276 lines
34 KiB
XML
276 lines
34 KiB
XML
<document id="8654AB6BADDB79BD50718E55184F72D3" ENCODING="UTF-8" ID-GBIF-Dataset="34b94fcb-9f8d-4bc0-b1a1-c7632c37f76f" ModsDocID="z00410p001" checkinTime="1247047769012" checkinUser="thomas" docAuthor="Carlos David de Santana, Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo, William Severi & George Nilson Mendes" docDate="2004" docId="CC9EE8BE34B32DC294AA8D4888DF6DC5" docLanguage="en" docName="2004_de_Santana_Maldonado-Ocampo_Severi_Mendes_gg1.xml" docOrigin="Zootaxa 410" docSource="http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F021A86A-3265-40FB-97B8-8EDC7937DEFC" docTitle="Apteronotus eschmeyeri Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes, 2004, new species" docType="treatment" docVersion="14" lastPageNumber="9" masterDocId="517877F8828A5483E8B33997A25DCDC8" masterDocTitle="Apteronotus eschmeyeri, a new species of ghost knifefish from the Magdalena Basin, Colombia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae)." masterLastPageNumber="11" masterPageNumber="1" pageNumber="3" updateTime="1701313940443" updateUser="plazi">
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<mods:mods id="D0D3FA7EFA058FEEF299A5A57293E60B" xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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<mods:titleInfo id="E9AA92F30AA5A7F03BC19DB53287C053">
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<mods:title id="52F8335DFD8659CE2ECD13E59E21199E">Apteronotus eschmeyeri, a new species of ghost knifefish from the Magdalena Basin, Colombia (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae).</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:name id="C32F3A27FF87059108BD4063470B8641" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="31287F5DCB36361968054B31877F88AE">
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<mods:roleTerm id="CE7E87DD89F3365148630376B5C87A28">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="4E9CB4614865E75C66B6FA20494608C3">Carlos David de Santana</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="75361640C5365F9AC0B43C5EE61B3611" type="personal">
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<mods:roleTerm id="8497D6418FB9D332B49C8B72C60434C5">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="18C653E506D4B6DA5C6ADB2E1AC0EC62">Javier A. Maldonado-Ocampo</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="C5A6BD484068F138329E57EAB7B3A6A9" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="40C98394D9498BF0DE29C0499B92451A">
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<mods:roleTerm id="20CF720BBD35BE70A3418A584E8C6C27">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="2035CDA40EF2FF93F5F8D926B942714C">William Severi</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:name id="36102DA783C8EBE710430A8B7C7AC2AB" type="personal">
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<mods:role id="A5BE805729A493AC8976369DB2E932E6">
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<mods:roleTerm id="92A745E3754F4CEDDD90C5ED10B8713E">Author</mods:roleTerm>
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</mods:role>
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<mods:namePart id="59944B42E49D974C8AE6368A66A63B20">George Nilson Mendes</mods:namePart>
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</mods:name>
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<mods:typeOfResource id="ED4315A97670F859ECFC4353A8EF81A7">text</mods:typeOfResource>
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<mods:relatedItem id="B82FBEBEB8EEF88743A8E435BC4ED2CC" type="host">
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<mods:titleInfo id="11BA38B93461922E65C2093D75C6D32C">
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<mods:title id="292DD1138780751876FE85B06C0E7AC0">Zootaxa</mods:title>
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</mods:titleInfo>
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<mods:part id="65424F85A0277A8C98C55B8E73CA13DD">
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<mods:date id="9B283E5319C486E0F60E7B28E1E5B14E">2004</mods:date>
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<mods:detail id="2C30C04DF0F2DEF5BA9B15BAF9C0ED7B" type="volume">
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<mods:number id="0D9AD7E96A09A9357E27D52C3F0849D1">410</mods:number>
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</mods:detail>
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<mods:extent id="FA362A663EA6EAE96C51A665BD5D72F0" unit="page">
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<mods:start id="91BF18E0E46BD40AFA5746E2BA2B034F">1</mods:start>
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<mods:end id="F62E80BB057C94D84BFF7171AF5B1B59">11</mods:end>
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</mods:part>
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<mods:location id="8B7A93D9117349E58131593BDFAC4B30">
