.[188,1398,418,1767]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIGURE 3. Skull of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;? n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;? qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Fig. 3</figureCitation>
A,B). A large foramen is situated between the prootic and the quadrate for the dorsal exit of the canalis stapedio-temporalis.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD2FF292C54FDDE07A3" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
The palatoquadrate elements are exposed in ventral view. The quadrate forms the anterolateral wall of the middle ear, the condylus mandibularis, and the cavum tympani. The anterior portion of the large pterygoid firmly contacts the opposing pterygoid along the midline but the posterior portion is separated from the opposing element by the basisphenoid. Near the rostral tip of the basisphenoid, a cleft-like opening is present on the pterygoid-basisphenoid suture that is interpreted here as the foramen caroticum laterale, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FF782D11FE3B0730" box="[151,420,824,849]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FF782D11FE3B0730" box="[151,420,824,849]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Dracochelys bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. On each side, small foramina penetrate the pterygoid, possibly representing the foramen basisphenoidale (= foramen carotico-pharyngeale), as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FC032D74FEFF07FD" authority="Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003" authorityName="Parham &amp; Hutchison" authorityYear="2003" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Judithemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="sukhanovi">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FC032D74FA980717" box="[1004,1287,861,886]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Judithemys sukhanovi</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6EFFD2FAF72D74FEC807FD" author="Parham" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Parham, J. F. &amp; Hutchison, J. H. (2003) A new eucryptodiran turtle from the Late Cretaceous of North America (Dinosaur Provincial Park, Alberta, Canada). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 783 - 798." type="journal article" year="2003">Parham &amp; Hutchison 2003</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
. 
<collectingCountry id="F3296393EF6EFFD2FE842DABFE1307FD" box="[363,396,898,924]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">As</collectingCountry>
in other eucryptodirans, the pterygoid forms posteriorly the floor of the middle ear, and more laterally contacts the quadrate.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD2FF2A2DE4FA84008D" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
The braincase is well exposed in ventral view, except for where it is partially overlapped by the hyoid on the left side. The basisphenoid is triangular and as long as wide, in contrast to the elongated basisphenoid of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FF782A31FEFD0050" box="[151,354,1048,1073]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="gamera">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FF782A31FEFD0050" box="[151,354,1048,1073]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Sinemys gamera</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6EFFD2FE9C2A31FD2F0053" author="Brinkman" box="[371,688,1048,1074]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 a) New material of Sinemys (Testudines, Sinemydidae) from the Early Cretaceous of China. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2139 - 2152." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="a">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993a</bibRefCitation>
). A pair of blind pits is present on the middle portion of the basisphenoid. Posteriorly, the basisphenoid has a nearly straight suture with the basioccipital. More laterally, there is a small opening, the foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus, which is enclosed by the pterygoid and basisphenoid. 
<collectingCountry id="F3296393EF6EFFD2FE9C2AA1FE0B00C3" box="[371,404,1160,1186]" name="American Samoa" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">As</collectingCountry>
in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FE542AA1FD2500C0" box="[443,698,1160,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Dracochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="bicuspis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FE542AA1FD2500C0" box="[443,698,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Dracochelys bicuspis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FD262AA1FCB500C0" box="[713,810,1160,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FD262AA1FCB500C0" box="[713,810,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Sinemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., and 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FC4B2AA1FBB800C0" box="[932,1063,1160,1185]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FC4B2AA1FBB800C0" box="[932,1063,1160,1185]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., the canal seems not to be completely enclosed between the foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus and the foramen basisphenoidal. The basioccipital is a massive element and forms the occipital condyle posteriorly.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD2FF292ADEFBA601C6" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FF292ADEFE910170" bold="true" box="[198,270,1271,1297]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Shell:</emphasis>
