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<document id="A0E91BB3922AE18F87B5165EAAFBD6E5" ID-CLB-Dataset="3398" ID-DOI="10.5281/zenodo.5714564" ID-GBIF-Dataset="1b851f83-a5d0-4e03-a1ba-95c846dd3a31" ID-ISBN="978-84-96553-49-1" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714564" IM.metadata_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_requiresApprovalFor="plazi" checkinTime="1633636969730" checkinUser="conny" docAuthor="Don E. Wilson &amp; Russell A. Mittermeier" docDate="2009" docId="FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C" docLanguage="en" docName="hbmw_1_Viverridae_0174.pdf.imf" docOrigin="Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores, Barcelona: Lynx Edicions" docTitle="Paguma larvata" docType="treatment" docVersion="16" lastPageNumber="196" masterDocId="003A3C73FFE2FF82EF1B4367FFD3FFCB" masterDocTitle="Viverridae" masterLastPageNumber="232" masterPageNumber="174" pageNumber="195" updateTime="1699458846273" updateUser="ExternalLinkService">
<mods:mods id="8671A312A982E8C4F2D76A6DC4A1C98E" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods:titleInfo id="A1ADD2AE761871A499CE51C57CEB2A20">
<mods:title id="8A34E4C3751A49AF836A72C2E84308C1">Viverridae</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:name id="289AF10ADC3281C7FF69E84DD38A5604" type="personal">
<mods:role id="0626507189D5DB3937F03ED34BB370FF">
<mods:roleTerm id="FC31538305D6216EA50939C52629EEEC">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="747E909F5A3DCBFA258D9E7C810FC8B4">Don E. Wilson</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:name id="91FDD854BCBA4FE1CB175E5726ED99E3" type="personal">
<mods:role id="47C98F80F94EBA4CB8E9FF6DFD67C3D4">
<mods:roleTerm id="9A57C80D4EEF8A14CFD8103A2AF21721">Author</mods:roleTerm>
</mods:role>
<mods:namePart id="0522F25BF74340C343B6C8086BC71C97">Russell A. Mittermeier</mods:namePart>
</mods:name>
<mods:typeOfResource id="454E6AC5E2B9CF03A0C3B30822713646">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:dateIssued id="90EE95A9DEA0141CE10A782C4B6A6E21">2009</mods:dateIssued>
<mods:dateOther id="374DC4944626BE25ACCC4B5CFD64EB0F" type="pubDate">2009-01-31</mods:dateOther>
<mods:publisher id="3F3AF4329F9DFEE76E64D108F111C23E">Lynx Edicions</mods:publisher>
<mods:place id="FD2338B58E2FB5A00676FAA2D67F2ECE">
<mods:placeTerm id="D82FA2751F1E9A4BDC1F238AA02C2E8D">Barcelona</mods:placeTerm>
</mods:place>
</mods:originInfo>
<mods:titleInfo id="8D008A91E68D68376FD23BF57ECE8D09">
<mods:title id="1B42220427DC0979EF392292800989E5">Handbook of the Mammals of the World – Volume 1 Carnivores</mods:title>
</mods:titleInfo>
<mods:part id="95077B18AD4F2FB12F3EC8689EFDA351">
<mods:extent id="2531A642DB2F29BB339AEFA541E3651A" unit="page">
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<mods:classification id="908992F0D6DFCB4ABF50ECBE53DD50E6">book chapter</mods:classification>
<mods:identifier id="D3C11280F13E71E343D77CCFFB7A4A9F" type="CLB-Dataset">3398</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="7E850DEDD0B7C0CEA4E4892228DB840F" type="DOI">10.5281/zenodo.5714564</mods:identifier>
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<mods:identifier id="8FE0B7DE2BA60957FBBA1C154FEA7962" type="ISBN">978-84-96553-49-1</mods:identifier>
<mods:identifier id="C1AFEFEB35058F2D7D85352EC768720B" type="Zenodo-Dep">5714564</mods:identifier>
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<treatment id="FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6636706" ID-GBIF-Taxon="190309714" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6636706" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/FC03440BFFF7FF94EADC4986FE78F25C" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97EADC4986F9D3F4C4" box="[1479,1536,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="multiple">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97EADC4986F9D3F4C4" blockId="21.[1479,2271,2785,2869]" box="[1479,1536,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<heading id="2F5D4271FFF7FF97EADC4986F9D3F4C4" box="[1479,1536,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<figureCitation id="EC91E998FFF7FF97EADC4986F9D3F4C4" box="[1479,1536,2785,2831]" captionStart="Plate 15: Viverridae" captionStartId="20.[132,162,3394,3419]" captionTargetBox="[11,2789,15,3637]" captionTargetPageId="19" captionText="24. Small-toothed Palm Civet (Arctogalidia trivirgata), 25. Sulawesi Palm Civet (Macrogalidia musschenbroekii), 26. Binturong (Arctictis binturong), 27. Masked Palm Civet (Paguma larvata), 28. Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus), 29. Brown Palm Civet (Paradoxurus jerdoni), 30. Golden Palm Civet (Paradoxurus zeylonensis), 31. Otter Civet (Cynogale bennettii), 32. Owston’s Palm Civet (Chrotogale owstoni), 33. Banded Palm Civet (Hemugalus derbyanus), 34. Hose’s Palm Civet (Diplogale hosei)" figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6375763" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/6375763/files/figure.png" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">27.</figureCitation>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97E90A4986F84FF4C4" box="[1553,1948,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E90A4986F84FF4C4" blockId="21.[1479,2271,2785,2869]" box="[1553,1948,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<heading id="2F5D4271FFF7FF97E90A4986F84FF4C4" box="[1553,1948,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<vernacularName id="FAA98533FFF7FF97E90A4986F84FF4C4" box="[1553,1948,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Masked Palm Civet</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97E8B24986F70CF4C4" box="[1961,2271,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E8B24986F70CF4C4" blockId="21.[1479,2271,2785,2869]" box="[1961,2271,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<heading id="2F5D4271FFF7FF97E8B24986F70CF4C4" box="[1961,2271,2785,2831]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97E8B24986F70CF4C4" ID-CoL="75KD7" baseAuthorityName="C. E. H. Smith" baseAuthorityYear="1827" box="[1961,2271,2785,2831]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvata">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97E8B24986F70CF4C4" box="[1961,2271,2785,2831]" italics="true" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Paguma larvata</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97EADC4847F7AFF4FE" box="[1479,2172,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="vernacular_names">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97EADC4847F7AFF4FE" blockId="21.[1479,2271,2785,2869]" box="[1479,2172,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<heading id="2F5D4271FFF7FF97EADC4847F7AFF4FE" box="[1479,2172,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97EADC4847F9C0F4FE" bold="true" box="[1479,1555,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">French:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="FAA98533FFF7FF97E9074847F915F4FE" box="[1564,1734,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Civette masquée</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97E9C04847F8E5F4FE" bold="true" box="[1755,1846,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">German:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="FAA98533FFF7FF97E85B4847F867F4FE" box="[1856,1972,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Larvenroller</vernacularName>
/
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97E8D34847F7F0F4FE" bold="true" box="[1992,2083,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Spanish:</emphasis>
<vernacularName id="FAA98533FFF7FF97E7364847F7AFF4FE" box="[2093,2172,2848,2869]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Paguma</vernacularName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97E737480EF7A5F462" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E737480EF7A5F462" blockId="21.[2092,2680,2921,3339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97E737480EF714F449" bold="true" box="[2092,2247,2921,2946]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Taxonomy.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97E7C1480EF7A2F462" authority="C. E. H. Smith, 1827" authorityName="C. E. H. Smith" authorityYear="1827" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Gulo" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="larvatus">Gulo larvatus C. E. H. Smith, 1827</taxonomicName>
,
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97E79E48EFF745F41A" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E79E48EFF745F41A" blockId="21.[2092,2680,2921,3339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<materialsCitation id="C4C2FF40FFF7FF97E79E48EFF745F41A" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="3712312314" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
type locality not known (possibly S
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E73548D3F75BF41A" box="[2094,2184,2996,3025]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">China</collectingCountry>
).
