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<document id="2AD2F9F5971BE7A4BB3D1789C4259700" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5016.4.3" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5222487" ID-ZooBank="12204099-F6BB-4184-BFB9-7BFE5C214BDF" IM.materialsCitations_approvedBy="felipe" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1629382555596" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Malipatil, M. B." docDate="2021" docId="03E91564FF9A972947C35F53FD66FB2C" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5016.4.3.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5016 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Heterogaster urticae" docType="treatment" docVersion="4" lastPageNumber="521" masterDocId="FFD06D1CFF8A973B47545D3AFFF3FF8D" masterDocTitle="Revision of Australian Parathyginus with description of two new species, along with first detailed description of aedeagus in the family Heterogastridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea)" masterLastPageNumber="522" masterPageNumber="503" pageNumber="519" updateTime="1699070633716" updateUser="plazi" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="7A3612048908B038F86737E4D26C0CE9">Revision of Australian Parathyginus with description of two new species, along with first detailed description of aedeagus in the family Heterogastridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeoidea)</mods:title>
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<mods:affiliation id="5DE778E93BC58702996BF9076CD90957">Agriculture Victoria, AgriBio, 5 Ring Road, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia. &amp; La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia.</mods:affiliation>
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<treatment id="03E91564FF9A972947C35F53FD66FB2C" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222534" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5222534" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:03E91564FF9A972947C35F53FD66FB2C" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/03E91564FF9A972947C35F53FD66FB2C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">
<subSubSection id="C35AF7F9FF9A972B47C35F53FCF9FD0E" box="[151,778,617,644]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" type="nomenclature">
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9A972B47C35F53FCF9FD0E" blockId="16.[151,778,617,681]" box="[151,778,617,644]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">
<heading id="D0B7131EFF9A972B47C35F53FCF9FD0E" bold="true" box="[151,778,617,644]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" reason="1">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9A972B47C35F53FCF9FD0E" bold="true" box="[151,778,617,644]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">
Aedeagus of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9A972B46635F50FCF9FD0E" ID-CoL="3L9JG" authority="(Fabricius, 1775)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[311,778,617,644]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9A972B46635F50FDC3FD09" bold="true" box="[311,560,618,644]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
(
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1D983FF9A972B456B5F53FCF1FD0E" author="Fabricius, J. C." box="[575,770,617,643]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" refId="ref11698" refString="Fabricius, J. C. (1775) Systema entomologiae. Korte, Flensburgi and Lipsiae, xxvii + 832 pp." type="book" year="1775">Fabricius, 1775</bibRefCitation>
)
</taxonomicName>
</emphasis>
</heading>
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
<subSubSection id="C35AF7F9FF9A972947C35FB4FD66FB2C" lastPageId="18" lastPageNumber="521" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" type="description">
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9A972B47C35FB4FEDDFD24" blockId="16.[151,778,617,681]" box="[151,302,654,681]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF9A972B47CB5FB4FED5FD24" box="[159,294,654,681]" captionStart-0="FIGURES 56–59" captionStart-1="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61" captionStartId-0="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionStartId-1="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox-0="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetBox-1="[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetId-0="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId-1="figure-166@17.[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetPageId-0="16" captionTargetPageId-1="17" captionText-0="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." captionText-1="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61. Heterogaster urticae male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views.Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct." figureDoi-0="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" figureDoi-1="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" httpUri-0="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" httpUri-1="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">Figs. 56–61</figureCitation>
)
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3FF4FAFF9A972B47C35AB0FF39F867" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" startId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" targetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" targetPageId="16">
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9A972B47C35AB0FF39F867" blockId="16.[151,1437,1930,2026]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9A972B47C35AB0FEA4F82F" bold="true" box="[151,343,1930,1954]" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">FIGURES 56–59.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9A972B46345AB1FDC6F82F" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[352,565,1931,1954]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="16" pageNumber="519" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9A972B46345AB1FDC6F82F" box="[352,565,1931,1954]" italics="true" pageId="16" pageNumber="519">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9B972A47C35DACFE56FF75" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A47C35DACFE65FF3D" bold="true" box="[151,406,150,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Specimens examined.</emphasis>
<materialsCitation id="3B28AE2FFF9B972A46C95DACFE52FF75" collectingDate="1975-05-30" collectionCode="VAIC" collectorName="J. L. Stehlik &amp; Collectio J. L. Stehlik Mor." country="Czech Republic" elevation="290" location="Moravia" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" specimenCount="2" specimenCount-male="2" stateProvince="Jihomoravsky">
<specimenCount id="9D466FFBFF9B972A46C95DACFE05FF3D" box="[413,502,150,176]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" type="male">2 males</specimenCount>
,
<collectingCountry id="F357E4E2FF9B972A45555DACFD45FF3D" box="[513,694,150,176]" name="Czech Republic" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Czech Republic</collectingCountry>
, “
<collectingRegion id="49846A90FF9B972A459F5DACFCDCFF3D" box="[715,815,150,176]" country="Czech Republic" name="Jihomoravsky" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Moravia</collectingRegion>
, mar.
