207 lines
24 KiB
XML
207 lines
24 KiB
XML
<document id="F09246D14BA9C5B459895624A096B287" ID-DOI="10.1206/3784.2" ID-ISSN="0003-0082" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5364935" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.tables_requiresApprovalFor="existingObjects,plazi" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1630246394558" checkinUser="carolina" docAuthor="Grant, Taran & Myers, Charles W." docDate="2013" docId="3F608C37F73BFFD985FDB0C9E6BCFB0F" docLanguage="en" docName="N3784.pdf" docOrigin="American Museum Novitates 2013 (3784)" docSource="http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3784.2" docStyle="DocumentStyle:26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4.6:AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleId="26C3580A17D4BBE58BD8D8AC6AE09AC4" docStyleName="AmMusNovit.2010-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="6" docTitle="Silverstoneia nubicola" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="44" masterDocId="C359F44FF711FFF2840FB577E770FFA4" masterDocTitle="Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)" masterLastPageNumber="60" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="43" updateTime="1699197390480" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CC-BY-4.0">
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<mods:title id="3F4D3E87F029D53FF0DD58E2C7A5F869">Review of the Frog Genus Silverstoneia, with Descriptions of Five New Species from the Colombian Chocó (Dendrobatidae: Colostethinae)</mods:title>
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<mods:namePart id="29EB879F7932946BCA777ACA15FBF1CD">Grant, Taran</mods:namePart>
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<mods:namePart id="B404F2117EC2D56D55E00877912E76FE">Myers, Charles W.</mods:namePart>
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<mods:title id="51A525F085EA375221DC8BC951C65619">American Museum Novitates</mods:title>
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<mods:part id="BD7A5ABA354F32BC6E674FEE8FF350BE">
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<mods:date id="441FD6050DE6D8A5DC5C80DA91C1FB5A">2013</mods:date>
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<mods:number id="FE08F64DCFD14ADD28E85789452A78FA">2013-10-23</mods:number>
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<mods:number id="AB117427D6BCCBCB7E5097803148309F">3784</mods:number>
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<mods:url id="D1704D81C1C3243D5290BB31C875B6BA">http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/3784.2</mods:url>
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<subSubSection id="FFD36EAAF73BFFD885FDB0C9E43FFA7C" box="[498,847,1470,1496]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73BFFD885FDB0C9E43FFA7C" blockId="42.[498,847,1470,1496]" box="[498,847,1470,1496]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="EC3E8A4DF73BFFD885FDB0C9E43FFA7C" box="[498,847,1470,1496]" centered="true" fontSize="11" level="2" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="5">
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD885FDB0C9E43FFA7C" ID-CoL="6YPW7" authority="(Dunn)" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[498,847,1470,1496]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD885FDB0C9E59CFA7C" box="[498,748,1470,1496]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Silverstoneia nubicola</emphasis>
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(Dunn)
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="FFD36EAAF73BFFD985F9B094E6BCFB0F" lastPageId="43" lastPageNumber="44" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="description">
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73BFFD885F9B094E43AFA5A" blockId="42.[120,1224,1507,1775]" box="[502,842,1507,1534]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<heading id="EC3E8A4DF73BFFD885F9B094E43AFA5A" box="[502,842,1507,1534]" centered="true" fontSize="36" level="3" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" reason="7">
