272 lines
43 KiB
XML
272 lines
43 KiB
XML
<document id="4451D106074C6FC372F6243914FCC1BD" ID-CLB-Dataset="93670" ID-DOI="10.11646/zootaxa.5162.4.9" ID-GBIF-Dataset="128321bd-a7ea-413a-a233-9f52f34c31f0" ID-ISSN="1175-5326" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6810548" IM.metadata_approvedBy="felipe" IM.taxonomicNames_approvedBy="felipe" checkinTime="1657271795163" checkinUser="plazi" docAuthor="Kottelat, Maurice" docDate="2022" docId="039087DCFFCBFFAE2AE7706D59BBE505" docLanguage="en" docName="zootaxa.5162.4.9.pdf" docOrigin="Zootaxa 5162 (4)" docStyle="DocumentStyle:647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D.9:Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleId="647186512141C8FC8976D5BCC54AEB7D" docStyleName="Zootaxa.2013-.journal_article" docStyleVersion="9" docTitle="Ophidium mastacembelus Scopoli 1777" docType="treatment" docVersion="7" lastPageNumber="448" masterDocId="FFA9FFA4FFCBFFAC2A7077695A5EE131" masterDocTitle="Mastacembelus simack, the valid name of the Mesopotamian spiny eel (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae)" masterLastPageNumber="450" masterPageNumber="446" pageNumber="446" updateTime="1699357014539" updateUser="ExternalLinkService" zenodo-license-document="CLOSED">
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<mods:title id="22EF8EF090ACA9B8A358A9FEA235A44B">Mastacembelus simack, the valid name of the Mesopotamian spiny eel (Teleostei: Mastacembelidae)</mods:title>
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<treatment id="039087DCFFCBFFAE2AE7706D59BBE505" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6817887" ID-GBIF-Taxon="197215214" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6817887" LSID="urn:lsid:plazi:treatment:039087DCFFCBFFAE2AE7706D59BBE505" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/039087DCFFCBFFAE2AE7706D59BBE505" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">
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<subSubSection id="C3236541FFCBFFAC2AE7706D5B8FE62E" box="[151,465,1796,1823]" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCBFFAC2AE7706D5B8FE62E" blockId="0.[151,1437,1796,2038]" box="[151,465,1796,1823]" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">
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<heading id="D0CE81A6FFCBFFAC2AE7706D5B8FE62E" bold="true" box="[151,465,1796,1823]" fontSize="11" level="1" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" reason="1">
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCBFFAC2AE7706D5B8FE62E" ID-CoL="62ZCJ" ID-ENA="94234" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[151,465,1796,1823]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCBFFAC2AE7706D5B8FE62E" bold="true" box="[151,465,1796,1823]" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">Ophidium mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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</heading>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="C3236541FFCBFFAE2AE7704259BBE505" lastPageId="2" lastPageNumber="448" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" type="discussion">
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCBFFAD2AE770425EDFE02D" blockId="0.[151,1437,1796,2038]" lastBlockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" lastPageId="1" lastPageNumber="447" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">
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A second edition of A.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCBFFAC2BF77043587CE673" author="Russell, A." box="[391,546,1834,1858]" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell (1756)</bibRefCitation>
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was published in 1794 and includes the original description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCBFFAC2EC970435A91E657" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCBFFAC2EC970435A91E657" italics="true" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">Ophidium mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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. The text of the 1756 book was revised and significantly enlarged by his half-brother, Patrick Russell (1727–1805). This work is listed here as
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCBFFAC2BCA701B5893E6BA" author="Russell, A. & Russell, P." box="[442,717,1906,1931]" pageId="0" pageNumber="446" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref4090" refString="Russell, A. & Russell, P. (1794) The natural history of Aleppo, containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood. Together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases; particularly of the plague. By Alex. Russell. The second edition. Revised, enlarged, and illustrated with notes. By, Pat. Russell. Vol. 2. Robinson, London, vii + 430 + xxxiv + 26 pp., pls. 1 - 16. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 66636] https: // doi. org / 10.24157 / ARC _ 18037" type="book chapter" year="1794">Russell & Russell (1794)</bibRefCitation>
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. As explained in P. Russell’s preface to the 1794 (p. iii) edition, A. Russell started writing the book while physician in Aleppo (1742–1753) and intended to complete it after his return to
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<collectingCountry id="F32E765AFFCBFFAC2AE770D35AADE6E3" box="[151,243,1978,2002]" name="United Kingdom" pageId="0" pageNumber="446">England</collectingCountry>
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. Circumstances made this difficult and, by lack of time, he decided to hasten publication of a kind of abridged version, which he himself described as imperfect. He then continued to work on a more thorough, improved, second edition. The work was not finished at his death in 1768. His brother Patrick succeeded him as physician in Aleppo (1753–1771) and sent Alexander various material (information and possibly specimens). In 1771, on Patrick’s return from Aleppo, he found Alexander’s incomplete work and decided to finish it. The extent of the text left behind by Alexander is not known, and thus the extent of Patrick’s additions is not clear (see also Anonymous, 1810).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB776415F3CE396" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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In the preface, Patrick (p. vii) mentions that the catalogue of plants had been much improved, with the help of Banks and Solander (p. viii), but that other groups, particularly reptiles and insects, remain almost in the same state as in the original version. Fishes were not mentioned in the preface. In the case of the description of