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<mods:url id="DA5F007A23D7C45E06181D8E4FF8D7A6">http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:F021A86A-3265-40FB-97B8-8EDC7937DEFC</mods:url>
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</mods:location>
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<mods:classification id="3B450FB95B5215ADA7E8040E729F5907">journal article</mods:classification>
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<mods:identifier id="DA4D7903232CCEDFA082922E5CDA0FD0" type="Plazi-Custom">z00410p001</mods:identifier>
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</mods:mods>
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<treatment id="CC9EE8BE34B32DC294AA8D4888DF6DC5" ID-DOI="http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6269794" ID-GBIF-Taxon="125135052" ID-Zenodo-Dep="6269794" LSID="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" httpUri="http://treatment.plazi.org/id/CC9EE8BE34B32DC294AA8D4888DF6DC5" lastPageNumber="9" pageNumber="3">
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<subSubSection id="5BF6FD6691D418AF04303C86B37CEE47" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="08A06D23555515DD5DD3D35917B2151E" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="4B03C7E7A4A58D2C0F322BD4DBB9D058" ID-CoL="FYRM" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
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<taxonomicNameLabel id="B028F34127B48D1D25C9EC2CA607FD43" rank="species">new species</taxonomicNameLabel>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="3071FC1667B542468D4CADE97BCBDA6B" type="description">
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<paragraph id="E7D90F81A3A6641DDC098CB889BD377C" pageNumber="3">Figs. 1-2; Table 1</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="98B5ABDA1398B833364A4DE0F029A40B" type="reference_group">
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<paragraph id="A1F75ADBD3C00CC711B9915FEB3E1E3E" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="51FC85EEF0494BC7E1D1BDA2F0A3025F" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Sternarchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">Sternarchus rostratus</taxonomicName>
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. Eigenmann and Fisher (1914): 236 [listed in part]. Eigenmann (1922): plate XXXIV, fig. 5 and plate XXXV, fig. 3.
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="BED5359B4AE88730F64D96EF9B4F3C4D" pageNumber="3">
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<taxonomicName id="8D1DCD20533B1FD41498B3637EAAFBD1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="3" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">Apteronotus rostratus</taxonomicName>
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. Dahl (1971): 99, illustrated. Albert (2001): 110 [listed in part].
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="4E4A1325CAE4678095453CA439E76CDD" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="5F8A18990E6E5F8E0E91B02964AB34A8" pageNumber="3">
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<materialsCitation id="EC8DE039DB39F0EF1C3F607F55B04FB0" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638726" country="Colombia" stateProvince="Departamento Cundinamarca">
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<typeStatus id="654FA909DD824A4B0F58D0455467707A">Holotype</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="1C59E2880725D56CBB7F5ACF71FB56FC" collectionName="USA, California, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences">CAS</collectionCode>
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72115 (IU 13377), 303.7 mm, male.
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<collectingCountry id="6E6D96BF02E11809B7F63686E62C5D22">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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,
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<collectingRegion id="5082204E2376F5F269A34E6671E9810E">Departamento Cundinamarca</collectingRegion>
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, Rio Magdalena Basin, Las Juntas de Apulo, Rio
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<normalizedToken id="721FCEB39BF274D0D4D88F2D2DFAB4B4" originalValue="Bogotá">Bogota</normalizedToken>
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along railway between Girardot and Facatativa. Collected by M. Gonzales, 1913.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="26415D16D08159ECDA232F48C65C54B2" type="nomenclature">
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<paragraph id="618489191554610DB5A81CA7EE53544F" pageNumber="3">
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<materialsCitation id="7F86A6523438230E9444D65FFDF3BD2F" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638714" country="Colombia">
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<typeStatus id="76449E7DDCFF4AC6E035F8676354D04F">Paratypes</typeStatus>
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.