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<figureCitation id="2FF221A4F73BFFD885F9B094E509FA5A" box="[502,633,1507,1534]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="5.[120,159,1594,1615]" captionTargetBox="[120,696,224,1568]" captionTargetId="figure-347@5.[120,696,224,1568]" captionTargetPageId="5" captionText="FIG. 2. Species of Silverstoneia in life. A. Silverstoneia minima, n. sp. (one of the series UVC 13111–13127, 13131, 13170–13710; photograph by T.G.). B. Silverstoneia punctiventris, n. sp. (adult female MHNUC 321, 18.6 mm SVL; photograph by T.G.). C. Silverstoneia flotator (Dunn), adult male (AMNH A-69821, 15.0 mm SVL; photograph by R.G. Zweifel). D. Silverstoneia nubicola (Dunn), adult female (UVC 11654, 18.1 mm SVL; photograph by T.G.)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5364939" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5364939/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Figures 2D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="2FF221A4F73BFFD8868AB093E5C8FA5A" box="[645,696,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="45.[120,159,1053,1074]" captionTargetBox="[126,1206,225,1002]" captionTargetId="figure-306@45.[120,1224,221,1026]" captionTargetPageId="45" captionText="FIG. 21. Larval mouths of Silverstoneia spp. A. S. flotator (Dunn), AMNH A-116795 (1 of 7) from Barro Colorado Island, Panama. B. S. minima, n. sp., AMNH A-102090 (1 of 4 from back of holotype), Alto del Buey, Chocó, Colombia. C. S. dalyi, n. sp., AMNH A-155163 (1 of 6 from back of holotype, see fig. 3 bottom), Río San Juan, Chocó, Colombia. D. S. nubicola (Dunn), AMNH A-104230 from stream near El Llano–Cartí Road, central Panama. A–C show the mouths of three species of back-riding tadpoles in late stage 24 (spiracular tubes absent or indistinct), with total lengths of 10–12 mm. D shows the mouth of a larger (20 mm total length) free-living S. nubicola tadpole, stage 25; note developing keratinization of the beak. Arrows indicate weak anterolateral emargination of oral disc in S. dalyi and S. nubicola." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5364963" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5364963/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">21D</figureCitation>
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,
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<figureCitation id="2FF221A4F73BFFD886CBB093E584FA5A" box="[708,756,1508,1534]" captionStart="FIG" captionStartId="47.[121,160,1112,1133]" captionTargetBox="[146,1200,224,1083]" captionTargetId="figure-166@47.[146,1200,224,1083]" captionTargetPageId="47" captionText="FIG. 22. Silverstoneia flotator and S. nubicola tadpoles: A. Back-riding S. flotator, late stage-24 larva, 13 mm total length, with clumped brown pigmentation and conspicuous, silvery reflecting iridophores (AMNH A-124209, 1 of 6 from Cerro Miramar, Bocas del Toro, western Panama). Prominent iridophores seem lacking in S. flotator larvae from the type locality (Barro Colorado Island, central Panama), but may characterize Colombian S. dalyi (see fig. 7). B. Free-living S. nubicola tadpole, stage 26, total length 28 mm; pale with thinly distributed melanophores (AMNH A-94849, largest of 3 from Fortuna Dam Site, Chiriquí, Panama)." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5364965" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5364965/files/figure.png" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">22B</figureCitation>
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; map 2
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73BFFD88477B37DE5E3F9C3" blockId="42.[120,1224,1507,1775]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD88477B37DE57BF987" authority="Dunn, 1924: 7 - 9" authorityName="Dunn" authorityPageNumber="7 - 9" authorityYear="1924" box="[120,523,1546,1571]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD88477B37DE63EF986" box="[120,334,1546,1570]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Phyllobates nubicola</emphasis>
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<materialsCitation id="07A1377CF73BFFD8855AB37CE57BF987" box="[341,523,1547,1571]" collectingDate="1923-05-15" collectionCode="UMMZ" collectorName="F. M. Gaige" elevation="1372" location="Grande" municipality="Boquete" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" specimenCode="UMMZ 58292" specimenCount="1" stateProvince="Chiriqui" typeStatus="holotype">Dunn, 1924: 7–9</materialsCitation>
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</taxonomicName>
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, unnumbered fig. (right forefoot), pl 2, fig. 4, 4a (tadpole).