The elongate oval shell of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FDB32AD1FC670170" box="[604,1016,1272,1297]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FDB32AD1FC670170" box="[604,1016,1272,1297]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
(LPM-R00008) is well exposed in dorsal view (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6EFFD2FEDC2B34FE000156" box="[307,415,1309,1335]" captionStart-0="FIGURE 1" captionStart-1="FIGURE 2" captionStartId-0="2.[151,257,1943,1967]" captionStartId-1="3.[151,257,1677,1701]" captionTargetBox-0="[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetBox-1="[159,1421,203,1642]" captionTargetId-0="figure@2.[188,1398,418,1921]" captionTargetId-1="figure@3.[151,1436,194,1656]" captionTargetPageId-0="2" captionTargetPageId-1="3" captionText-0="FIGURE 1. Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China." captionText-1="FIGURE 2. Line drawings of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008), from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: as, astragalocalcaneum; c 1 - c 8, costal plates 1 – 8; cave, caudal vertebrae; cs, cervical scute; cve, cervical vertebrae; h, humerus; lf, left fibula; lt, left tibia; m 1 - m 12, marginal scutes 1 – 12; mtV, metatarsal V; nu, nuchal; p 1 - p 11, peripheral plates 1 – 11; pla, plastron; pdI-pdV, pedal digits I – V; ps 1 - ps 4, pleural scutes 1 – 4; py, pygal; rf, right fibula; rt, right tibia; sp 1 - sp 2, suprapygals 1 – 2; u, ulna; vs 1 - vs 5, vertebral scutes 1 – 5; 1 - 8, neural plates 1 – 8." httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/196604/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/196605/files/figure.png" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Figs 1–2</figureCitation>
), with a length of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FD912B34FD7E0156" box="[638,737,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.7" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="170.0">170 mm</quantity>
and a width of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FC4F2B34FB990156" box="[928,1030,1309,1335]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.4" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="140.0">140 mm</quantity>
, slightly larger than the 
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6EFFD2FAC32B34FA070156" box="[1324,1432,1309,1335]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
, which has a width of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FE752B6BFD9E013D" box="[410,513,1346,1372]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.25" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="125.0">125 mm</quantity>
. The carapace is low and slightly sculptured by small and numerous pits and grooves. A shallow midline depression is present along the neural region on the carapace, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FAF82B41FE8B01C7" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FAF82B41FE8B01C7" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Ordosemys liaoxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
. Costal-peripheral fenestrae are absent, as in the 
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6EFFD2FCBB2BA4FC2501C6" box="[852,954,1421,1447]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
specimen.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD2FF2A2B9BFC9A0203" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
The cervical scute is small and trapezoid. Its maximum width of 
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is approximately 3.7 times its minimum length of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FE6E2BF1FE560193" box="[385,457,1496,1522]" metricMagnitude="-3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="6.0">6 mm</quantity>
. The vertebral scutes are sub-hexagonal and oriented along the midline of the shell. The first and fifth scutes are distinctly wider than long, while the second to fourth scutes are much longer than wide. This differs from the co-existing 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FD84280AFCE9025D" box="[619,886,1571,1596]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="liaoxiensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FD84280AFCE9025D" box="[619,886,1571,1596]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">Ordosemys liaoxiensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, in which the vertebral scutes are much wider than long (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6EFFD2FEFB2861FEF10203" author="Ji" box="[276,366,1608,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Ji, S. - A. (1995) Reptiles. In: Ren, D., Lu, L. - W., Guo, Z. - G. &amp; Ji, S. - A. (Eds), Fauna and Stratigraphy of Jurassic- Cretaceous in Beijing and the Adjacent Areas. Seismic Press, Beijing, pp 140 - 146." type="book chapter" year="1995">Ji 1995</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6EFFD2FE952861FDB70203" author="Li" box="[378,552,1608,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Li, J. - L. &amp; Liu, J. (1999) The skull of Manchurochelys liaoxiensis (Testudines: Sinemydidae) from the Yixian Formation of Beipiao, Liaoning and phylogenetic position of this taxon. In: Chen, P. - J. &amp; Jin, F. (Eds), Jehol Biota. Press of University of Sciences and Technology of China, Hefei, Palaeoworld II, pp 281 - 295." type="book chapter" year="1999">Li &amp; Liu 1999</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6EFFD2FDDB2861FD660203" author="Tong" box="[564,761,1608,1634]" pageId="4" pageNumber="66" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FD982861FD340200" box="[631,683,1608,1633]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD2FF2A2844FD4F037D" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