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<collectionCode id="D64D4A69166131EBA1CE2F477AA25A89" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)">FMNH</collectionCode>
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56775, (2, 195.3-213.6 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="310765186B4A580D6F522413CF20743E">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, at Girardot, C. H. Eigenmann,
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<date id="5DC075A804DDDD445272235C92AE23FB" day="01" month="02" value="1912-02-01" year="1912">01.02.1912</date>
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.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="C9DD7C42BDB3B174A2667F13AF8E5852" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638727" country="Colombia">
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<collectionCode id="7020EE34B96851FAD399722614FB4AA6" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)">FMNH</collectionCode>
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56776, (1, 202.9 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="63F836463D7F9ADBC9E65AC59B996FEB">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, at Apulo, M. Gonzales.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="1DF02E3FC89970597A7060671EB25C61" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638721" country="Colombia">
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<collectionCode id="99F84261F5E163726D375A2A4EC28D58">ICN-MHN</collectionCode>
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6741, (3, 191.0-233.1 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="79EA51927376C83CD5260CE1C61EDB2B">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, at Honda, J. A. Maldonado-Ocampo, 2003.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="894F26096B912D2F8E7F0EE2792E211C" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638719" country="Colombia">
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<collectionCode id="69FA90184E14F23DE121F2233A83D18F" collectionName="IAVHP">IAVHP</collectionCode>
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3304, (8, 158.7-286.3 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="3BE3437F46E30AD703347E1C1479CA27">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, at Honda, J. A. Maldonado-Ocampo, 2003.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="7D3BC5663B2CC5DAE63C1550D8FBE414" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638720" country="Colombia">
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<collectionCode id="8A62825040EAEE4C72019939D8958872" collectionName="IMCN">IMCN</collectionCode>
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2000, (3, 190.6-234.8 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="46EE85453CB9ECA276FD61EAB64E5FA0">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, at Honda, J. A. Maldonado-Ocampo, 2003.
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</materialsCitation>
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<materialsCitation id="5CCD8526E308ED6665699E653563C08B" ID-GBIF-Occurrence="1416638706" country="Colombia">
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<collectionCode id="BE743D40998E526015D4B29F1DCCC4E9" collectionName="USA, Washington D.C., National Museum of Natural History, [formerly, United States National Museum]">USNM</collectionCode>
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120473, (1, 270.9 mm),
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<collectingCountry id="2449E327D7F4F240FF51070D852950D9">Colombia</collectingCountry>
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, Rio Luisa, N. Maria.
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</materialsCitation>
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</paragraph>
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</subSubSection>
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<subSubSection id="49C1BF33F5BFF609DC58BEEA420EE5E1" type="diagnosis">
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<paragraph id="0D838F89D6E619DA537231A71B6092FF" pageNumber="4">
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Diagnosis.
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<taxonomicName id="E2F9AEA64A3800896610818E23002BF0" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
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is included in Apteronotidae by the presence of a dorsal mid-saggital electroreceptororgan (dorsal thong of Mago-Leccia, 1994; dorsal organ of Albert, 2001) and a caudal fin (Mago-Leccia, 1994; Albert & Campos-da-Paz, 1998; Albert, 2001). The new species shares the following diagnostic features within the subfamily Apteronotinae (Albert & Campos-da-Paz, 1998; Albert, 2001): gape of mouth large, extending to edge of eyes; maxilla rhomboid in lateral view; anterior surface of mesethmoid concave and lateral process of ventral ethmoid robust (Albert, 2001).
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<taxonomicName id="E66DCB5033AD327326C4BF36EA06C30F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
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was included in
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<taxonomicName id="C13CCA853CCCD1F8C631988924B27502" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DC5E825F-03C8-4F47-80C6-350B61232BD1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus Lacépède 1800:208" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apteronotus</taxonomicName>
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by the presence of two of five synapomorphies proposed by Albert (2001): body surface deep brown or black with a white middorsal stripe and white mental and caudal patches, and elongate posterior limb of anguloarticular. The new species can not be included in any previous species-group proposed by Albert (2001).