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2E1076195F7DE0B6" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[1120,1315,367,391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2E1076195F7DE0B6" box="[1120,1315,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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, part of the description in the 1794 edition had already been in the description of 1756, but additional text detailing several characters was added. It is not possible to know if the additional text was extracted from Alexander’s unpublished documents, or reflects Patrick’s own work on the specimens, or other’s work. Patrick Russell’s name is not unknown in biological literature; he later published on Indian fauna, especially fishes (1803a,b) and is most famous for his herpetological work (Russell, 1796–1810;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2BF0754A585FE30A" author="Adler, K. K." box="[384,513,547,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="12 - 17" refId="ref2950" refString="Adler, K. K. (2015) The planning and publication history of Patrick Russell's classic book, " Indian Serpents ". Hamadryad, 37 (1 - 2), 12 - 17." type="journal article" year="2015">Adler, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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;
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD287D754D5823E30A" author="Das, I." box="[525,637,547,571]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="1 - 11" refId="ref3183" refString="Das, I. (2015) Patrick Russell (1727 - 1805), surgeon and polymath naturalist. Hamadryad, 37 (1 - 2), 1 - 11." type="journal article" year="2015">Das, 2015</bibRefCitation>
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); he was probably able to do this work by himself. Gronovius’s (1763) description is mentioned, but some of the characters in the 1794 description are not mentioned by Gronovius (e.g. the number of fin rays). Besides, the numbers of dorsal, anal and pectoral-fin rays given in the text (p. 208) do not agree with those in Banks and Solander’s Latin paragraphs on next page, thus it seems unlikely that they contributed to this description.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB775DA5E29E222" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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Patrick Russell explained at the end of his own description (volume 2, p. 209) «My brother having deposited
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<specimenCount id="9D3FFD43FFCAFFAD2F0475DD5B58E3DE" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="generic">two specimens</specimenCount>
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of this fish in the British Museum, Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. Solander after examining them and another specimen in my own possession, determined it to be an ophidium under the following description.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB774765B18E26D" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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«
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2AA374765BACE206" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[211,498,799,823]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">Ophidium Mastacembelus</taxonomicName>
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. Maxillis imberbibus, superiore longiore acuminata: Cauda rotundata. B 6. D 34/114 P 29. A 2/80 C 19.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB7740E5E70E24E" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" box="[199,1070,871,896]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">«Pinna Caudalis licet dorsali & anali unita facile distinguitur radiis Longioribus.»</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB774E258BDE2F9" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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Similar short (2-3 lines) Latin diagnoses by Solander are given for several fish species, see, e.g., p. 210 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2F2174E25AB0E2F6" authorityName="Solander" authorityYear="1794" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="pelusius">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2F2174E25AB0E2F6" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Silurus pelusius</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), 211 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2B4B74C65BE1E2F6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1766" box="[315,447,943,967]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cous">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2B4B74C65BE1E2F6" box="[315,447,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Silurus cous</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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), 218 (
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD287C74C6588DE2F6" authorityName="Linnaeus" authorityYear="1758" box="[524,723,943,967]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Siluridae" genus="Silurus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Siluriformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="anguillaris">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD287C74C6588DE2F6" box="[524,723,943,967]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Silurus anguillaris</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB774BA5938E53E" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Finally, P. Russell also commented that «Mr. Home obligingly examined [the rostrum], and favoured me with following remarks», followed by a description of the snout and proboscis.</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB773755BE7E591" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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A German translation of