</materialsCitation>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF97E73648B1F664F3A6" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E73648B1F664F3A6" blockId="21.[2092,2680,2921,3339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">The number of subspecies is debated and up to sixteen have been considered. A taxonomic revision is needed, but six subspecies are recognized here.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF7FF94E7354F13FDC7FE08" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" type="distribution">
<caption id="20D5A595FFF7FF94E7354F13FDC7FE08" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5714623" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5714623" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5714623/files/figure.png" inLine="true" lastPageId="22" lastPageNumber="196" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" targetBox="[1478,2062,2929,3337]" targetPageId="21">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E7354F13F66EF35E" blockId="21.[2092,2680,2921,3339]" box="[2094,2493,3188,3221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF7FF97E7354F13F66EF35E" bold="true" box="[2094,2493,3188,3221]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Subspecies and Distribution.</emphasis>
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97E7344FFCF61DF2C0" blockId="21.[2092,2680,2921,3339]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97E7344FFCF628F377" authority="C. E. H. Smith, 1827" authorityName="C. E. H. Smith" authorityYear="1827" box="[2095,2555,3227,3260]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="larvata">P. l. larvata C. E. H. Smith, 1827</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E53F4FFCF5ABF377" box="[2596,2680,3227,3260]" name="China" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">China</collectingCountry>
(and
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E79F4FA0F736F32F" box="[2180,2277,3271,3300]" name="Taiwan" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Taiwan</collectingCountry>
&amp; Hainan Is),
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E6FB4FA0F5A1F32F" box="[2528,2674,3271,3300]" name="Cambodia" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Cambodia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E7344F95F7A2F2C0" box="[2095,2161,3314,3339]" name="Laos" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Laos</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E79A4F95F6D6F2C0" box="[2177,2309,3314,3339]" name="Myanmar" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Myanmar</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E64A4F95F618F2C0" box="[2385,2507,3314,3339]" name="Vietnam" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97EAD34E75F600F2F8" blockId="21.[1480,2515,3346,3459]" box="[1480,2515,3346,3379]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97EAD34E75F81CF2F8" authority="Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1917" authorityName="Robinson &amp; Kloss" authorityYear="1917" box="[1480,1999,3346,3379]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="annectens">P. l. annectens Robinson &amp; Kloss, 1917</taxonomicName>
— Peninsular
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E7894E75F6D4F2F8" box="[2194,2311,3346,3379]" name="Malaysia" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Malaysia</collectingCountry>
and
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E6554E75F603F2F8" box="[2382,2512,3346,3379]" name="Thailand" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Thailand</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97EAD34E5DF6CCF290" blockId="21.[1480,2515,3346,3459]" box="[1480,2335,3386,3419]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97EAD34E5DF8D8F290" authority="Bennett, 1835" authorityName="Bennett" authorityYear="1835" box="[1480,1803,3386,3419]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="grayi">P. l. grayi Bennett, 1835</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E8354E5DF845F290" box="[1838,1942,3386,3419]" name="Bhutan" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Bhutan</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E8BC4E5DF822F290" box="[1959,2033,3386,3419]" name="India" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">India</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E7194E5DF785F290" box="[2050,2134,3386,3419]" name="Nepal" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Nepal</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF7FF97E7BE4E5DF6C8F290" box="[2213,2331,3386,3419]" name="Pakistan" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">Pakistan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF7FF97EAD24E01F817F248" blockId="21.[1480,2515,3346,3459]" box="[1481,1988,3430,3459]" pageId="21" pageNumber="195">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF7FF97EAD24E01F8E1F248" authority="Gray 1865" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1865" box="[1481,1842,3430,3459]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="21" pageNumber="195" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="leucocephala">P. l. leucocephala Gray 1865</taxonomicName>