Twelve pairs of marginal scutes are present. The first pair is small and subtriangular and the second is enlarged and strongly convex medially. By contrast, the remaining peripherals are subrectangular and slightly elongated posteriorly along the shell margin. The last pair of peripherals meet one another along the midline, and are the largest in size with a marginal length of 
<quantity id="4CC68EE6EF6EFFD2FD1628F4FCD00296" box="[761,847,1757,1783]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" unit="mm" value="25.0">25 mm</quantity>
. In contrast, the last pair of peripherals is strongly reduced in the 
<typeStatus id="54859DA1EF6EFFD2FEAB292BFE35037D" box="[324,426,1794,1820]" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" type="holotype">holotype</typeStatus>
of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6EFFD2FE3D292AFD56037D" box="[466,713,1794,1820]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="4" pageNumber="61" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FE3D292AFE75037D" box="[466,490,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">M</emphasis>
. 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6EFFD2FE16292AFD56037D" box="[505,713,1795,1820]" italics="true" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6EFFD3FF2A2901FD46050D" blockId="4.[151,1438,152,2007]" lastBlockId="5.[151,1436,152,364]" lastPageId="5" lastPageNumber="62" pageId="4" pageNumber="61">
The nuchal plate is large and rectangular, covered dorsally by the cervical scute, the first marginal scute, and the first vertebral scute. There are eight neural plates present along the midline. They are slender and long and have an irregular, sub-rectangular shape. The eighth neural is greatly reduced, less than half of the size of the other neurals. The suture of the eighth neural and the first suprapygal is almost overlapped by the fourth intervertebral sulcus. Two suprapygals are present. The first suprapygal is much smaller than the second one, as in 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6FFFD3FF3B2EB1FEF504D0" box="[212,362,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Sinemydidae" genus="Sinemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="lens">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6FFFD3FF3B2EB1FEF504D0" box="[212,362,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Sinemys lens</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, but different from 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6FFFD3FDBF2EB1FD4C04D0" box="[592,723,152,177]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Ordosemys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6FFFD3FDBF2EB1FD4C04D0" box="[592,723,152,177]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Ordosemys</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
spp., in which two suprapygals are comparable to each other in size (
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6FFFD3FF1F2E94FD8404B6" author="Brinkman" box="[240,539,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Brinkman, D. B. &amp; Peng, J. - H. (1993 b) Ordosemys leios, n. gen., n. sp., a new turtle from the Early Cretaceous of the Ordos Basin, Inner Mongolia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 30, 2128 - 2138." type="journal article" year="1993" yearSuffix="b">Brinkman &amp; Peng 1993b</bibRefCitation>
; 
<bibRefCitation id="EFAF5EF2EF6FFFD3FDC92E94FD7604B6" author="Tong" box="[550,745,189,215]" pageId="5" pageNumber="66" refString="Tong, H., Ji, S. - A. &amp; Ji, Q. (2004) Ordosemys (Testudines: Cryptodira) from the Yixian Formation of Liaoning Province, northeastern China: new specimens and systematic revision. American Museum Novitates, 3438, 1 - 20." type="journal article" year="2004">
Tong 
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6FFFD3FD872E94FD0404B7" box="[616,667,189,214]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">et al</emphasis>
. 2004
</bibRefCitation>
). The pygal is rectangular. Eleven pairs of peripheral plates are present in LPM-R00008. The first pair is small and roughly triangular. The next five pairs of peripherals appear to be rectangular and longer than wide, with exception of the fifth peripherals, which have a small medial process. The medial process is accentuated in the last five pairs of peripherals. These peripherals are much larger than the first six pairs of peripherals.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF41738BEF6FFFD3FF7828D5FB7803D5" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196606/files/figure.png" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" targetBox="[191,1379,448,1764]" targetPageId="5">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6FFFD3FF7828D5FB7803D5" blockId="5.[151,1437,1788,1972]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6FFFD3FF7828D5FEBD0375" bold="true" box="[151,290,1788,1812]" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">FIGURE 3.</emphasis>
Skull of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6FFFD3FE6128D4FBAB0375" authority="Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942" authorityName="Endo &amp; Shikama" authorityYear="1942" box="[398,1076,1789,1812]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="5" pageNumber="62" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6FFFD3FE6128D4FC810375" box="[398,798,1789,1812]" italics="true" pageId="5" pageNumber="62">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942