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<typeStatus id="68728383F73BFFD88087B37DE7A6F9E1" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="holotype">Holotype</typeStatus>
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<specimenCode id="E76F955AF73BFFD884D2B35AE607F9E0" box="[221,375,1580,1604]" collectionCode="UMMZ" country="USA" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/ra64-3eva" name="University of Michigan, Museum of Zoology" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" type="University or college">UMMZ 58292</specimenCode>
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from “rain forest above
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<collectingMunicipality id="5712A75BF73BFFD88670B35AE5A7F9E0" box="[639,727,1581,1604]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Boquete</collectingMunicipality>
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on the trail to
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<collectingRegion id="750DF3C3F73BFFD88775B35AE4A5F9E1" box="[890,981,1581,1605]" country="Panama" name="Chiriqui" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Chiriqui</collectingRegion>
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<location id="B2166BFAF73BFFD887D2B35AE35FF9E1" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:3F608C37F73BFFD985FDB0C9E6BCFB0F:B2166BFAF73BFFD887D2B35AE35FF9E1" box="[989,1071,1581,1605]" municipality="Boquete" name="Grande" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" stateProvince="Chiriqui">Grande</location>
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,
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<quantity id="703190C4F73BFFD88035B35BE3D3F9E1" box="[1082,1187,1580,1605]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="ft" value="4500.0">
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<elevation id="3CE4DA12F73BFFD88035B35BE3D3F9E1" box="[1082,1187,1580,1605]" metricMagnitude="3" metricUnit="m" metricValue="1.3716" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" unit="ft" value="4500.0">4,500 feet</elevation>
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</quantity>
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, by
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<collectorName id="1A3C58F7F73BFFD884A7B338E66DF9C3" box="[168,285,1615,1639]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">F.M. Gaige</collectorName>
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,
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<date id="C3771BE1F73BFFD88526B338E6CAF9C3" box="[297,442,1615,1639]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1923-05-15">
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<collectingDate id="D333E209F73BFFD88526B338E6CAF9C3" box="[297,442,1615,1639]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" value="1923-05-15">May 15, 1923</collectingDate>
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</date>
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.” Dunn, 1931a: 391.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73BFFD88477B306E5F4F90F" blockId="42.[120,1224,1507,1775]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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[
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD8848EB306E573F92C" authority="nubicola Dunn" authorityName="Dunn" box="[129,515,1649,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="subSpecies" species="nubicola" subSpecies="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD8848EB306E6C7F92D" box="[129,439,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Phyllobates nubicola nubicola</emphasis>
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Dunn
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</taxonomicName>
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]: Dunn, 1933: 70 (new combination by inference since
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD88059B305E3CAF92D" box="[1110,1210,1649,1673]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD88059B305E3CAF92D" box="[1110,1210,1649,1673]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. flotator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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was relegated to a subspecies of
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD8860DB3E3E504F90F" authorityName="Dunn" authorityYear="1924" box="[514,628,1683,1707]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Phyllobates" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD8860DB3E3E504F90F" box="[514,628,1683,1707]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">P. nubicola</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73BFFD88477B3C2E4D6F94B" blockId="42.[120,1224,1507,1775]" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD88477B3C2E6DCF969" authority="(Dunn)" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[120,428,1717,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD88477B3C2E620F969" box="[120,336,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">Colostethus nubicola</emphasis>
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(Dunn)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Part (includes
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD8865CB3C1E5CDF969" box="[595,701,1717,1741]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD8865CB3C1E5CDF969" box="[595,701,1717,1741]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">C. flotator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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). Savage: 1968: 755–757, figs. 1D (larval mouthparts of
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD8850EB3A0E63DF94B" box="[257,333,1751,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD8850EB3A0E63DF94B" box="[257,333,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">flotator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), 1E (
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73BFFD8859EB3A0E6ADF94B" box="[401,477,1751,1775]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="42" pageNumber="43" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73BFFD8859EB3A0E6ADF94B" box="[401,477,1751,1775]" italics="true" pageId="42" pageNumber="43">flotator</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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?), 2 (part), 3 (part), 4C, fig. 9 (map, part).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73AFFD98477B596E457FEBF" blockId="43.[120,1179,225,318]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD98477B596E6DCFF5D" authority="(Dunn)" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[120,428,225,249]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Colostethus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98477B596E621FF5D" box="[120,337,225,249]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Colostethus nubicola</emphasis>
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(Dunn)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Ibáñez D. and Smith, 1995: 452–454, figs. 2B, 3B, 4B, 5B, 7A. Savage, 2002: 378–380, figs. 7.119d, 7.122, map 7.119, color pl. 213
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73AFFD98477B452E4F3FE9A" blockId="43.[120,1179,225,318]" box="[120,899,293,318]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD98477B452E6C7FE9A" authority="(Dunn)" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[120,439,293,318]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
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<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98477B452E62CFE99" box="[120,348,293,317]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Silverstoneia nubicola</emphasis>