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2BA173725881E505" author="Russell, A. & Russell, P." box="[465,735,1051,1076]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref4090" refString="Russell, A. & Russell, P. (1794) The natural history of Aleppo, containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood. Together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases; particularly of the plague. By Alex. Russell. The second edition. Revised, enlarged, and illustrated with notes. By, Pat. Russell. Vol. 2. Robinson, London, vii + 430 + xxxiv + 26 pp., pls. 1 - 16. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 66636] https: // doi. org / 10.24157 / ARC _ 18037" type="book chapter" year="1794">Russell & Russell (1794)</bibRefCitation>
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by Johann Friedrich Gmelin was published in 1797–1798. In this translation (1798: 99–102), the Latin diagnosis is given as «
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2968735659E1E566" box="[792,959,1087,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Mastacembalus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2968735659E1E566" box="[792,959,1087,1111]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Mastacembalus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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[sic!].
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2E6373565E21E566" box="[1043,1151,1087,1111]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Ophidium</taxonomicName>
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maxillis imberbibus; etc.» The caption of the unnumbered plate opposite p. 99 reads «
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2960730A5E76E54A" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[784,1064,1123,1147]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2960730A5E76E54A" box="[784,1064,1123,1147]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Ophidium Mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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». The zoology part also exists as a separate (P.
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2B6773EE5BF2E591" author="Russell, A. & Russell, P." box="[279,428,1159,1184]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref4332" refString="Russell, A. & Russell, P. (1798) Naturgeschichte von Aleppo, enthaltend eine Beschreibung der Stadt, und der vornehmsten Naturerzeugnisse in ihrer Nachbarschaft. Von Alexander Russell. Zwote Ausgabe. Durchgesehen, vermehrt und mit Anmerkungen erlautert von Patrick Russell. Uebersezt, mit einigen Anmerkungen von Johann Friedrich Gmelin. Zweiter Band. Rosenbusch, Gottingen, [3] + 176 + 240 pp., 15 pls. [see separate Russell, 1798, https: // www. e-rara. ch / zuz / content / zoom / 10482159]" type="book" year="1798">Russell, 1798</bibRefCitation>
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).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB773C55931E43A" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2AB773C55B4EE5F5" bold="true" box="[199,272,1196,1220]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" reason="1">Types.</emphasis>
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2B6973C25871E5F2" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[281,559,1195,1219]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2B6973C25871E5F2" box="[281,559,1195,1219]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Ophidium mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
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is based on a series of
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<typeStatus id="54828868FFCAFFAD294373C559CEE5F5" box="[819,912,1196,1220]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
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consisting of all specimens available to
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2F3E73C25A81E5D6" author="Russell, A." pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell (1756)</bibRefCitation>
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of which one has been figured; one of them had been given to Gonovius and figured, and two were present in the British Museum around 1794 and examined by Banks and Solander.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB7727E5877E48E" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
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The
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<typeStatus id="54828868FFCAFFAD2A8972715B79E401" box="[249,295,1304,1328]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">type</typeStatus>
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series also includes an additional specimen available to P.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD29DA727E5E16E401" author="Russell, A. & Russell, P." box="[938,1096,1303,1328]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref4090" refString="Russell, A. & Russell, P. (1794) The natural history of Aleppo, containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood. Together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases; particularly of the plague. By Alex. Russell. The second edition. Revised, enlarged, and illustrated with notes. By, Pat. Russell. Vol. 2. Robinson, London, vii + 430 + xxxiv + 26 pp., pls. 1 - 16. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 66636] https: // doi. org / 10.24157 / ARC _ 18037" type="book chapter" year="1794">Russell (1794)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
and used as model of Plate IV. Patrick Russell (p. 209) explained that he replaced the figure in the first edition (A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2E5772525EE3E462" author="Russell, A." box="[1063,1213,1339,1363]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell, 1756</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: pl. 12 fig. 2) by the figure «from a specimen lately received from
|
||
<collectingRegion id="49FDF828FFCAFFAD280F7236588FE446" box="[639,721,1375,1399]" country="Syria" name="Halab" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">Aleppo</collectingRegion>
|
||
. (1792)». On page 208, he mentioned that «the fish described measured eleven inches, but they are sometimes considerably larger, as will appear from the drawing (Plate VI.) which is of the natural size of one of the largest».