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</paragraph>
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<paragraph id="42533A9C4D6CE68D07AC69D75F73FEE4" lastPageNumber="5" pageNumber="4">
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<taxonomicName id="51320E870344CE2E5CDDF78C47366347" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
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can be distinguished from congeners by the following combination of features: 1, blotchy coloration on body (vs. even brown or black coloration in most
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<taxonomicName id="E471F23D6135363A716A4188DDF21F21" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DC5E825F-03C8-4F47-80C6-350B61232BD1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus Lacépède 1800:208" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apteronotus</taxonomicName>
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, except
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<taxonomicName id="E4C9C9462F5E3CAE2FA121203481AF9C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E6719288-2C5B-4CAB-932F-B229134A9A72" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz 1949:69" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuchillo">A. cuchillo</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="25A52869C4F79AC98725A2C082B769C7" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
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, which have blotchy or marble coloration); 2, clear band from chin to the beginning of dorsal mid-saggital electroreceptororgan (vs. uniform coloration in
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<taxonomicName id="DC2CDB8134E3FA0D7EA74C2FB6BFE52D" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="brasiliensis">A. brasiliensis</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="3DDEC8771617D4AB5999C079D4B97A55" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="ellisi">A. ellisi</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2FACC05D60B7824FDAEA727FBFA3961A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="jurubidae">A. jurubidae</taxonomicName>
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,
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<taxonomicName id="2E920FAB18FE5252EDC95729447EE2F2" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
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, and
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<taxonomicName id="DABCDEA8C0EBD44D3D66C83A80BC8914" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marauna">A. marauna</taxonomicName>
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); 3, two clear bands surrounding the caudal peduncle in specimens up to 165 mm TL; bands become obscured by pigment blotching in specimens larger than 165 mm (vs. two clear bands encircling the caudal peduncle throughout development in
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<taxonomicName id="CE2BB2EFC9ABB01484B808CCFCEF0684" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="albifrons">A. albifrons</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="A7DCA31C7DD0AE129F4B1C6C14C26002" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:F7AAD7D6-F570-4108-86AF-AD911A74B7FF" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus caudimaculosus de Santana 2003:2" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="caudimaculosus">A. caudimaculosus</taxonomicName>
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; one clear band surrounding the base of caudal fin throughout development in other species of
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<taxonomicName id="747A0D9C1D45D10DA410E1DF852BABDC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DC5E825F-03C8-4F47-80C6-350B61232BD1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus Lacépède 1800:208" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apteronotus</taxonomicName>
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, with exception of
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<taxonomicName id="DD8DE39F2409A245932EA28739EE37A5" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
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and
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<taxonomicName id="C82ED936F4AE11025FDD8769B358C9D1" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E6719288-2C5B-4CAB-932F-B229134A9A72" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz 1949:69" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuchillo">A. cuchillo</taxonomicName>
|
|
); 4, mouth rictus extends to beyond the posterior margin of eyes (vs. mouth rictus anterior to posterior margin of eyes in
|
|
<taxonomicName id="4C440B875F9C86815F3EA4E39D47C035" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:E6719288-2C5B-4CAB-932F-B229134A9A72" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus cuchillo Schultz 1949:69" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="cuchillo">A. cuchillo</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="2D3FEE33C0150F42653C8DF770730C66" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