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(Dunn)
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</taxonomicName>
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: Grant et al. 2006: 167, figs. 28C, 30E,
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<specimenCount id="A1CFF6A8F73AFFD98758B451E4F3FE9A" box="[855,899,294,318]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="generic">30F.</specimenCount>
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="B7763D21F73AFFD984A6B42BE6ACFD04" blockId="43.[120,1225,348,1195]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
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As mentioned in the discussion of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD9864DB42BE45DFED2" box="[578,813,348,374]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD9864DB42BE45DFED2" box="[578,813,348,374]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Silverstoneia flotator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the identity of frogs assigned to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD980BCB42BE7ACFE3F" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD980BCB42BE7ACFE3F" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. nubicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
in the mountains along the Colombia-Panama border is equivocal. We have not noticed undisputed
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD98569B4D0E695FE64" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[358,485,422,449]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98569B4D0E695FE64" box="[358,485,422,449]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. nubicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
males to mature while remaining relatively pigment-free ventrally, whereas there is great variation in extent of throat coloration in the adult males of series from this area (even among specimens clearly larger and darker than
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD987C4B486E34EFDAF" box="[971,1086,497,523]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD987C4B486E34EFDAF" box="[971,1086,497,523]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. flotator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
). Similarly, there are intriguing differences in the flank coloration of some specimens, which leads us to suspect that these localities may harbor yet another unnamed species. The available sample is inadequate to provide decisive evidence, and we therefore refer these specimens to
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD9804CB716E3B1FDDF" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[1091,1217,609,635]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD9804CB716E3B1FDDF" box="[1091,1217,609,635]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. nubicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, the taxon they most resemble.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="B7763D21F73AFFD984A7B7DBE6BCFB0F" blockId="43.[120,1225,348,1195]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
Clearly the entire
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98574B7DBE54CFD62" box="[379,572,684,710]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD98574B7DBE6ADFD62" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[379,477,684,710]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">nubicola</taxonomicName>
|
||
-
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD985E7B7DBE54CFD62" box="[488,572,684,710]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">flotator</taxonomicName>
|
||
</emphasis>
|
||
complex needs more detailed investigation at all levels. Those wishing to identify specimens can consult Ibáñez D. and Smith (1995) and Savage (2002)—but should do so with awareness that purported diagnostic characters must be used cautiously. To differentiate adult males of the two species in
|
||
<collectingCountry id="CFDE7DB1F73AFFD9873EB66BE4C1FC92" box="[817,945,796,822]" name="Costa Rica" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Costa Rica</collectingCountry>
|
||
, Savage (2002) reported adult male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD984F3B635E604FCFF" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[252,372,833,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD984F3B635E604FCFF" box="[252,372,833,860]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S nubicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having black throats and yellow venters and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD987A8B635E368FCFF" box="[935,1048,833,860]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD987A8B635E368FCFF" box="[935,1048,833,860]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. flotator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
as having gray throats and white venters. Ibáñez D. and Smith (1995) wrote that male Panamanian
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD98057B610E3B8FC24" box="[1112,1224,870,897]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="flotator">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98057B610E3B8FC24" box="[1112,1224,870,897]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">S. flotator</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have gray throats but
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD98572B6FBE6CEFC02" box="[381,446,908,934]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">either</emphasis>
|
||
white or yellow venters, depending on population.
|
||
<superScript id="40BC9069F73AFFD98010B6FDE342FC3F" attach="left" box="[1055,1074,906,923]" fontSize="7" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">10</superScript>
|
||
Both sets of authors agree that male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD9859BB6C6E686FC6F" baseAuthorityName="Dunn" baseAuthorityYear="1924" box="[404,502,945,971]" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="nubicola">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD9859BB6C6E686FC6F" box="[404,502,945,971]" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">nubicola</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
have a black throat, the black often extending posteriad over some if not all the venter, but variation in posterior ventral coloration is not explicitly described. Myers noted that of
|
||
<specimenCount id="A1CFF6A8F73AFFD9856BB68BE6B7FBB2" box="[356,455,1020,1046]" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" type="adult">six adult</specimenCount>
|
||
black-throated males, five had the posterior venter white whereas the largest one (KU 115708) had it “light, bright yellow” (C.W.M. field notes for KU 115708– 115720; see text associated with fn. 8 herein). Degree of darkness of throat color in male
|
||
<taxonomicName id="70C946A2F73AFFD980AEB131E79DFB22" authorityName="Grant, Frost, Caldwell, Gagliardo, Haddad, Kok, Means, Noonan, Schargel & Wheeler" authorityYear="2006" class="Amphibia" family="Dendrobatidae" genus="Silverstoneia" kingdom="Animalia" order="Anura" pageId="43" pageNumber="44" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
|
||
<emphasis id="85BDE133F73AFFD980AEB131E79DFB22" italics="true" pageId="43" pageNumber="44">Silverstoneia</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
appears to be correlated with size and/or age; it is less certain if appearance of bright colors is similarly correlated.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
</subSubSection>
|
||
</treatment>
|
||
</document> |