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<mods:title id="DC5DC53820244492424030FA2D2123FB">Taxonomy and diversity of coelobite bryozoans from drift coral cobbles on Co To Island, northern Vietnam</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="5422CAFD3E517FEFCFCC28064CEFEA89">Ngai, Nguyen Danh</mods:namePart>
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<treatment id="CD3D2E24CC50FFE9B191FC64FA551B87" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3703672" ID-GBIF-Taxon="162381132" ID-Zenodo-Dep="3703672" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:CD3D2E24CC50FFE9B191FC64FA551B87" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CD3D2E24CC50FFE9B191FC64FA551B87" lastPageNumber="232" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B191FC64FC261F94" box="[151,992,981,1008]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FC64FC261F94" blockId="31.[151,992,981,1043]" box="[151,992,981,1008]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<heading id="1E63285ECC50FFE9B191FC64FC261F94" bold="true" box="[151,992,981,1008]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" reason="1">
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B191FC64FC261F94" ID-CoL="4K9GK" authority="(Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991 b)" baseAuthorityName="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney" baseAuthorityYear="1991" box="[151,992,981,1008]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Plesiocleidochasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="porcellaniforme">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FC64FC261F94" bold="true" box="[151,992,981,1008]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FC64FD881F8B" bold="true" box="[151,590,981,1008]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B358FC64FC1E1F94" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W." box="[606,984,981,1007]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="465 - 486" refId="ref32073" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W. (1991 b) New tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Cleidochasmatidae (Cheilostomata: Ascophora). In: Bigey, F. P. &amp; d'Hondt, J. - L. (Eds.), Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nantes, pp. 465 - 486." type="book chapter" year="1991">Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
)
</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B191FC48FEFD1868" box="[151,315,1017,1043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="description">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FC48FEFD1868" blockId="31.[151,992,981,1043]" box="[151,315,1017,1043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
(
<figureCitation id="DDAF83B7CC50FFE9B199FC48FF301868" box="[159,246,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 14" captionStartId="32.[151,250,1084,1109]" captionTargetBox="[151,1436,180,1058]" captionTargetId="figure@32.[151,1436,180,1058]" captionTargetPageId="32" captionText="FIGURE 14. Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991. A. Colony, VNMN-0256. B. Autozooids at colony margin, VNMN-0258. C.Autozooids with and without ooecia near colony margin, VNMN-0257. D. Enlargement showing orifice shape, VNMN-0257. Scale bars: A, 1 mm; B, C, 250 µm; D, 150 µm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694768" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3694768/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Figs 14</figureCitation>
,
<figureCitation id="DDAF83B7CC50FFE9B004FC48FEF21868" box="[258,308,1017,1043]" captionStart="FIGURE 20" captionStartId="43.[151,250,1777,1802]" captionTargetBox="[219,1368,181,1752]" captionTargetId="figure@43.[219,1368,181,1752]" captionTargetPageId="43" captionText="FIGURE 20. Competitive interactions between bryozoans and the encrusting foraminiferan Planorbulina larvata. A. P. larvata forming stand-off with Scorpiodinipora costulata (upper part) and overgrowing the latter (lower part), VNMN-0254. B. P. larvata overgrowing Antropora minor, VNMN-0218. C. P. larvata overgrowing Torquatella imperforata, VNMN-0252. D. Founding chamber of P. larvata settled on margin of Parasmittina parsevalioidea colony, VNMN-0231. E. Stand-off between P. larvata and Scorpiodinipora costulata, VNMN-0254. F. P. larvata settled on Disporella phaohoa n. sp. colony, VNMN-0256. G. P. larvata settled on Plesiocleidochasma porcellaniforme, VNMN-0256. H. Metroperiella cotoensis n. sp. beginning to overgrow P. larvata, VNMN-0238. Scale bars: D, 150 µm; all others, 1 mm." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3694780" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/3694780/files/figure.png" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">20G</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B191FB8CFC2E18AB" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="reference_group">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FB8CFF24180F" blockId="31.[151,1436,1084,1232]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B191FB8CFC62182E" authority="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991 b, p. 481" authorityName="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney" authorityPageNumber="481" authorityYear="1991" box="[151,932,1084,1109]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Schedocleidochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="porcellaniforme">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FB8CFDD2182E" box="[151,532,1085,1109]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Schedocleidochasma porcellaniforme</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B31AFB8DFC9E182E" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W." box="[540,856,1084,1109]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="465 - 486" refId="ref32073" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W. (1991 b) New tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Cleidochasmatidae (Cheilostomata: Ascophora). In: Bigey, F. P. &amp; d'Hondt, J. - L. (Eds.), Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nantes, pp. 465 - 486." type="book chapter" year="1991">Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