</taxonomicName>
(LPM-R00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C, D) views. Abbreviations: bo, basiocciptial; bp, blind pits; bs, basisphenoid; ex, exoccipital; f, frontal; fb, foramen basisphenoidale; fcl, foramen caroticum laterale; fpcci, foramen posterior canalis caroticus internus; fst, foramen stapedio-temporale; hy, hyoid; m, maxilla;?n, possible nasal; op, opisthotic; pa, parietal; pal, palatine; pm, premaxilla; po, postorbital; pro, prootic; pt, pterygoid; q, quadrate;?qj, possible quadratojugal; so, supraoccipital; sq, squamosal;?, unknown bone.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<caption id="DF41738BEF6CFFD0FF782800FB2B02E0" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196607/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" targetBox="[188,1398,194,1555]" targetPageId="6">
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6CFFD0FF782800FB2B02E0" blockId="6.[151,1436,1577,1665]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6CFFD0FF782800FE850220" bold="true" box="[151,282,1577,1601]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">FIGURE 4.</emphasis>
Cervical vertebrae of 
<taxonomicName id="4C3E5880EF6CFFD0FDE22803FB150220" authority="Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942" authorityName="Endo &amp; Shikama" authorityYear="1942" box="[525,1162,1578,1601]" class="Reptilia" family="Macrobaenidae" genus="Manchurochelys" higherTaxonomySource="GBIF" kingdom="Animalia" order="Testudines" pageId="6" pageNumber="63" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="manchoukuoensis">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6CFFD0FDE22803FC1A0220" box="[525,901,1578,1601]" italics="true" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis</emphasis>
Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942
</taxonomicName>
(LPM-R00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: con, condyle; cot, cotyle; cv, cervical vertebra; h, humerus; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process; u, ulna.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6CFFD1FF2A2886FB8E04B6" blockId="6.[151,1437,1711,2036]" lastBlockId="7.[151,1436,152,514]" lastPageId="7" lastPageNumber="64" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6CFFD0FF2A2886FE3002A8" bold="true" box="[197,431,1711,1737]" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Vertebral column:</emphasis>
Six cervical vertebrae are preserved, but are displaced from their original position, representing most of the cervical series of eight vertebrae. They are subrectangular in dorsal view, and comparable to each other in size (
<figureCitation id="13053F86EF6CFFD0FDF228D3FDF90375" box="[541,614,1786,1812]" captionStart="FIGURE 4" captionStartId="6.[151,255,1577,1601]" captionTargetBox="[188,1398,194,1555]" captionTargetId="figure@6.[188,1398,194,1556]" captionTargetPageId="6" captionText="FIGURE 4. Cervical vertebrae of Manchurochelys manchoukuoensis Endo &amp; Shikama, 1942 (LPM-R 00008) from the Early Cretaceous Yixian Formation of western Liaoning, China. Abbreviations: con, condyle; cot, cotyle; cv, cervical vertebra; h, humerus; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; tp, transverse process; u, ulna." httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/196607/files/figure.png" pageId="6" pageNumber="63">Fig. 4</figureCitation>
). The neural spine is strongly reduced. The centra are keeled ventrally. The development and orientation of the articular surfaces of the centra cannot be determined in most cases because of poor preservation, but some nevertheless appear to be opisthocoelous. The undivided transverse processes are positioned anteriorly near the proximal end of the centrum. The dorsal vertebrae are not exposed. In contrast, the caudal vertebrae are well preserved. The proximal five caudals are exposed in ventral view and in articulation with remaining column, while a distal caudal series is exposed in lateral view, comprising 14 articulated caudals and two slightly displaced caudals. The transverse processes are slender and long in the proximal caudals, but strongly decrease in length posteriorly. The transverse processes disappear in the distal caudal series. Chevrons appear to be present on nearly all caudals.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6DFFD1FF292ECBFAC90526" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">
<emphasis id="B94AFF11EF6DFFD1FF292ECBFE71049D" bold="true" box="[198,494,226,252]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">Appendicular skeleton:</emphasis>
The hind limbs are well preserved in articulation, but the forelimbs are only partially preserved on the left side with a humerus, ulna, and several isolated phalanges. The humerus is remarkable with two well expanded ends. The humeral head is dorsally positioned on the proximal end.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8B812303EF6DFFD1FF2A2F7BFADA0663" blockId="7.[151,1436,152,514]" pageId="7" pageNumber="64">The hindlimbs are exposed in dorsal view and consist of both tibiae and fibulae and pedes. The tibia and fibula are subequal in length. Of these, the fibula is more slender. The tarsus is somewhat displaced from its original position. The largest tarsal is the astragalocalcaneum, and is situated adjacent to the distal ends of the tibia and fibula. The fifth metatarsal is large and subcircular. The phalanges are well preserved on the left side, with a phalangeal formula of 2-3-3-3-3. The unguals are slightly shorter than the penultimate phalanx.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>