— Borneo.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF94424BFD46FE86" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" box="[143,661,300,333]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF4FF94EF94424BFE24FE86" authority="Gray, 1837" authorityName="Gray" authorityYear="1837" box="[143,503,300,333]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="leucomystax">P. l. leucomystax Gray, 1837</taxonomicName>
—
<collectingRegion id="B66E3BFFFFF4FF94ED01424BFD43FE86" box="[538,656,300,333]" country="Indonesia" name="Sumatera Utara" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Sumatra</collectingRegion>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF944234FD5CFEBF" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" box="[143,655,339,372]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<taxonomicName id="B3AA8E9EFFF4FF94EF944234FE6DFEBF" authority="Tytler, 1864" authorityName="Tytler" authorityYear="1864" box="[143,446,339,372]" class="Mammalia" family="Viverridae" genus="Paguma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Carnivora" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="larvata" subSpecies="tytlerii">P. l. tytlerii Tytler, 1864</taxonomicName>
— Andaman Is.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF9642E3FDC7FE08" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
A possible sighting in western Java in 1993; however, there are no other records for this island. Introduced to
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EEA142C5FDC2FE08" box="[442,529,418,451]" name="Japan" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Japan</collectingCountry>
.
</paragraph>
</caption>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF9542ACFDD6FAEE" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="description">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF9542ACFDD6FAEE" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF9542ACFE5BFE27" bold="true" box="[142,392,459,492]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Descriptive notes.</emphasis>
Head-body 50.8-87 cm, tail 50.8-63.
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94ECB342ACFC23FE27" box="[936,1008,459,492]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="cm" value="6.0">6 cm</quantity>
, hindfoot 9.5-10.
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EBF542ACFAEBFE27" box="[1262,1336,459,492]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.0" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="cm" value="4.0">4 cm</quantity>
, ear 4.6-5 cm; weight 3-5 kg. A large palm civet. The coat color varies from gray, light brown, or blond to dark brown; the underparts are paler. There are no stripes or spots on the body and tail. The facial mask generally consists of a median white stripe from the nose to the top of the head, bordered by large black patches on both sides. Below each eye is a small white patch and above there is a large white mark that extends to the base of the ear and beyond. In the northern regions, the white band on the nose can extend beyond the forehead to the neck and shoulders. In the Sundaic region, the facial mask can be almost absent or yellowish, with no distinct patches, or black and white pattern. The rhinarium is large and deeply grooved up to its dorsal surface. The distal end of the tail may be darker than the basal part, and sometimes has a whitishyellow tip. The feet have five digits and are blackish. The metapodial pads are large and wide. The plantar and metacarpal pads on the forefeet are clearly separated by ridges. The metatarsal pads on the hindfeet are long and partly fused anteriorly to the plantar pads; the depression in between is naked and covered by horny papillae. On the hindfoot, the third and fourth digit pads are fused at the base. There are two pairs of teats. The perineal gland is simple: it consists of a pair of thickened ridges of skin that form the walls of a longitudinal fossa (the external parts of the ridge are hairy and the inner sides are naked). The skull is quite similar to the Common Palm Civet, but is larger and wider. Dental formula: 13/3, C1/1,P 4/4, M 2/2 = 40. The teeth are small and low, and the blades on the carnassials are reduced. The premolars are small and separated from each other.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF96464BFF31FA09" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF96464BFF31FA09" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF96464BFF28FA86" bold="true" box="[141,251,1324,1357]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Habitat.</emphasis>
Primary evergreen and deciduous forest, and in disturbed habitats. Found up to
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EFA9463FFECBFABE" box="[178,280,1368,1397]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.5" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="m" value="2500.0">2500 m</quantity>
. In