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB772A25F3EE71A" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
|
||
The mention of
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B2FFFCAFFAD2B0672A55B85E4D2" box="[374,475,1483,1508]" metricMagnitude="-1" metricUnit="m" metricValue="2.794" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" unit="in" value="11.0">11 inches</quantity>
|
||
in both the 1756 and 1794 editions, could suggest that the text had been left unmodified from Alexander’s notes. There is no way to know whether the additional figured fish is the same as examined by Banks and Solander or Home. The text on p. 208 is somewhat ambiguous and P. Russell might have had more specimens.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB7715E5929E7EE" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Patrick Russell mentioned that the rostrum of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD28B2715159D6E77E" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[706,904,1591,1615]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD28B2715159D6E77E" box="[706,904,1591,1615]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
had been examined by Mr Home. This refers to surgeon Everard Home (1756–1832), author of appendices on anatomy of cobra in Russell (1796). This specimen is possibly the specimen figured in dorsal view in
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD280B711659D9E7A9" author="Russell, A. & Russell, P." box="[635,903,1663,1688]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="1 - 16" refId="ref4090" refString="Russell, A. & Russell, P. (1794) The natural history of Aleppo, containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood. Together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases; particularly of the plague. By Alex. Russell. The second edition. Revised, enlarged, and illustrated with notes. By, Pat. Russell. Vol. 2. Robinson, London, vii + 430 + xxxiv + 26 pp., pls. 1 - 16. [http: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / bibliography / 66636] https: // doi. org / 10.24157 / ARC _ 18037" type="book chapter" year="1794">Russell & Russell (1794</bibRefCitation>
|
||
: plate V). Home was brother-in-law of renowned anatomist John Hunter (1728–1793), who maintained a museum of anatomical material. I have not tried to track the possible presence of this specimen in the Hunterian Museum in London.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB771825896E67A" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
|
||
Three of the
|
||
<typeStatus id="54828868FFCAFFAD2B2271855BF1E635" box="[338,431,1772,1796]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2BA3718558C9E632" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[467,663,1771,1795]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2BA3718558C9E632" box="[467,663,1771,1795]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
are BMNH 1955.6.25.4-6 (
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD29B071825ECBE632" author="Gunther, A." box="[960,1173,1771,1795]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref3409" refString="Gunther, A. (1861) Catalogue of the acanthopterygian fishes in the collection of the British Museum. Vol. 3. British Museum, London, xxv + 586 pp. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 8406920]" type="book" year="1861">Günther, 1861: 541</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2ED071825F39E635" author="Wheeler, A." box="[1184,1383,1771,1796]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" pagination="91 - 92" refId="ref5265" refString="Wheeler, A. (1956) The type species of Mastacembelus and the second edition of Russell's " Natural history of Aleppo ". Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 27, 91 - 92. [https: // lkcnhm. nus. edu. sg / app / uploads / 2017 / 06 / 27 brm 091 - 092. pdf]" type="journal article" year="1956">Wheeler, 1956: 92</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) and they are probably the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD43FFCAFFAD2B0D70665879E616" box="[381,551,1807,1831]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
examined by Banks and Solander. The third one may or may not be the fish figured on Plate V and possibly the fish examined by Home.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFCAFFAD2AB7703E5E09E6ED" blockId="1.[151,1437,151,2012]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">
|
||
The types series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2BE770315804E65E" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[407,602,1879,1903]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2BE770315804E65E" box="[407,602,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes all
|
||
<typeStatus id="54828868FFCAFFAD289270315961E641" box="[738,831,1880,1904]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="syntype">syntypes</typeStatus>
|
||
of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD29137031599FE65E" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityYear="1792" box="[867,961,1879,1903]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simak">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD29137031599FE65E" box="[867,961,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. simak</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and thus