, p. 481
</taxonomicName>
, pl. 1, fig. 1, pl. 5, figs 3, 4, and synonyms therein.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FBCBFE6218CA" blockId="31.[151,1436,1084,1232]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B191FBCBFCF518E8" authority=": Tilbrook et al. 2001, p. 98" authorityName="Tilbrook" authorityPageNumber="98" authorityYear="2001" box="[151,819,1146,1171]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Schedocleidochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="porcellaniforme">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FBCBFDD318E9" box="[151,533,1146,1170]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Schedocleidochasma porcellaniforme</emphasis>
:
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B325FBCBFD3418E8" author="Tilbrook, K. J. &amp; Hayward, P. J. &amp; Gordon, D. P." box="[547,754,1146,1171]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="35 - 109" refId="ref32774" refString="Tilbrook, K. J., Hayward, P. J. &amp; Gordon, D. P. (2001) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Vanuatu. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 131, 35 - 109. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.2001. tb 01309. x" type="journal article" year="2001">
Tilbrook
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B384FBCAFD7618E9" box="[642,688,1146,1170]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
, p. 98
</taxonomicName>
, fig. 21A, B;
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B2C7FBCBFB9A18E8" author="Liu, X. &amp; Yin, X. &amp; Ma, J." box="[961,1116,1146,1171]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" refId="ref30742" refString="Liu, X., Yin, X. &amp; Ma, J. (2001) Biology of Marine-Fouling Bryozoans in the Coastal Waters of China. Science Press, Beijing, 860 pp., 82 pls." type="book" year="2001">
Liu
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B2EAFBCAFBDF18E9" box="[1004,1049,1146,1170]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">et al</emphasis>
. 2001
</bibRefCitation>
, 705, pl. 79, figs 13;
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B442FBCBFF3A18CA" author="Tilbrook, K. J." pageId="31" pageNumber="232" refId="ref32691" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 386 pp." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
, p. 293, pl. 64B.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FB09FC2E18AB" blockId="31.[151,1436,1084,1232]" box="[151,1000,1207,1232]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B191FB09FE3A18AB" authority="(Busk)" baseAuthorityName="Busk" baseAuthorityYear="1860" box="[151,508,1207,1232]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Cleidochasmatidae" genus="Cleidochasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="species" species="porcellanum">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FB09FE6B18AB" box="[151,429,1208,1232]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Cleidochasma porcellanum</emphasis>
(Busk)
</taxonomicName>
:
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B300FB06FCEA18AB" author="Winston, J. E. &amp; Heimberg, B. F." box="[518,812,1207,1232]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="1 - 49" refId="ref33087" refString="Winston, J. E. &amp; Heimberg, B. F. (1986) Bryozoans from Bali, Lombok, and Komodo. American Museum Novitates, 2847, 1 - 49." type="journal article" year="1986">Winston and Heimberg 1986</bibRefCitation>
, p. 34, figs 8587.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B191FB4CFC831940" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="materials_examined">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B191FB4CFC831940" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B191FB4CFE431963" bold="true" box="[151,389,1277,1304]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Material examined.</emphasis>
VNMN-0256 (CT-7), VNMN-0257 (CT-8), VNMN-0258 (CT-13), VNMN-0259 (CT-15), VNMN-0260 (CT-29), VNMN-0261 (CT-31), on SEM stubs.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B1C1FAF5FAB11B30" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="description">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1FAF5FE0F19DF" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B1C1FAF5FE731925" bold="true" box="[199,437,1347,1374]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Measurements. AzL</emphasis>
, 0.370.47 (0.403 ± 0.025);
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B3F3FAF2FCF41925" bold="true" box="[757,818,1347,1374]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">AzW</emphasis>
, 0.220.39 (0.306 ± 0.041) (n = 15, 1).
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B5EDFAF2FAE61925" bold="true" box="[1259,1312,1347,1374]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">OrL</emphasis>
, 0.110.15 (0.131 ± 0.010);
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B055FAD7FE5719FA" bold="true" box="[339,401,1382,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">OrW</emphasis>
,
<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC50FFE9B099FAD7FE1819FA" box="[415,478,1382,1409]" degrees="0.089" direction="north" orientation="latitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" precision="55" value="0.089">0.089</geoCoordinate>
<geoCoordinate id="20A0F9F5CC50FFE9B0D8FAD7FDEC19FA" box="[478,554,1382,1409]" degrees="0.115" direction="west" orientation="longitude" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" precision="55" value="-0.115">0.115</geoCoordinate>
(0.099 ± 0.007) (n = 15, 2).
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B26EFAD7FC5819FA" bold="true" box="[872,926,1382,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">OvL</emphasis>
, 0.170.22 (0.194 ± 0.015);
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B5D9FAD7FAD919FA" bold="true" box="[1247,1311,1382,1409]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">OvW</emphasis>
, 0.190.25 (0.221 ± 0.015) (n = 15, 1).