<date id="FFFE82B2FF9B972A443F5DACFC2DFF3C" box="[875,990,150,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" value="1975-05-30">
<collectingDate id="EFBA7B5AFF9B972A443F5DACFC2DFF3C" box="[875,990,150,177]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" value="1975-05-30">30.5.1975</collectingDate>
</date>
, Konice u Znojma 11/75, Popicky vrch,
<quantity id="4CB80997FF9B972A47C35D80FF12FF58" box="[151,225,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" unit="m" value="290.0">
<elevation id="006D4341FF9B972A47C35D80FF12FF58" box="[151,225,186,213]" metricMagnitude="2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.9" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" unit="m" value="290.0">290 m</elevation>
</quantity>
, lgt.
<collectorName id="26B5C1A4FF9B972A464E5D81FE5BFF59" box="[282,424,186,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">J. L. Stehlik</collectorName>
”, “
<collectorName id="26B5C1A4FF9B972A46935D80FCF3FF58" box="[455,768,186,213]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Collectio J. L. Stehlik Mor.</collectorName>
museum, Brno”, “
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A44805D81FAB2FF58" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[980,1345,186,213]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A44805D81FB4DFF59" box="[980,1214,187,212]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
det
<collectorName id="26B5C1A4FF9B972A42265D81FF15FF75" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">J.L. Stehlik</collectorName>
1976”, in
<collectionCode id="ED513CB7FF9B972A46085DE4FE52FF75" box="[348,417,222,248]" country="Australia" httpUri="http://grbio.org/cool/cad5-nk50" name="Victorian Agricultural Insect Collection" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">VAIC</collectionCode>
</materialsCitation>
.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9B972A47935C38FC72FE79" blockId="17.[151,1437,150,501]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1D983FF9B972A47935C38FE85FE90" author="Ashlock, P. D." box="[199,374,258,285]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" pagination="407 - 426" refId="ref11344" refString="Ashlock, P. D. (1957) An investigation of the taxonomic value of the phallus in the Lygaeidae (Hemiptera-Heteroptera). Annals of Entomological Society of America, 50, 407 - 426. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 50.4.407" type="journal article" year="1957">Ashlock (1957)</bibRefCitation>
provided notes on the phallus of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A45BA5C38FC6CFE91" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1872" box="[750,927,258,284]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterogastridae</taxonomicName>
without being able to successfully inflate the inflatable parts of the endosoma of representatives of the family. His notes were therefore based on Servedei (1951) who had described and figured the phallotheca and part of the inflatable portions of the endosoma of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A425E5C71FE9EFE04" authority="(Fabricius)" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A425E5C71FF15FE05" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
(Fabricius)
</taxonomicName>
. On close examination I find this figure, reproduced in
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1D983FF9B972A44B75C54FAFCFE05" author="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Weirauch, C." box="[995,1295,366,392]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" refId="ref11899" refString="Schuh, R. T. &amp; Weirauch, C. (2020) True bugs of the world (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). Classification and Natural History. Monograph Series Vol. 8. 2 nd Edition. Siri Scientific Press, Manchester, 800 pp." type="book" year="2020">Schuh &amp; Weirauch (2020)</bibRefCitation>
, rather inaccurate since it was based on an incompletely inflated portion of endosoma. Therefore, a detailed corrected figure and description of aedeagus of this species, along with those
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A44465C8CFBF2FE5D" box="[786,1025,438,464]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Parathyginus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="undetermined">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A44465C8CFC5AFE5D" box="[786,937,438,464]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Parathyginus</emphasis>
species
</taxonomicName>
included in the present contribution, are given as the first representatives of the family
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A459C5CE0FC8EFE79" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1872" box="[712,893,474,500]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterogastridae</taxonomicName>
.