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EE56463FFE1DFABE" box="[333,462,1368,1397]" name="Thailand" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, a radio-collared female moved in an area that constituted 67% dry evergreen forest, 30% mixed deciduous forest, and 3% dry deciduous dipterocarp forest.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF9646B5FB90F91D" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="food_feeding">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF9646B5FB90F91D" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF9646B5FE47FA20" bold="true" box="[141,404,1490,1515]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Food and Feeding.</emphasis>
Omnivorous: fruit, small vertebrates, and insects. In southeastern
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EF954697FF30F9DA" box="[142,227,1520,1553]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
, the frequency of occurrence of food items in 37 scats was: 38% Chinese berry (Abelia chinensis), 27% rodents, 24% unidentified fruit, 22% kiwi fruit, 22% beetles, 19% persimmon fruit (Diospyros spp), 3% birds, and 3% grass. In
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EB304558FB52F9AB" box="[1067,1153,1599,1632]" name="Japan" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Japan</collectingCountry>
, where it has been introduced, 38 stomach contents contained 73% fruit, 56% leaves, 40% arthropods, 21% other plant items, 13% molluscs, 8% mammals, 8% fish, 5% birds, and 3% reptiles. Fruits and mammals were the highest food items by weight.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF9045BBFC05F7AB" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="activity">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF9045BBFC05F7AB" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF9045BBFEAAF936" bold="true" box="[139,377,1756,1789]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Activity patterns.</emphasis>
Mainly nocturnal. Field sightings and camera-traps have recorded activity during the night. In
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94ED054463FD4CF8EE" box="[542,671,1796,1829]" name="Thailand" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, radio-collared Masked Palm Civets were active over 50% of the time between 16:30 h and 04:30 h, with a peak of activity between 19:30 h and 22:30 h. In southeastern
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EDB04431FCD2F8B8" box="[683,769,1878,1907]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
, five radio-tracked individuals were also found active over 50% ofthe time between 18:00 h and 05:00 h; their activity declined throughout the morning, reaching the lowest point at 12:00 h, then remained moderately low until 18:00 h. Reported to sleep in tree holes or on branches in large trees. In southeastern
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EE524493FE4DF7DA" box="[329,414,2036,2065]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
, rest sites were in burrows, mainly the abandoned dens of Malayan Porcupines (Hystrix brachyura); numerous daybeds were used, either once (59%), twice (14%), three times (11%), or several times (some up to 17).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF974B01FD67F6B9" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="biology_ecology">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF974B01FD67F6B9" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF974B01FCB7F74C" bold="true" box="[140,868,2150,2183]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Movements, Home range and Social organization.</emphasis>
Solitary and arboreal, but does spend some time on the ground. In
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94ED924BEAFCD9F765" box="[649,778,2189,2222]" name="Thailand" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Thailand</collectingCountry>
, an adult male had a home range of 5-9 km® and an adult female had a home range of 3-7 km? the mean daily movement was
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EF974BBBFF0CF736" box="[140,223,2268,2301]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="8.4" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="m" value="840.0">840 m</quantity>
for the male and
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EECC4BBBFDF9F736" box="[471,554,2268,2301]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="6.2" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="m" value="620.0">620 m</quantity>
for the female. In southeastern
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94ECF04BBBFB93F736" box="[1003,1088,2268,2301]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
, the resting home ranges of three adult males were 1-8, 3-5 and 4-1 km? and 1-9 and 2-9 km? for two adult females; the mean distance moved between consecutive daybed locations was
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EF974A36FF33F6B9" box="[140,224,2385,2418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.29" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="m" value="429.0">429 m</quantity>
for males and