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2E5870315EB2E65E" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[1064,1260,1879,1903]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2E5870315EB2E65E" box="[1064,1260,1879,1903]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is almost an objective junior synonym of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2BDF70155847E6A2" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityYear="1792" box="[431,537,1915,1939]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simack">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2BDF70155847E6A2" box="[431,537,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. simack</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. But the type series of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD297C70155991E6A2" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[780,975,1915,1939]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD297C70155991E6A2" box="[780,975,1915,1939]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
includes at least
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD43FFCAFFAD2EF570155F48E6A2" box="[1157,1302,1915,1939]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="generic">one specimen</specimenCount>
|
||
that was not available to A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2B4970F65B86E686" author="Russell, A." box="[313,472,1951,1975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell (1756)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. I designate here the specimen model of plate 12 figure
|
||
<quantity id="4CC19B2FFFCAFFAD2E5C70C95E0BE686" box="[1068,1109,1951,1976]" metricMagnitude="-2" metricUnit="m" metricValue="5.08" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" unit="in" value="2.0">2 in</quantity>
|
||
A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFCAFFAD2E0B70F65F49E686" author="Russell, A." box="[1147,1303,1951,1975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell (1756)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
as
|
||
<typeStatus id="54828868FFCAFFAD2F4A70F65FC2E686" box="[1338,1436,1951,1975]" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" type="lectotype">lectotype</typeStatus>
|
||
of both
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2A9A70AD5B0BE6EA" authorityName="Walbaum" authorityYear="1792" box="[234,341,1987,2011]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="simack">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2A9A70AD5B0BE6EA" box="[234,341,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. simack</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
and
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFCAFFAD2BF970AD5812E6EA" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[393,588,1987,2011]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="1" pageNumber="447" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFCAFFAD2BF970AD5812E6EA" box="[393,588,1987,2011]" italics="true" pageId="1" pageNumber="447">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
. This makes the two names objective synonyms.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFC9FFAE2AB777FE5F1EE0B6" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE2AB777FE5B84E181" bold="true" box="[199,474,151,176]" inLineHeading="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" reason="1">Authorship of the name.</emphasis>
|
||
The authorship of
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFC9FFAE28D277F1590CE19E" authorityName="Banks & Solander" authorityYear="1794" box="[674,850,151,175]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE28D277F1590CE19E" box="[674,850,151,175]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">O. mastacembus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
is potentially contentious. The authors have been listed as «Banks & Solander, in Russell» (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE283F77D2596EE1E2" author="Sherborn, C. D." box="[591,816,187,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" refId="ref5047" refString="Sherborn, C. D. (1902) Index animalium sive Index nominum quae ab A. D. MDCCLVIII generibus et speciebus animalium imposita sunt societatibus eruditorum adiuvantibus. Sectio prima. A kalendis ianuariis, MDCCLVIII usque ad finem Decembris, MDCCC. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, lix + 1071 pp. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 14575977] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 159249" type="book" year="1902">Sherborn, 1902: 594</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE294C77D25E25E1E5" author="Jouladeh-Roudbar, A. & Ghanavi, H. R. & Doadrio, I." box="[828,1147,187,212]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" pagination="1 - 303" refId="ref3650" refString="Jouladeh-Roudbar, A., Ghanavi, H. R. & Doadrio, I. (2020) Ichthyofauna from Iranian freshwater: annotated checklist, diagnosis, taxonomy, distribution and conservation assessment. Zoological Studies, 59 (21), 1 - 303. [https: // zoolstud. sinica. edu. tw / Journals / 59 / 59 - 21. pdf]" type="journal article" year="2020">Jouladeh-Roudbar, 2020: 249</bibRefCitation>
|
||
) or «Solander, in Russell» (e.g.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE2ABD77B65B2DE1C9" author="Sufi, S. M. K." box="[205,371,223,248]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" pagination="93 - 146" refId="ref5132" refString="Sufi, S. M. K. (1956) Revision of the Oriental fishes of the family Mastacembelidae. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, 27, 93 - 146, pls. 13 - 26. [https: // lkcnhm. nus. edu. sg / app / uploads / 2017 / 06 / 27 brm 093 - 146. pdf]" type="journal article" year="1956">Sufi, 1956: 111</bibRefCitation>