</paragraph>
<caption id="DF3FF4FAFF9B972A47C35A88FE59F863" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" ID-Zenodo-Dep="5222603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" startId="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" targetBox="[231,1357,524,1946]" targetPageId="17">
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF9B972A47C35A88FE59F863" blockId="17.[151,1437,1970,2030]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A47C35A88FE96F847" bold="true" box="[151,357,1970,1994]" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">FIGURES 60 &amp; 61.</emphasis>
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF9B972A463E5A89FDCFF847" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[362,572,1971,1994]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="17" pageNumber="520" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF9B972A463E5A89FDCFF847" box="[362,572,1971,1994]" italics="true" pageId="17" pageNumber="520">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views. Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct.
</paragraph>
</caption>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF98972947935DADFB68FE90" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">
Following Ashlock,
<bibRefCitation id="EFD1D983FF98972946FE5DADFDB2FF3C" author="Henry, T. J." box="[426,577,151,177]" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" pagination="275 - 301" refId="ref11721" refString="Henry, T. J. (1997) Phylogenetic analysis of family groups within the infraorder Pentatomomorpha (Hemiptera: Heteroptera), with emphasis on the Lygaeoidea. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 90 (3), 275 - 301. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / aesa / 90.3.275" type="journal article" year="1997">Henry (1997)</bibRefCitation>
scored the character and states in his matrix table and interpreted “not inflatable conjunctiva” as derived, a major character grouping
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF98972944735D81FC2BFF58" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1872" box="[807,984,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterogastridae</taxonomicName>
with the family
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF98972943CC5D81FAA7FF58" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1865" box="[1176,1364,187,213]" class="Insecta" family="Pachygronthidae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Pachygronthidae</taxonomicName>
in his cladistic analysis of the Lygaeoidea. Considering the present study, the foresaid character needs to be reassessed and rescored, and its implications on the relationships of these and related families be reviewed.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF98972947935C1DFE23FEE8" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">In the present study, I successfully and fully inflated the endosoma (conjunctiva + vesica) to provide the following detailed description.</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF98972947935C55FD10FC28" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">
The
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972947AD5C55FD7FFE04" box="[249,652,367,393]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">basal plate (articulatory apparatus)</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972945C85C55FD1CFE04" box="[668,751,366,393]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 56</figureCitation>
), only partly fused with the highly sclerotized and pigmented
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972947C35CA9FEE8FE20" box="[151,283,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">phallotheca</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF989729467D5CA9FE89FE20" box="[297,378,402,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, ph). The
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972946B25CA9FD99FE20" box="[486,618,403,429]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">phallotheca</emphasis>
in upper view (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972944475CA9FC96FE20" box="[787,869,402,429]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
), with antero-lateral margins of distal end produced to sclerotized arm like processes, area between the arms, where the
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972944D65C8DFBF6FE5D" box="[898,1029,439,464]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">conjunctiva</emphasis>
attaches (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972943275C8DFB37FE5C" box="[1139,1220,438,465]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, co), is slightly less pigmented in pattern seen in
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972946B55CE1FDC7FE78" box="[481,564,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 58</figureCitation>
; in lateral view the
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972944425CE1FC69FE78" box="[790,922,475,501]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">phallotheca</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972944FE5CE1FC0DFE78" box="[938,1022,474,501]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, ph), lower surface (facing apodeme surface within pygophore) is uniformly but strongly curved, however the upper surface is rather bulbous and conspicuously constricted in distal 1/3. The
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972945295F19FCF3FDB1" box="[637,768,547,572]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">conjunctiva</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972944595F19FCADFDB0" box="[781,862,546,573]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, co) is membranous, tubular and of slightly variable girth notably in distal half, extremely long about 4 times the length of phallotheca and about 5 times the length of vesica (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972947B95F51FEB3FD08" box="[237,320,618,645]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, ve), sharply turned at a couple of places, the sharper turn seen at about half its length, and appears to have a pair of large membranous lobes (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF989729453B5FB5FD33FD24" box="[623,704,654,681]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