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EEAF4A36FDDAF6B9" box="[436,521,2385,2418]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="4.04" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="m" value="404.0">404 m</quantity>
for females.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF904A1EFC28F5FC" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="breeding">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF904A1EFC28F5FC" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF904A1EFEC2F651" bold="true" box="[139,273,2425,2458]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Breeding.</emphasis>
Based on captive animals, it appears that there are two breeding seasons, early spring and late autumn, although some authors suggest that this species is polyoestrous. Estrus lasts one to 13 days (mean five days) and gestation is 51 to 56 days. Litters of up to four have been reported. Neonates are born blind and open their eyes when around nine days old. They are mature at 10-22 months.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF904959FCC7F367" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="conservation">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF904959FCC7F367" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF904959FE3EF594" bold="true" box="[139,493,2622,2655]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Status and Conservation.</emphasis>
Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red List. Masked Palm Civets may be threatened by habitat loss and degradation, hunting, the food trade, and the SARS epidemic. They are traded throughout South-east Asia and are commonly sold in food markets and restaurants in
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EC5049DBFC73F51E" box="[843,928,2748,2773]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94ECB549DBFBFBF51E" box="[942,1064,2748,2773]" name="Vietnam" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EB6849DBFB66F51E" box="[1139,1205,2748,2773]" name="Laos" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Laos</collectingCountry>
. They are farmed on a large scale in
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EEEC49BCFD98F537" box="[503,587,2779,2812]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
for the meat trade. In the 1960s, the annual take from the wild was
<quantity id="B35258F8FFF4FF94EE5F4865FDB7F4E8" box="[324,612,2818,2851]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.286" metricValueMax="2.54" metricValueMin="2.032" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" unit="in" value="90000.0" valueMax="100000.0" valueMin="80000.0">80,000 to 100,000 in</quantity>
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94ED694865FD1BF4E8" box="[626,712,2818,2851]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
. During the 1990s, civet farming developed intensively, as wild populations became scarce. By 2003, there were 660 farms in
<collectingCountry id="0CBDB58DFFF4FF94EBF3484DFAEFF480" box="[1256,1340,2858,2891]" name="China" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">China</collectingCountry>
holding 40,000 Masked Palm Civets. The SARS-like coronavirus has been isolated in this species and it may have played a role in the recent SARS epidemic (although there is no evidence that it is the natural reservoir of this virus); it is yet unclear what the ramifications will be of any recent control methods for this disease. The impacts of habitat loss and degradation on Masked Palm Civet populations are largely unknown, but on Borneo,it was found that the overall density ofcivet species in logged forest was significantly lower than in primary forest. May also be at risk from snare trapping; on Sumatra, they are commonly caught in snares set for Muntjac. Field surveys, ecological studies, and monitoring of threats are needed.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="3CB0A696FFF4FF94EF974FDDFE78F25C" pageId="22" pageNumber="196" type="bibRefCitation_list">
<paragraph id="7415F51DFFF4FF94EF974FDDFE78F25C" blockId="22.[138,1344,300,3479]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">
<emphasis id="46DE290FFFF4FF94EF974FDDFEF6F318" bold="true" box="[140,293,3258,3283]" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Bibliography.</emphasis>
Azlan (2003), Bell et al. (2004), Brooks &amp; Dutson (1994), Corbet &amp; Hill (1992), Duckworth (1997), Goldman (1982), Grassman (1998c), Guan et al. (2003), Heydon &amp; Bulloh (1996), Holden (2006), Jha (1999), Jia et al. (2000, 2001), Jiang etal. (2003), Keiji (1998), Lekagul &amp; McNeely (1991), Long &amp; Hoang (2006),
<collectingRegion id="B66E3BFFFFF4FF94EA1F4E6EFF64F281" country="United Kingdom" name="Medway" pageId="22" pageNumber="196">Medway</collectingRegion>
(1969), Meiri (2005), Moutou (2004), Payne et al. (1985), Pocock (1915f, 1933d, 1934a, 1934b, 1934c), Rabinowitz (1991), Saksaki (1991), Tan (1989), Torii (1986), Veron (1999), Wang &amp; Fuller (2001, 2003), Yu et al. (2003), Wozencraft (2005).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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