|
||
). While Banks and Solander wrote the 4-line Latin diagnosis that includes the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFC9FFAE2E8077895AE8E02A" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE2E8077895AE8E02A" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
, it is positioned in the middle of the long and much more descriptive account written by A. Russell and complemented by P. Russell, and it is not self-evident why Solander, or Banks and Solander, would alone be responsible for the availability of the name. The name is also used on the caption of Plate V, which was compiled under the sole responsibility of P. Russell and which, alone, would also have satisfied the criteria of availability of the name
|
||
<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFC9FFAE2E0576195F67E0B6" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[1141,1337,367,391]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE2E0576195F67E0B6" box="[1141,1337,367,391]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
|
||
</taxonomicName>
|
||
.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFC9FFAE2AB776FA59D5E3DE" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">
|
||
The international Code of Zoological Nomenclature (hereunder
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE291E76FA59F8E09A" box="[878,934,403,427]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">Code</emphasis>
|
||
), art. 50.1, defines the author of a name as «the person who first publishes it [Arts. 8, 11] in a way that satisfies the criteria of availability [...]». Banks and Solander did not even coin the word; it was already used by
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE28FF76B259D8E0C5" author="Gronovius, L. T. & Zoophylacii Gronoviani" box="[655,902,475,500]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" refId="ref3304" refString="Gronovius, L. T. (1763 - 1764) Zoophylacii Gronoviani fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda, amphibia atque pisces, quae in museo suo adservat, rite examinavit, systematice disposuit, descripsit atque iconibus illustravit Laur. Theod. Gronovius. Vol. 1 (1763) & Vol. 2 (1764). Sumptibus auctoris [published by author], Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden], pp. 1 - 140, pls. 1 - 17 & pp. 141 - 236. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 50229513]" type="url" year="1763">Gronovius (1763: 132)</bibRefCitation>
|
||
. Anyway, even if Banks and Solander had created the word they are not responsible for satisfying the criteria of availability, they did not publish it. The Glossary of the
|
||
<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE2AE7754A5A91E30A" box="[151,207,547,571]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">Code</emphasis>
|
||
(p. 114) defines ‘to publish’ as «to make public in a work, conforming to (2) above, any name [...]» [with (2) being «a work that conforms to Article 8»]. The person responsible for the conditions that made the name available is P. Russell who compiled and published the descriptive account and figure, and authorship is thus «P. Russell, in A. Russell & P. Russell» or maybe «Russell & Russell». I expect that some may find this contentious and argue that «P. Russell, Banks & Solander, in Russell & Russell» or «Russell, Russell, Banks & Solander, in Russell & Russell» or «Russell, Russell, Banks, Solander & Home, in Russell & Russell» would be defendable.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFC9FFAE2AB7759559A3E292" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">
|
||
But ... is this really worth a discussion? Authorship of a name is only relevant as a bibliographic tool (see, e.g.,
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE2F0575955A8EE209" author="Ng, P. K. L." pageId="2" pageNumber="448" pagination="509 - 513" refId="ref3765" refString="Ng, P. K. L. (1994) The citation of species names and the role of the authors name. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 42 (3), 509 - 513. [https: // lkcnhm. nus. edu. sg / app / uploads / 2017 / 06 / 42 rbz 509 - 513. pdf]" type="journal article" year="1994">Ng, 1994</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE2AAC74765B2EE209" author="Dubois, A." box="[220,368,799,824]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" pagination="63 - 68" refId="ref3216" refString="Dubois, A. (2008) Authors of zoological publications and nomina are signatures, not persons. Zootaxa, 1771 (1), 63 - 68. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1771.1.6" type="journal article" year="2008">Dubois, 2008</bibRefCitation>
|
||
;
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE2B0B74765846E206" author="Kottelat, M." box="[379,536,799,823]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" pagination="147 - 150" refId="ref3720" refString="Kottelat, M. (2015) Fried spicy Linnaeus - the consequences of indiscriminate citation of authors of scientific names. Zootaxa, 3936 (1), 147 - 150. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 3936.1.10" type="journal article" year="2015">Kottelat, 2015</bibRefCitation>
|
||
), and the only bibliography-relevant information here is that the new name is made available by the description on pp. 208 and 209 and plate V of Russell & Russel (1794). ‘Secondary authors’ is probably a concept better abandoned because sometimes misleading (when users mention only the secondary authors but not the bibliographically important primary authors) and often not serving nomenclature.