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1FA1CFABB19BC" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" box="[199,1405,1453,1480]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B1C1FA1CFE9F19B3" bold="true" box="[199,345,1453,1480]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Description.</emphasis>
Colony unilaminar, encrusting, sheet-like; sometimes partly bilaminar due to self-overgrowth.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1FA60FE831A03" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Zooids small, boundaries indistinct. Frontal wall slightly convex, imperforate; surface weakly pustulose; often bearing several scattered, low, rounded nodules; with a few marginal pores, some of which may be positioned inside margin. Marginal zooids show three small spine bases, which are not evident in interior zooids. Orifice keyhole-shaped; anter circular or subcircular, separated by strong, proximomedially directed condyles from narrower, rounded poster.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1F930FD4D1B7F" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Frontal avicularia single or paired lateral or proximolateral to poster, although zooids lacking frontal avicularia not uncommon. When paired, avicularia directed at slightly different angles, one sometimes pointing laterally and other distolaterally. Avicularian rostrum rounded proximally, acute distally; crossbar complete or incomplete; opesial opening more or less arrowhead-shaped.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1F8BCFAB11B30" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Ooecium subimmersed, imperforate, same texture as frontal wall; opening covered by broad, flat labellum, with narrow transverse slit above, distinct lateral slits, and narrow transverse slit below that merges with lateral slits.</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B1C1F8E5FD0A1BCF" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="discussion">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1F8E5FD0A1BCF" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B1C1F8E5FEFD1B15" bold="true" box="[199,315,1876,1902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Remarks.</emphasis>
This species was originally placed in the genus
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B249F8E5FA5E1B15" authority="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991 b" authorityName="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney" authorityYear="1991" box="[847,1432,1876,1902]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Schedocleidochasma" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B249F8E5FBFC1B15" box="[847,1082,1876,1902]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Schedocleidochasma</emphasis>
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B546F8E5FA5E1B15" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W." box="[1088,1432,1876,1902]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="465 - 486" refId="ref32073" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W. (1991 b) New tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Cleidochasmatidae (Cheilostomata: Ascophora). In: Bigey, F. P. &amp; d'Hondt, J. - L. (Eds.), Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nantes, pp. 465 - 486." type="book chapter" year="1991">Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney, 1991b</bibRefCitation>
</taxonomicName>
, but
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B1C7F8C6FEA91BEA" author="Berning, B." box="[193,367,1911,1937]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="36 - 54" refId="ref27895" refString="Berning, B. (2012) Taxonomic notes on some Cheilostomata (Bryozoa) from Madeira. Zootaxa, 3236, 36 - 54. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3236.1.2" type="journal article" year="2012">Berning (2012)</bibRefCitation>
, concluding that no clear boundary could be drawn between that genus and
<taxonomicName id="8294E4B1CC50FFE9B5B3F8C6FA531BEA" authorityName="Soule, Soule &amp; Chaney" authorityYear="1991" box="[1205,1429,1911,1937]" class="Gymnolaemata" family="Phidoloporidae" genus="Plesiocleidochasma" kingdom="Animalia" order="Cheilostomatida" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" phylum="Bryozoa" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B5B3F8C6FA531BEA" box="[1205,1429,1911,1937]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Plesiocleidochasma</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
, declared the former a junior synonym of the latter.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="0D8ECCB9CC50FFE9B1C1F80CFA551B87" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" type="distribution">
<paragraph id="452B9F32CC50FFE9B1C1F80CFA551B87" blockId="31.[151,1437,1277,2044]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B1C1F80CFEA71BA3" bold="true" box="[199,353,1981,2008]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Distribution.</emphasis>
Widely distributed in the central to western Pacific, ranging from the Hawaiian Islands westward to
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC50FFE9B1B2F850FEE21B80" box="[180,292,2017,2043]" name="Indonesia" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Indonesia</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC50FFE9B028F850FE521B80" box="[302,404,2017,2043]" name="Thailand" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Thailand</collectingCountry>
,
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC50FFE9B099F850FDC71B80" box="[415,513,2017,2043]" name="Vietnam" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Vietnam</collectingCountry>
, and the
<collectingCountry id="3D83DFA2CC50FFE9B363F850FD0B1B80" box="[613,717,2017,2043]" name="Maldives" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">Maldives</collectingCountry>
(Indian Ocean) (
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B28DF850FB9A1B80" author="Soule, D. F. &amp; Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W." box="[907,1116,2017,2043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" pagination="465 - 486" refId="ref32073" refString="Soule, D. F., Soule, J. D. &amp; Chaney, H. W. (1991 b) New tropical Pacific and Indian Ocean Cleidochasmatidae (Cheilostomata: Ascophora). In: Bigey, F. P. &amp; d'Hondt, J. - L. (Eds.), Bryozoaires Actuels et Fossiles: Bryozoa Living and Fossil. Societe des Sciences Naturelles de l'Ouest de la France, Nantes, pp. 465 - 486." type="book chapter" year="1991">
Soule
<emphasis id="77E04320CC50FFE9B2D2F850FBC31B80" box="[980,1029,2017,2043]" italics="true" pageId="31" pageNumber="232">et al</emphasis>
. 1991b
</bibRefCitation>
;
<bibRefCitation id="2105E2C3CC50FFE9B561F850FACD1B80" author="Tilbrook, K. J." box="[1127,1291,2017,2043]" pageId="31" pageNumber="232" refId="ref32691" refString="Tilbrook, K. J. (2006) Cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the Solomon Islands. Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History, Santa Barbara, 386 pp." type="book" year="2006">Tilbrook 2006</bibRefCitation>
; this study).
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>