, and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="3D5B90D9A804BAC01871A04436F74F06" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="4" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="marauna">A. marauna</taxonomicName>
|
|
).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="54658DBB53869288460B79A1CD2692EA" type="description">
|
|
<paragraph id="C304328D5D44C9B73EBA4858379C692B" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Description. Morphometrics for
|
|
<typeStatus id="FAE07B7C57D62B79BACDAA1AF8213945">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
and
|
|
<typeStatus id="EBFFB0A10D4080FE995F6692755401FC">paratypes</typeStatus>
|
|
are presented in Table 1. Body proportions and pigmentation are illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2. Body laterally compressed, with greatest body depth at abdominal cavity or just posterior to this region. Dorsal profile straight. Lateral line extending to tail, absent on caudal fin. First perforated scale above pectoral-fin origin.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="6B88B4676C8005DC859DE70BE798671B" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Head laterally compressed, widest at opercular region and deepest at dorsal region; bones of cranium not reticulated. Head profile straight in males and slightly convex in females. Snout straight and long in males, slightly convex in females. Mesethmoid short and narrow, its anterior tip reduced, flexed ventrally, and concave. Lateral ethmoid present, ossified, small and slender, shaped as a tube. Eyes small, laterally situated on head, completely covered by thin membrane. Premaxilla of moderate size, bearing two irregular rows of teeth, with 10 to 11 conical teeth. Maxilla crescent-shaped, with ossified anterodorsal head and anteroventral shelf; ventral margin of its descending blade curved. Dentary longer than deep, with three to four irregular rows of teeth. Anguloarticular elongated. Mouth large, terminal, rictus passing the vertical through posterior border of eyes in both sexes. Jaws equal; lower lip fleshy. Endopterygoid narrow, without teeth, with ascending process connecting the orbitosphenoid, its base ossified; anterior portion narrow, extending to midlength of dentary. Metapterygoid triangular, posterior portion an ascending process. Sympletic shorter than hyomandibula and articulated with it by a cartilage. Four branchiostegal rays, first and second almost filamentous, the remaining large and laminar. Anterior nares at end of small tube, close to tip of snout; posterior nares ellipsoid, without tube, closer to tip of snout than to eyes. Branchial opening anterior to pectoral fin origin; branchial membranes joined to isthmus. Anus and urogenital papilla adjacent, located in a vertical posterior to eyes, but without a noticeable forward displacement with age. Pectoral fin somewhat elongated, broad and pointed distally, with ii-iii + 15 (iii + 15). Origin of anal fin slightly anterior to opercular region; anal fin rays 160-175 (167) (n = 19, mode = 171), with the 23 (n = 1,
|
|
<typeStatus id="EF684A6964598BB433AE194FCD666D96">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
) anterior ones unbranched. Small cycloid scales covering body, with 11 to 14 (n = 5, mode = 11) rows above lateral line. Precaudal vertebrae 16-18 (n = 2), first four as transition vertebrae; total vertebrae 77 (n = 1,
|
|
<typeStatus id="2B356BAE0271740F0780F014E8539AE9">holotype</typeStatus>
|
|
). Dorsal mid-saggital electroreceptororgan origin on posterior half of body, and inserted into narrow middorsal groove, almost extending to, or slightly passing, end of anal fin. Caudal appendage compressed and short, ending in a small and elongated caudal fin, with 20-22 rays (20) (n =15, mode = 22).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="E9397FD3D5F9E23B5A3AF53906994716" pageNumber="6">Coloration in alcohol. Body brown with dark spots. Pectoral and anal fins brown, caudal fin with dark spots. Clear band from chin to beginning of dorsal mid-saggital electroreceptororgan. Two clear bands surrounding caudal peduncle in specimens to 165 mm TL, which become obscured by pigment blotching in specimens larger than 165 mm.</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="6F31F60A68820E77E66E5D68223F2D46" type="distribution">
|
|
<paragraph id="47B0284EDE6BA9A11972F9F2D16BD13B" lastPageNumber="7" pageNumber="6">
|
|
Distribution.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1CFF626CACA1BAA678D1497B2BB08D6F" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
is known from the Magdalena Basin, the Rio
|
|
<normalizedToken id="74CD955D289FE724707364002BF795B0" originalValue="Bogotá">Bogota</normalizedToken>
|
|
and Rio Luisa in Colombia (Fig. 3), and inhabits slow-flowing waters (Fig. 4) (Dahl, 1971; Maldonado-Ocampo & Albert, in press). In a current review of Colombian gymnotiforms, JAM found individuals reported only from the Honda locality.