|
||
</paragraph>
|
||
<paragraph id="8B8636CAFFC9FFAE2AB774C659BBE505" blockId="2.[151,1437,151,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">
|
||
[The authorship of the name might have some relevance in defining the type series, and create more problems. If Banks and Solander were retained as sole authors, this would restrict the type series to the
|
||
<specimenCount id="9D3FFD43FFC9FFAE2E3B74BA5EABE2DA" box="[1099,1269,979,1003]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" type="generic">three specimens</specimenCount>
|
||
they examined, and exclude the remaining specimens of A.
|
||
<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE2812749E58A0E53E" author="Russell, A." box="[610,766,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" refId="ref3831" refString="Russell, A. (1756) The natural history of Aleppo, and parts adjacents. Containing a description of the city, and the principal natural productions in its neighbourhood; together with an account of the climate, inhabitants, and diseases particularly of the plague, with the methods used by the Europeans for their preservation. Millar, London, viii + 266 + 10 pp., 16 pls. [Publication year on title page erroneously as 1856, https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 25600529] https: // doi. org / 10.5962 / bhl. title. 36635" type="book" year="1756">Russell (1756)</bibRefCitation>
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and
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<bibRefCitation id="EFA84B3BFFC9FFAE295F749E59AEE53E" author="Gronovius, L. T. & Zoophylacii Gronoviani" box="[815,1008,1015,1039]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" refId="ref3304" refString="Gronovius, L. T. (1763 - 1764) Zoophylacii Gronoviani fasciculus primus exhibens animalia quadrupeda, amphibia atque pisces, quae in museo suo adservat, rite examinavit, systematice disposuit, descripsit atque iconibus illustravit Laur. Theod. Gronovius. Vol. 1 (1763) & Vol. 2 (1764). Sumptibus auctoris [published by author], Lugduni Batavorum [Leiden], pp. 1 - 140, pls. 1 - 17 & pp. 141 - 236. [https: // www. biodiversitylibrary. org / page / 50229513]" type="url" year="1763">Gronovius (1763)</bibRefCitation>
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. Would the caption «
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<taxonomicName id="4C394D49FFC9FFAE2EBC74915FD1E53E" authorityName="Scopoli" authorityYear="1777" box="[1228,1423,1015,1039]" class="Actinopterygii" family="Mastacembelidae" genus="Ophidium" kingdom="Animalia" order="Synbranchiformes" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mastacembelus">
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<emphasis id="B94DEAD8FFC9FFAE2EBC74915FD1E53E" box="[1228,1423,1015,1039]" italics="true" pageId="2" pageNumber="448">O. mastacembelus</emphasis>
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</taxonomicName>
|
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» on plate V, for which P. Russell is responsible, make this specimen a
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||
<typeStatus id="54828868FFC9FFAE290673755997E505" box="[886,969,1052,1076]" pageId="2" pageNumber="448" type="syntype">syntype</typeStatus>
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||
?]
|
||
</paragraph>
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||
</subSubSection>
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</treatment>
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</document> |