, cl), on its wall towards distal end, but lacking any processes. The
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972947C35F89FE10FD40" box="[151,483,691,717]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">seminal duct (ductus seminis)</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972946A75F89FD88FD40" box="[499,635,691,717]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-166@17.[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61. Heterogaster urticae male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views.Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Figs. 60, 61</figureCitation>
, sd) is not clearly visible through most of the length of the conjunctiva, but becomes distinct near
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972946EE5FEDFD55FD7D" box="[442,678,727,753]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">ejaculatory reservoir</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972945E05FEDFCF5FD7C" box="[692,774,727,753]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-166@17.[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61. Heterogaster urticae male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views.Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
, er); ejaculatory reservoir is modified to heavily pigmented and sclerotized body and neck undifferentiated from vesical seminal duct, with traces of wings appearing to be distinct (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972947AD5E25FEBEFCB7" box="[249,333,799,826]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-166@17.[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61. Heterogaster urticae male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views.Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 60</figureCitation>
); the seminal duct in vesica continues as a heavily pigmented and sclerotized narrow parallel sided plate that is gradually curved ventrally to end as a complex structure comprising gonoporal process and associated parts (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972947895E5DFEAAFC0F" box="[221,345,871,898]" captionStart="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61" captionStartId="17.[151,264,1970,1994]" captionTargetBox="[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetId="figure-166@17.[231,1357,524,1946]" captionTargetPageId="17" captionText="FIGURES 60 &amp; 61. Heterogaster urticae male, distal part of endosoma, lateral and ventral views.Abbreviations: er, ejaculatory reservoir; sd, seminal duct." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222603" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222603/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 60, 61</figureCitation>
);
<emphasis id="B9347860FF989729463A5E5DFE47FC0D" box="[366,436,871,896]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">vesica</emphasis>
(
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972946975E5DFDE6FC0C" box="[451,533,870,897]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 57</figureCitation>
, ve) short, tubular and appearing to possess one asymmetrical membranous lobe (
<figureCitation id="137BB8F7FF98972947F45EB1FF01FC28" box="[160,242,906,933]" captionStart="FIGURES 56–59" captionStartId="16.[151,264,1930,1954]" captionTargetBox="[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetId="figure-396@16.[243,1345,704,1906]" captionTargetPageId="16" captionText="FIGURES 56–59. Heterogaster urticae male: 56, articulatory apparatus; 57, aedeagus, lateral view; 58, phallotheca, upper view; 59, endosoma, enlarged. Abbreviations: cl, conjunctival lobe; co, conjunctiva; ph, phallotheca; ve, vesica; vl, vesical lobe." figureDoi="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5222511" httpUri="https://zenodo.org/record/5222511/files/figure.png" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Fig. 59</figureCitation>
, vl) near its base, but lacking any processes.
</paragraph>
<paragraph id="8BFFA472FF98972947935E95FD66FB2C" blockId="18.[151,1437,151,1185]" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">
In summary, based on the dissections of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF98972945F45E95FC7FFC45" baseAuthorityName="Fabricius" baseAuthorityYear="1775" box="[672,908,943,968]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Heterogaster" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="species" species="urticae">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF98972945F45E95FC7FFC45" box="[672,908,943,968]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Heterogaster urticae</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
and the included species of
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF989729438D5E95FA83FC44" authorityName="Dellape &amp; Henry" authorityYear="2021" box="[1241,1392,943,969]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" genus="Parathyginus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="genus">
<emphasis id="B9347860FF989729438D5E95FA83FC44" box="[1241,1392,943,969]" italics="true" pageId="18" pageNumber="521">Parathyginus</emphasis>
</taxonomicName>
the following comments may be made in relation to the aedeagal features. The conjunctiva is unusually long (about 5 times) compared to the vesica; the ejaculatory reservoir is highly modified and often greatly reduced; the vesica is short and tubular, with or without membranous lobes, but lacking any processes; and the vesical seminal duct is highly modified, gradually bending ventrally to end as a complex structure comprising gonoporal process and associated parts. A comprehensive review however of these unusual features in the family
<taxonomicName id="4C40DFF1FF98972943C55959FAB1FBF0" authorityName="Stal" authorityYear="1872" box="[1169,1346,1123,1149]" class="Insecta" family="Heterogastridae" kingdom="Animalia" order="Hemiptera" pageId="18" pageNumber="521" phylum="Arthropoda" rank="family">Heterogastridae</taxonomicName>
and the related taxa is beyond the scope of this paper.
</paragraph>
</subSubSection>
</treatment>
</document>
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