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0717F3103E18C9A6EAA2A19A5775D569" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">Apteronotus eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
occurs in sympatry with
|
|
<taxonomicName id="D9914C572D6B88403915A3D241DE36D2" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="489501F40BDB8C8F97FEB2AEC7DD5402" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">A. mariae</taxonomicName>
|
|
and
|
|
<taxonomicName id="669199D2FE857E1CD4229E4D18D1D2E6" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="6" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">A. rostratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="5B0049566927E02CDCED9638E8CEED1E" type="etymology">
|
|
<paragraph id="A9E305E28998F3E64B8FA74D63DFE4BA" pageNumber="8">Etymology. The name eschmeyeri is in honor of William N. Eschmeyer of the California Academy of Sciences, who greatly contributed to ichthyology with his "Catalog of Fishes".</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="8CBCEC703918BFE7281AD152BB9566DD" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Local Names. Common local names for
|
|
<taxonomicName id="C614115CCC535E3875A9E52867CB1D47" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
in Colombia are: "mayupa negra" and "mayupa".
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="987B09434B36F1A44E829CAD73BDEFBC" type="biology_ecology">
|
|
<paragraph id="CA17BC18797DE37899489D2F705AB655" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Dahl (1971) reports that
|
|
<taxonomicName id="DDAE5350690B4AA3A0265599E4DD5DB5" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
is eaten by native people. However, in a recent survey to the Magdalena Basin, JAM talked with local fishermen in Honda, and they did not report any commercial use for this species. It is accidentally captured with gills nets used for commercial fishes (e.g.,
|
|
<taxonomicName id="EA3854348F079D3C1304E93056A8BE1C" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:49639161-852E-4DB6-93E5-994544CE3BEE" class="Actinopterygii" family="Prochilodontidae" genus="Prochilodus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Prochilodus asper magdalenae Steindachner 1879:78 [62]" order="Characiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenae">Prochilodus magdalenae</taxonomicName>
|
|
), but then is returned to the water.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="B9F9375F94B40D683DBF98044169A664" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Size and sexual dimorphism. We examined specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="1A110E535D1D32AB7B6455F99879DBE2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
up to a maximum size of 303.7 mm (male). Dahl (1971) reported a maximum size of 400.0 mm for this species. It is possible that this species shows secondary sexual dimorphism with relation to head morphology. Sexual dimorphism in head morphology has been reported in several apteronotid species (Cox-Fernandes, 1998; Cox-Fernandes et al., 2002; de Santana, 2003). However, the small number of specimens of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="83A40840F871E0972F6F817DAA891027" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
does not allow a more detailed analysis of sexual dimorphism.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="8776E6E27E384BE0CE0FEADA808B0DA6" type="discussion">
|
|
<paragraph id="A510B48D073ADED8BC709D3410E69C41" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Discussion. Although previously identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="766C4C5740335E4912031A25DFE7DEB8" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">A. rostratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
by Eigenmann & Fisher (1914), Eigenmann (1922), Dahl (1971) and Albert (2001),
|
|
<taxonomicName id="5921856B4E4E3FBA83CDF8FEE67E29FC" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
can be distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="FE181279FE58520E02C01AB1D8379763" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">A. rostratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the following characters: body coloration blotchy in adults vs. even brown to black, two clear bands surrounding the caudal peduncle in specimens up to 165 mm TL (i.e., clear bands at caudal peduncle that become obscured by dark blotching in specimens larger than 165 mm) vs. clear band at caudal fin base, maxilla without an ascending process in the dorsoposterior portion vs. maxilla with one conspicuous ascending process in the dorsoposterior region, lateral ethmoid ossified vs. lateral ethmoid absent or unossified. The new taxon can be distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="88BB665077C61994D60DE3572179D2C9" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="mariae">A. mariae</taxonomicName>
|
|
by the body having blotchy coloration vs. body coloration finely spotted, lateral ethmoid ossified vs. lateral ethmoid absent or unossified. It is distinguished from
|
|
<taxonomicName id="26B42E9AEC75806E3A822A5F3711E58A" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="magdalenensis">A. magdalenensis</taxonomicName>
|
|
by having the sphenoid region of neurocranium less than one-third total head length in mature specimens, combined axial length of orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid about equal to length of preorbital region, vs. sphenoid region of neurocranium more than one-third total head length, combined axial length of the orbitosphenoid and pterosphenoid bones greater than preorbital region, orbit positioned at anterior third of head (e.g., Albert, 2001: 26, fig. 15).
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="492935BDFE2CBC67CFE8D2620FF4FF66" lastPageNumber="9" pageNumber="8">
|
|
Recent collecting efforts and the examination of material deposited in Colombian fish collections failed to show the presence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="E87EBCDED2ED8B235D6A3997E24F7E4B" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
at the type locality, but we suspect that this species is present in other locations downstream of the type locality. Further collections will be necessary to locate extant populations. The most probable explanation for the apparent absence of
|
|
<taxonomicName id="7B989F08110225BFB5F9F3EE7CD8B5FB" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:58A50A2B-9EA8-4418-B43A-EDA038EC8ADB" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus eschmeyeri de Santana, Maldonado-Ocampo, Severi & Mendes 2004:3" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="eschmeyeri">A. eschmeyeri</taxonomicName>
|
|
at its type locality is due to the influence of highly polluted waters from the Bogota River. The description of a new species endemic species from the Magdalena Basin, five decades after the last apteronotid description from this Basin, reinforces the importance of continuing taxonomic work at the species level and demonstrates that Trans-Andean
|
|
<taxonomicName id="8BACCE7C3BCD8CC6C5B97FCED56038A2" LSID-ZBK="urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:DC5E825F-03C8-4F47-80C6-350B61232BD1" class="Actinopterygii" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Apteronotus" kingdom="Animalia" lsidName-ZBK="Apteronotus Lacépède 1800:208" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="8" phylum="Chordata" rank="genus">Apteronotus</taxonomicName>
|
|
may be more diverse than previously supposed. The phylogenetic relationship of the new species within the genus is under study and will be addressed in subsequent papers.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
<subSubSection id="0D84FD1C2A600D991170E676A5AEA142" type="materials_examined">
|
|
<paragraph id="E95C810190D9222E30FB79042F98210D" pageNumber="9">Comparative material examined</paragraph>
|
|
<paragraph id="5A2CC636D57D0C3F0DC41B21816A50A2" pageNumber="9">
|
|
Remarks on type series. The original lot
|
|
<collectionCode id="3793C54775CEF86B2769038375BEA7F0" collectionName="IUM">IUM</collectionCode>
|
|
13377/ 5596a CM was divided into two and deposited as
|
|
<collectionCode id="0D95BC38ADC8E5C9640296C79C1E21AB" collectionName="USA, California, San Francisco, California Academy of Sciences">CAS</collectionCode>
|
|
72115 (1) and
|
|
<collectionCode id="8E1BB815F83E88077BBCD1EF03B965F0" collectionName="USA, Illinois, Chicago, Field Museum of Natural History (also used by Finnish Museum of Natural History)">FMNH</collectionCode>
|
|
56776 (1). Both of these specimens are illustrated in Eigenmann (1922) and identified as
|
|
<taxonomicName id="0D89DE90AAA1CCD2EE3ECC4BD3830629" family="Apteronotidae" genus="Sternarchus" higherTaxonomySource="CoL" kingdom="Animalia" order="Gymnotiformes" pageNumber="9" phylum="Chordata" rank="species" species="rostratus">Sternarchus rostratus</taxonomicName>
|
|
.
|
|
</paragraph>
|
|
</subSubSection>
|
|
</treatment>
|
|
</document> |